解决Gentoo各种问题
最近一直在玩Gentoo，现将各类问题解决方法集锦如下：
## 注释 （## 后的内容是注释）
# 命令 （# 或 $ 后的内容是命令）
一.以普通用户无法su root
$ su root Password: #正确输入密码 su: Permission denied
Gentoo 要求wheel组用户才能su root ,解决方法为编辑/etc/group, 添加username至wheel组：
命令：# usermod -a -G wheel 用户名
wheel::10:root,username
二.本地化 后导致无法安装软件
中国用户推荐 /etc/locale.gen 内容：
zh_CN.UTF-8 UTF-8
系统级别的配置在：/etc/env.d/02locale; 用户级别的配置在：~/.bashrc
export LANG="zh_CN.UTF-8"
然后运行：
# locale-gen # env-update && source /etc/profile
但是安装过程中本地化以后又出现一些严重的问题：
1.无法 emerge vim , 会卡死的 ...
2.运行 emerge gnome 会出现：
Fatal Python error: Py_Initialize: can't initialize sys standard streams LookupError: unknown encoding: GB18030 /bin/sh: line 1: 23213 Aborted LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/var/tmp/portage/dev-lang/python-3.1.4-r3/work/Python-3.1.4: CC='x86_64-pc-linux-gnu-gcc -pthread' LDSHARED='x86_64-pc-linux-gnu-gcc -pthread -shared' LDFLAGS='-Wl,-O1 -Wl,--as-needed -L.' CFLAGS=' -O2 -pipe -fwrapv -DNDEBUG ' ./python -E ./setup.py build make: *** [sharedmods] Error 134 emake failed ERROR: dev-lang/python-3.1.4-r3 failed (compile phase): emake failed
我的解决办法就是不要急着本地化，去掉 /etc/locale.gen中zh_CN相关内容，然后运行：
# locale-gen # env-update && source /etc/profile
三. Windos系统中访问当前硬盘Linux分区( ext2, ext3 and ext4)
目前我知道的就只有：ext2explore 了
四. 分辨率问题
在 grub.conf 中配置 vga=***：
title Gentoo Gnome root (hd0,0) kernel (hd0,0)/vmlinuz-3.0.6-gentoo vga=771
启动后出现类似如下信息：
Undefined video mode number:303 mode: Resolution Type 0 F00 80x25 VGA ... 5 F06 80x34 VGA 6 F07 80x60 VGA
明显，这是显卡驱动原因，解决办法：
重新配置内核（make menuconfig)
Device Drivers --->
Input device support --->
<*> Event interface
...
Device Drivers --->
Graphics support --->
Support for frame buffer devices --->
## 关闭这里的所有驱动, 包括 VGA, Intel, nVidia, and ATI
## 接着激活 basic console support. KMS 要使用
Console display driver support --->
<*> Framebuffer Console Support
接着 intel 显卡要如下配置：
Device Drivers --->
Graphics support --->
/dev/agpgart (AGP Support) --->
<*> Intel 440LX/BX/GX, I8xx and E7x05 chipset support
Direct Rendering Manager (XFree86 4.1.0 and higher DRI support) --->
<*> Intel 830M, 845G, 852GM, 855GM, 865G (i915 driver)
i915 driver
[*] Enable modesetting on intel by default
nvidia 显卡要如下配置
( 激活 DRM ) Device Drivers ---> Graphics support ---> <*> Direct Rendering Manager ---> (Nouveau is currently in the Staging drivers section) Device Drivers ---> Staging drivers ---> [ ] Exclude Staging drivers from being built <*> Nouveau (nVidia) cards
AMD/ATI显卡需要 emerge radeon-ucode 或 linux-firmware 然后如下配置
(设置kernel 使用 radeon-ucode 固件)
Device Drivers --->
Generic Driver Options --->
[*] Include in-kernel firmware blobs in kernel binary
External firmware blobs (radeon/R600_rlc.bin radeon/R700_rlc.bin) ## RadeonHD 2000, 3000, and 4000系列的选择:
External firmware blobs(radeon/CEDAR_me.bin radeon/CEDAR_pfp.bin radeon/CEDAR_rlc.bin
radeon/CYPRESS_me.bin radeon/CYPRESS_pfp.bin radeon/CYPRESS_rlc.bin
radeon/JUNIPER_me.bin radeon/JUNIPER_pfp.bin radeon/JUNIPER_rlc.bin
radeon/REDWOOD_me.bin radeon/REDWOOD_pfp.bin radeon/REDWOOD_rlc.bin) ##RadeonHD 5000系列的选择
External firmware blobs(radeon/PALM_me.bin radeon/PALM_pfp.bin radeon/SUMO2_me.bin radeon/SUMO2_pfp.bin radeon/SUMO_me.bin
radeon/SUMO_pfp.bin radeon/SUMO_rlc.bin) ## Radeon HD 6000 系列 Fusion APUs:
External firmware blobs(radeon/BARTS_mc.bin radeon/BARTS_me.bin radeon/BARTS_pfp.bin radeon/BTC_rlc.bin radeon/CAICOS_mc.bin
radeon/CAICOS_me.bin radeon/CAICOS_pfp.bin radeon/CAYMAN_mc.bin radeon/CAYMAN_me.bin radeon/CAYMAN_pfp.bin
radeon/CAYMAN_rlc.bin radeon/TURKS_mc.bin radeon/TURKS_me.bin radeon/TURKS_pfp.bin) ##RadeonHD 6400-6900系列的选择
Firmware blobs root directory(/lib/firmware/) ## emerge radeon-ucode 安装目录
## 激活 Radeon KMS 支持
Device Drivers --->
Graphics support --->
<*> Direct Rendering Manager --->
<*> ATI Radeon
[*] Enable modesetting on radeon by default
完成后，重新编译内核
五. 更新配置文件
安装软件包后，可能会类似出现如下信息：
* IMPORTANT: config file '/etc/pam.d/system-login' needs updating. * See the CONFIGURATION FILES section of the emerge * man page to learn how to update config files.
