ArcGIS API for Silverlight开发入门(4):用户与地理信息之间的桥梁–GraphicsLayer

 我们与地图交互的过程时刻在进行着:一个拉框放大操作,或者对地图内容的查询等。这些交互过程中的输入输出,通常都是反映在独立于地图数据一个“层”上。比如拉框放大,我们能看见鼠标所画的一个矩形;又比如对兴趣点的查询,结果通常是将符合条件的兴趣点的形状高亮显示在那个独立的“层”中,通过它既可以反映用户的输入,又可以展现地图的输出。这个“层”就是GraphicsLayer。
        其实ADF开发中也有GraphicsLayer的概念,同样在其他两个客户端API(JavaScript/Flex)中也能找到GraphicsLayer的身影,它们都是一样一样的。
        本节我们主要看如何在GraphicsLayer中展现内容。当然第一个工作就是添加ESRI.ArcGIS.dll的引用,引入esri的xml命名空间;接下来在Map中添加一个GraphicsLayer图层:

  1. <esri:Map x:Name=”Map1″>
  2. <esri:Map.Layers>
  3. <!– 其他图层 –>
  4. <esri:GraphicsLayer ID=”GLayer” />
  5. </esri:Map.Layers>
  6. </esri:Map>

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要使GraphicsLayer中的内容处于最顶端(不被其他图层内容覆盖),就要将它放在Map标签里的最下头,像上面那样。从命名我们不难看出,GraphicLayer里面放的就是Graphic的集合了。Graphic(ESRI.ArcGIS.Graphic)是GraphicsLayer中的基本元素,它包括了Geometry(在ESRI.ArcGIS.Geometry命名空间中),Symbol(在ESRI.ArcGIS.Symbol命名空间中),Attributes等属性。所有显示在地图中的矢量元素都有一个Geometry,里面包含了若干地理坐标,用于显示地图上地物的形状,它是Point,Polyline,Polygon等的总称,在这里代表了Graphic的形状。Symbol代表了Graphic的外观,它是一系列符号的总称,我们通常跟SimpleMarkerSymbol,SimpleLineSymbol和SimpleFillSymbol等打交道,它们分别对应了上面3种不同的Geometry(Point,Polyline,Polygon)。
        要让一个Graphic显示出来,总共分3步:
1、定义Graphic:
在xaml中

  1. <esri:Graphic>
  2. </esri:Graphic>

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在code-behind中
Graphic g= new Graphic()
2、设置Graphic的Geometry和Symbol属性:
在xaml中

  1. <esri:Graphic>
  2. <esri:Graphic.Symbol>
  3. <esriSymbols:SimpleMarkerSymbol Color=”Blue” Size=”12″ Style=”Square” />
  4. </esri:Graphic.Symbol>
  5. <esriGeometry:MapPoint X=”108″ Y=”30″ />
  6. </esri:Graphic>

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在code-behind中

  1. Graphic g = new Graphic()
  2. {
  3. Geometry = new MapPoint(108, 30),
  4. Symbol = new SimpleMarkerSymbol()
  5. {
  6. Color = new SolidColorBrush(Colors.Blue),
  7. Size = 12,
  8. Style = SimpleMarkerSymbol.SimpleMarkerStyle.Square
  9. }
  10. };

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3、把定义好的Graphic添加到GraphicsLayer里:
在xaml中

  1. <esri:GraphicsLayer ID=”GLayer”>
  2. <esri:GraphicsLayer.Graphics>
  3. <esri:Graphic>
  4. <esri:Graphic.Symbol>
  5. <esriSymbols:SimpleMarkerSymbol Color=”Blue” Size=”12″ Style=”Square” />
  6. </esri:Graphic.Symbol>
  7. <esriGeometry:MapPoint X=”108″ Y=”30″ />
  8. </esri:Graphic>
  9. </esri:GraphicsLayer.Graphics>
  10. </esri:GraphicsLayer>

