单源最短路径算法--Dijkstra算法和Bellman-Ford算法

Dijkstra算法

算法流程:
(a) 初始化:用起点v到该顶点w的直接边(弧)初始化最短路径,否则设为∞;
(b) 从未求得最短路径的终点中选择路径长度最小的终点u:即求得v到u的最短路径;
(c) 修改最短路径:计算u的邻接点的最短路径,若(v,…,u)+(u,w)<(v,…,w),则以(v,…,u,w)代替。
(d) 重复(b)-(c),直到求得v到其余所有顶点的最短路径。
特点:总是按照从小到大的顺序求得最短路径。

假设一共有N个节点,出发结点为s,需要一个一维数组prev[N]来记录前一个节点序号,一个一维数组dist[N]来记录从原点到当前节点最短路径(初始值为s到Vi的边的权值,没有则为+∞),一个二维数组weights[N][N]来记录各点之间边的权重,按以上流程更新prev[N]和dist[N]。

参考代码:

#include <iostream>
#include <cstdlib>
using namespace std;

void Dijkstra(int n,int s,int *dist,int *prev,int w[][4])
{
    int maxint = 65535;
    bool *visit = new bool[n];

    for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
    {
        dist[i] = w[s][i];
        visit[i] = false;
        if (dist[i] != maxint)
        {
            prev[i] = s;
        }
    }

    dist[s] = 0;
    visit[s] = true;
    for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
    {
        int temp = maxint;
        int u = s;
        for (int j = 0; j < n; j++)
        {
            if ((!visit[j]) && (dist[j] < temp))
            {
                u = j;
                temp = dist[j];
            }
        }
        visit[u] = true;
        for (int j = 0; j < n; j++)
        {
            if (!visit[j])
            {
                int newdist = dist[u] + w[u][j];
                if (newdist < dist[j])
                {
                    dist[j] = newdist;
                    prev[j] = u;
                }
            }
        }
    }

    delete []visit;
}

int main()
{
    int n,v,u;
    int weight[4][4]={
        0,2,65535,4,
        2,0,3,65535,
        65535,3,0,2,
        4,65535,2,0
        };
    int q = 0;
    int way[4];
    int dist[4];
    int prev[4];
    int s = 1;
    int d = 3;
    Dijkstra(4, s, dist, prev, weight);
    cout<<"The least distance from "<<s<<" to "<<d<<" is "<<dist[d]<<endl;
    int w = d;
    while (w != s)
    {
        way[q++] = prev[w];
        w = prev[w];
    }
    cout<<"The path is ";
    for (int j = q-1; j >= 0; j--)
    {
        cout<<way[j]<<" ->";
    }
    cout<<d<<endl;

    return 0;
}

运行结果:
The least distance from l to 3 is 5.
The path is 1-> 2-> 3

Bellman-Ford算法

Bellman-Ford算法能在更普遍的情况下(存在负权边)解决单源点最短路径问题。对于给定的带权(有向或无向)图 G=(V,E),其源点为s,加权函数 w 是边集 E 的映射。对图G运行Bellman-Ford算法的结果是一个布尔值,表明图中是否存在着一个从源点s可达的负权回路。若不存在这样的回路,算法将给出从源点s到图G的任意顶点v的最短路径d[v]。

Bellman-Ford算法流程分为三个阶段:

(1)初始化:将除源点外的所有顶点的最短距离估计值 d[v] ←+∞, d[s] ←0;
(2)迭代求解:反复对边集E中的每条边进行松弛操作,使得顶点集V中的每个顶点v的最短距离估计值逐步逼近其最短距离;(运行|v|-1次)
(3)检验负权回路:判断边集E中的每一条边的两个端点是否收敛。如果存在未收敛的顶点,则算法返回false,表明问题无解;否则算法返回true,并且从源点可达的顶点v的最短距离保存在 d[v]中。

算法描述如下:

Bellman-Ford(G,w,s) :boolean   //图G ,边集 函数 w ,s为源点
1        for each vertex v ∈ V(G) do        //初始化 1阶段
2            d[v] ←+∞
3        d[s] ←0;                            //1阶段结束
4        for i=1 to |v|-1 do                  //2阶段开始,双重循环。
5           for each edge(u,v) ∈E(G) do    //边集数组要用到,穷举每条边。
6              If d[v]> d[u]+ w(u,v) then     //松弛判断
7                 d[v]=d[u]+w(u,v)            //松弛操作   2阶段结束
8        for each edge(u,v) ∈E(G) do
9            If d[v]> d[u]+ w(u,v) then
10            Exit false
11    Exit true

适用条件和范围:
  1.单源最短路径(从源点s到其它所有顶点v);
  2.有向图&无向图(无向图可以看作(u,v),(v,u)同属于边集E的有向图);
  3.边权可正可负(如有负权回路输出错误提示);
  4.差分约束系统;

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

/* Let INFINITY be an integer value not likely to be
   confused with a real weight, even a negative one. */
   
#define INFINITY ((1 << 14)-1)

typedef struct 
{
    int source;
    int dest;
    int weight;
} Edge;

void BellmanFord(Edge edges[], int edgecount, int nodecount, int source)
{
    int *distance =(int*) malloc(nodecount*sizeof(int));
    int i, j;

    for (i=0; i < nodecount; ++i)
       distance[i] = INFINITY;
    distance[source] = 0;

    for (i=0; i < nodecount; ++i) 
    {
       int nbChanges = 0; 
       for (j=0; j < edgecount; ++j) 
       {
            if (distance[edges[j].source] != INFINITY) 
            {
                int new_distance = distance[edges[j].source] + edges[j].weight;
                if (new_distance < distance[edges[j].dest]) 
                {
                  distance[edges[j].dest] = new_distance;
                  nbChanges++; 
                } 
            }
        }
         // if one iteration had no impact, further iterations will have no impact either
        if (nbChanges == 0) break; 
    }

    for (i=0; i < edgecount; ++i) 
    {
        if (distance[edges[i].dest] > distance[edges[i].source] + edges[i].weight) 
        {
            puts("Negative edge weight cycles detected!");
            free(distance);
            return;
        }
    }

    for (i=0; i < nodecount; ++i) 
    {
        printf("The shortest distance between nodes %d and %d is %d\n", source, i, distance[i]);
    }

    free(distance);
    return;
}

int main(void)
{
    /* This test case should produce the distances 2, 4, 7, -2, and 0. */
    Edge edges[10] = {{0,1, 5}, {0,2, 8}, {0,3, -4}, {1,0, -2},
                      {2,1, -3}, {2,3, 9}, {3,1, 7}, {3,4, 2},
                      {4,0, 6}, {4,2, 7}};
    BellmanFord(edges, 10, 5, 4);
    return 0;
}

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