这是Gentoo的一种保护机制，为了不让新的配置文件覆盖原有的配置文件。
新的配置文件会以._cfg0000_**** 存在于与旧配置文件相同目录，可以运行：etc-update 解决此问题。
# etc-update
Scanning Configuration files...
The following is the list of files which need updating, each
configuration file is followed by a list of possible replacement files.
1) /etc/pam.d/system-login (1)
Please select a file to edit by entering the corresponding number.
(don't use -3, -5, -7 or -9 if you're unsure what to do)
(-1 to exit) (-3 to auto merge all remaining files) ##以新配置文件替换旧配置文件，有提示
(-5 to auto-merge AND not use 'mv -i') ##以新配置文件替换旧配置文件，没有提示
(-7 to discard all updates)
(-9 to discard all updates AND not use 'rm -i'): -3 ## -3 会以新配置文件覆盖旧文件
Replacing /etc/pam.d/system-login with /etc/pam.d/._cfg0000_system-login
mv: overwrite `/etc/pam.d/system-login'? y
Exiting: Nothing left to do; exiting. :)
六. 音乐播放器 Decibel
Linux音乐播放器应该挺多的，我选择了Decibel, 以下是我的安装方法：
1. 编辑/etc/make.conf , 添加USE变量
##记着，是追加哦 USE=“gnome gnome-keyring ffmpeg flac mp3”
2. 安装
# emerge decible
七. 汉化
由于安装过程中本地化失败，所以在安装完成后汉化
1.编辑 /etc/loclale.gen ,内容如下：
en_US ISO-8859-1 en_US.UTF-8 UTF-8 zh_CN GB18030 zh_CN.GBK GBK zh_CN.GB2312 GB2312 zh_CN.UTF-8 UTF-8
2.编辑 /etc/env.d/02locale, 内容如下：
export LANG="en_US" export LC_CTYPE="zh_CN"
3.激活1，2配置：
# locale-gen # env-update # source /etc/profile
4.安装中文字体：
# emerge wqy-bitmapfont
5.激活字体(运行eselect fontconfig list查看可用字体)
eselect fontconfig enable 85-wqy-bitmapsong.conf
6.安装中文输入法ibus
# emerge app-i18n/ibus # emerge app-i18n/ibus-pinyin
安装完成后出现如下提示：
* To use ibus, you should: * 1. Get input engines from sunrise overlay. * Run "emerge -s ibus-" in your favorite terminal * for a list of packages we already have. * * 2. Setup ibus: * * $ ibus-setup * * 3. Set the following in your user startup scripts * such as .xinitrc, .xsession or .xprofile: * * export XMODIFIERS="@im=ibus" * export GTK_IM_MODULE="ibus" * export QT_IM_MODULE="xim" * ibus-daemon -d -x
我运行 ibus-setup 后出现如下错误，当时ibus不可用但没理会，后来重启后居然可以用了
(ibus-daemon:12132): IBUS-CRITICAL **: 07:58:53.508740: ibus_write_address: assertion `pf != NULL' failed
八. 安装浏览器：firefox
1. 看看有啥可以安装的
~ # emerge -s firefox
Searching...
[ Results for search key : firefox ]
[ Applications found : 2 ]
* www-client/firefox
Latest version available: 8.0
Latest version installed: 8.0
Size of files: 88,446 kB ## 体积如此大
Homepage: http://www.mozilla.com/firefox
Description: Firefox Web Browser
License: || ( MPL-1.1 GPL-2 LGPL-2.1 )
* www-client/firefox-bin
Latest version available: 8.0
Latest version installed: [ Not Installed ]
Size of files: 53,052 kB ## 这个也不小，而且fire-bin是何方神圣？
Homepage: http://www.mozilla.com/firefox
Description: Firefox Web Browser
License: || ( MPL-1.1 GPL-2 LGPL-2.1 )
2. 安装 firefox (我大概编译了一个小时之久)
www-client/firefox
3. 安装Adobe flash player , 参考方法
~ # emerge -s adobe-flash ## 先查查
Searching...
[ Results for search key : adobe-flash ]
[ Applications found : 1 ]
* www-plugins/adobe-flash
Latest version available: 11.1.102.55
Latest version installed: 11.1.102.55
Size of files: 13,468 kB
Homepage: http://www.adobe.com/products/flashplayer.html
Description: Adobe Flash Player
License: AdobeFlash-10.3
~ # emerge www-plugins/adobe-flash ##再安装
九. waiting ... ...