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在code-behind中

  1. Graphic g = new Graphic()
  2. {
  3. Geometry = new MapPoint(108, 30),
  4. Symbol = new SimpleMarkerSymbol()
  5. {
  6. Color = new SolidColorBrush(Colors.Blue),
  7. Size = 12,
  8. Style = SimpleMarkerSymbol.SimpleMarkerStyle.Square
  9. }
  10. };
  11. GraphicsLayer glayer = Map1.Layers["GLayer"] as GraphicsLayer;
  12. glayer.Graphics.Add(g);

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看一下效果:


        图中还有其他的图形,无非是改变了Graphic的Geometry和Symbol属性。图上的那只灰熊是一段动画文件,利用Silverlight的特性,能够定义出表现力丰富的各种符号。
        尽管能够完全在xaml中来完成工作,但还是建议将可视化元素的定义放在xaml中,将实现的逻辑部分放在code-behind中。看一下添加图中那些Graphic的代码:

  1. <Grid.Resources>
  2. <esriSymbols:SimpleMarkerSymbol x:Name=”RedMarkerSymbol” Color=”Red” Size=”12″ Style=”Circle” />
  3. <!– 可惜目前Silverlight只支持Jpeg和PNG格式的图像,所以PictureMarkerSymbol无法显示GIF格式的图像,否则会报ImagingError的错误 –>
  4. <esriSymbolsictureMarkerSymbol x:Name=”PinPictureMarkerSymbol” Source=”imgs/pin.png” OffsetX=”10″ OffsetY=”10″ />
  5. <esriSymbols:SimpleLineSymbol x:Name=”RedLineSymbol” Color=”Red” Width=”4″ Style=”Solid” />
  6. <esriSymbols:CartographicLineSymbol x:Name=”CartoLineSymbol” Color=”Red” Width=”10″ DashCap=”Triangle” LineJoin=”Round” DashArray=”6,2″ />
  7. <esriSymbols:SimpleFillSymbol x:Name=”RedFillSymbol” Fill=”#66FF0000″ BorderBrush=”Red” BorderThickness=”2″ />
  8. </Grid.Resources>
  9. <MediaElement x:Name=”BearVideo” />

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  1. private void AddGraphics()
  2. {
  3. GraphicsLayer glayer = Map1.Layers["GLayer"] as GraphicsLayer;
  4. Graphic[] graphics = new Graphic[8];
  5. graphics[0] = new Graphic()
  6. {
  7. Geometry = new MapPoint(108, 34),
  8. Symbol = RedMarkerSymbol
  9. };
  10. graphics[1] = new Graphic()
  11. {
  12. Geometry = new MapPoint(108, 30),
  13. Symbol = new SimpleMarkerSymbol()
  14. {
  15. Color = new SolidColorBrush(Colors.Blue),
  16. Size = 12,
  17. Style = SimpleMarkerSymbol.SimpleMarkerStyle.Square
  18. }
  19. };
  20. graphics[2] = new Graphic()
  21. {
  22. Geometry = new MapPoint(108, 25),
  23. Symbol = PinPictureMarkerSymbol
  24. };
  25. graphics[3] = new Graphic()
  26. {
  27. Geometry = new MapPoint(108, 20),
  28. Symbol = new TextSymbol()
  29. {
  30. FontFamily = new FontFamily(”微软雅黑, 宋体”),
  31. FontSize = 14,
  32. Foreground = new SolidColorBrush(Colors.Black),
  33. Text = “这是text symbol”
  34. }
  35. };
  36. graphics[4] = new Graphic();
  37. graphics[4].Symbol = RedLineSymbol;
  38. ESRI.ArcGIS.Geometry.PointCollection pc = new ESRI.ArcGIS.Geometry.PointCollection()
  39. {
  40. new MapPoint(95,10),
  41. new MapPoint(110,-15),
  42. new MapPoint(130,10)
  43. };
  44. ESRI.ArcGIS.Geometry.Polyline pl = new ESRI.ArcGIS.Geometry.Polyline();
  45. pl.Paths.Add(pc);
  46. graphics[4].Geometry = pl;
  47. graphics[5] = new Graphic();
  48. graphics[5].Symbol = CartoLineSymbol;
  49. ESRI.ArcGIS.Geometry.PointCollection pc1 = new ESRI.ArcGIS.Geometry.PointCollection()
  50. {
  51. new MapPoint(95,0),
  52. new MapPoint(110,-25),
  53. new MapPoint(130,0)
  54. };
  55. ESRI.ArcGIS.Geometry.Polyline pl1 = new ESRI.ArcGIS.Geometry.Polyline();
  56. pl1.Paths.Add(pc1);
  57. graphics[5].Geometry = pl1;
  58. graphics[6] = new Graphic()
  59. {
  60. Symbol = RedFillSymbol
  61. };
  62. ESRI.ArcGIS.Geometry.PointCollection pc2 = new ESRI.ArcGIS.Geometry.PointCollection()
  63. {
  64. new MapPoint(110,-30),
  65. new MapPoint(130,-30),
  66. new MapPoint(130,-45),
  67. new MapPoint(120,-55),
  68. new MapPoint(110,-45),
  69. new MapPoint(110,-30)
  70. };
  71. ESRI.ArcGIS.Geometry.Polygon pg = new ESRI.ArcGIS.Geometry.Polygon();
  72. pg.Rings.Add(pc2);
  73. graphics[6].Geometry=pg;
  74. graphics[7] = new Graphic();
  75. //MediaElement的Name属性只能在xaml中定义(见帮助),所以决定了MediaElement不能完全在cs代码中定义
  76. BearVideo.Source = new Uri(”http://serverapps.esri.com/media/bear.wmv”, UriKind.RelativeOrAbsolute);
  77. BearVideo.IsHitTestVisible=false;
  78. BearVideo.IsMuted=true;
  79. BearVideo.AutoPlay=true;
  80. BearVideo.Opacity=0;
  81. ESRI.ArcGIS.Geometry.Polygon pg2 = new ESRI.ArcGIS.Geometry.Polygon();
  82. ESRI.ArcGIS.Geometry.PointCollection pc3 = new ESRI.ArcGIS.Geometry.PointCollection()
  83. {
  84. new MapPoint(10,-20),
  85. new MapPoint(32,7),
  86. new MapPoint(62,-35),
  87. new MapPoint(11,-36),
  88. new MapPoint(10,-20)
  89. };
  90. pg2.Rings.Add(pc3);
  91. graphics[7].Geometry=pg2;
  92. graphics[7].Symbol = new SimpleFillSymbol()
  93. {
  94. Fill = new VideoBrush()
  95. {
  96. SourceName = BearVideo.Name,
  97. Opacity = 0.6,
  98. Stretch = Stretch.UniformToFill
  99. }
  100. };
  101. foreach (Graphic g in graphics)
  102. {
  103. glayer.Graphics.Add(g);
  104. g.MouseLeftButtonDown+=new MouseButtonEventHandler(graphic_MouseLeftButtonDown);
  105. }
  106. }
  107. private void graphic_MouseLeftButtonDown(object o,MouseButtonEventArgs e)
  108. {
  109. Graphic g=o as Graphic;
  110. MessageBox.Show(string.Format(”Geometry:{0}/nSymbol:{1}”,g.Geometry.GetType().ToString(),g.Symbol.GetType().ToString()));
  111. }

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可以看到,完全能够在一个Graphic上定义一些事件,来达到程序的目的。大家可以试着把上面的内容在xaml中改写一遍。看到这里肯定会产生一个疑问:难道每个Geometry的定义都这么困难吗?其实SilverlightAPI已经给我们提供了ESRI.ArcGIS.Draw(继承自xaml中的Canvas)类,它能非常方便的捕捉到用户的鼠标操作,从而获取各种Geometry来供程序使用。
        可以把Draw理解成一块画板,调用Draw的Active()方法,就可以开始在画板上面绘画,程序会自动记录鼠标画出的每个Geometry,调用DeActive()方法,停止绘画。Active()有一个DrawMode参数,它决定了我们即将在这个画板上画出的内容类型:Point,Polyline,Polygon等。在画的过程中我们可以看到地图上可以实时反映出我们绘画的内容,而这些则利用了Draw的预定义Symbol:DefaultMarkerSymbol,DefaultLineSymbol,DefaultPolygonSymbol等。对应关系如下:


        每当完成一个图形的绘制,就会触发Draw.OnDrawComplete事件,利用事件参数就可以获得Geometry,之后可以创建一个Graphic,设置一个Symbol(一般使用Draw的预定义Symbol),把画好的这个Graphic添加到一个GraphicsLayer中。
        点击这里,查看一个比较完整的Graphics的例子。
最后来看一下这个例子的部分代码:

  1. <Grid.Resources>
  2. <esriSymbols:SimpleMarkerSymbol x:Name=”DefaultMarkerSymbol” Color=”Red” Size=”12″ Style=”Circle” />
  3. <esriSymbols:CartographicLineSymbol x:Name=”DefaultLineSymbol” Color=”Red” Width=”4″ />
  4. <esriSymbols:SimpleFillSymbol x:Name=”DefaultFillSymbol” Fill=”#33FF0000″ BorderBrush=”Red” BorderThickness=”2″ />
  5. <esriSymbols:SimpleFillSymbol x:Name=”DefaultPolygonSymbol” Fill=”#33FF0000″ BorderBrush=”Red” BorderThickness=”2″ />
  6. </Grid.Resources>
  7. <esriraw x:Name=”Draw1″
  8. DefaultRectangleSymbol=”{StaticResource DefaultFillSymbol}”
  9. DefaultMarkerSymbol=”{StaticResource DefaultMarkerSymbol}”
  10. DefaultLineSymbol=”{StaticResource DefaultLineSymbol}”
  11. DefaultPolygonSymbol=”{StaticResource DefaultPolygonSymbol}”
  12. Loaded=”Draw1_Loaded”
  13. OnDrawComplete=”Draw1_OnDrawComplete” />
  14. <Canvas VerticalAlignment=”Top” HorizontalAlignment=”Left” Margin=”20,20,0,0″ Width=”430″ Height=”110″>
  15. <Rectangle RadiusX=”10″ RadiusY=”10″ Width=”430″ Height=”110″ Fill=”#98000000″ Stroke=”#FF6495ED” />
  16. <Rectangle Fill=”#FFFFFFFF” Stroke=”DarkGray” RadiusX=”5″ RadiusY=”5″ Canvas.Left=”10″ Canvas.Top=”10″ Width=”410″ Height=”90″ />
  17. <StackPanel Orientation=”Vertical” Canvas.Top=”5″ Canvas.Left=”20″>
  18. <esriWidgets:Toolbar x:Name=”ToolBar1″ MaxItemHeight=”80″ MaxItemWidth=”80″ Width=”380″ Height=”80″
  19. ToolbarIndexChanged=”ToolBar1_ToolbarIndexChanged”
  20. ToolbarItemClicked=”ToolBar1_ToolbarItemClicked”>
  21. <esriWidgets:Toolbar.Items>
  22. <esriWidgets:ToolbarItemCollection>
  23. <esriWidgets:ToolbarItem Text=”添加点”>
  24. <esriWidgets:ToolbarItem.Content>
  25. <Image Source=”imgs/DrawPoint.png” Stretch=”UniformToFill” Margin=”5″ />
  26. </esriWidgets:ToolbarItem.Content>
  27. </esriWidgets:ToolbarItem>
  28. <esriWidgets:ToolbarItem Text=”添加折线”>
  29. <esriWidgets:ToolbarItem.Content>
  30. <Image Source=”imgs/DrawPolyline.png” Stretch=”UniformToFill” Margin=”5″ />
  31. </esriWidgets:ToolbarItem.Content>
  32. </esriWidgets:ToolbarItem>
  33. <esriWidgets:ToolbarItem Text=”添加多边形”>
  34. <esriWidgets:ToolbarItem.Content>
  35. <Image Source=”imgs/DrawPolygon.png” Stretch=”UniformToFill” Margin=”5″ />
  36. </esriWidgets:ToolbarItem.Content>
  37. </esriWidgets:ToolbarItem>
  38. <esriWidgets:ToolbarItem Text=”添加矩形”>
  39. <esriWidgets:ToolbarItem.Content>
  40. <Image Source=”imgs/DrawRectangle.png” Stretch=”UniformToFill” Margin=”5″ />
  41. </esriWidgets:ToolbarItem.Content>
  42. </esriWidgets:ToolbarItem>
  43. <esriWidgets:ToolbarItem Text=”添加曲线”>
  44. <esriWidgets:ToolbarItem.Content>
  45. <Image Source=”imgs/DrawFreehand.png” Stretch=”UniformToFill” Margin=”5″ />
  46. </esriWidgets:ToolbarItem.Content>
  47. </esriWidgets:ToolbarItem>
  48. <esriWidgets:ToolbarItem Text=”停止添加动作”>
  49. <esriWidgets:ToolbarItem.Content>
  50. <Image Source=”imgs/StopDraw.png” Stretch=”UniformToFill” Margin=”5″ />
  51. </esriWidgets:ToolbarItem.Content>
  52. </esriWidgets:ToolbarItem>
  53. <esriWidgets:ToolbarItem Text=”清空绘制的图形”>
  54. <esriWidgets:ToolbarItem.Content>
  55. <Image Source=”imgs/eraser.png” Stretch=”UniformToFill” Margin=”5″ />
  56. </esriWidgets:ToolbarItem.Content>
  57. </esriWidgets:ToolbarItem>
  58. </esriWidgets:ToolbarItemCollection>
  59. </esriWidgets:Toolbar.Items>
  60. </esriWidgets:Toolbar>
  61. <TextBlock x:Name=”StatusTextBlock” Text=”" FontWeight=”Bold” HorizontalAlignment=”Center”/>
  62. </StackPanel>
  63. </Canvas>

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  1. private void Draw1_Loaded(object sender, RoutedEventArgs e)
  2. {
  3. Draw1.Map = Map1;
  4. }
  5. private void Draw1_OnDrawComplete(object sender, ESRI.ArcGIS.DrawEventArgs args)
  6. {
  7. ESRI.ArcGIS.GraphicsLayer graphicsLayer = Map1.Layers["GLayer2"] as ESRI.ArcGIS.GraphicsLayer;
  8. ESRI.ArcGIS.Graphic graphic = new ESRI.ArcGIS.Graphic()
  9. {
  10. Geometry = args.Geometry,
  11. Symbol = _activeSymbol,
  12. };
  13. graphicsLayer.Graphics.Add(graphic);
  14. }
  15. private void ToolBar1_ToolbarIndexChanged(object sender, ESRI.ArcGIS.Widgets.SelectedToolbarItemArgs e)
  16. {
  17. StatusTextBlock.Text = e.Item.Text;
  18. }
  19. private void ToolBar1_ToolbarItemClicked(object sender, ESRI.ArcGIS.Widgets.SelectedToolbarItemArgs e)
  20. {
  21. Draw1.Deactivate();
  22. switch (e.Index)
  23. {
  24. case 0: // Point
  25. Draw1.Activate(ESRI.ArcGIS.DrawMode.Point);
  26. _activeSymbol = strobeSymbol;
  27. break;
  28. case 1: // Polyline
  29. Draw1.Activate(ESRI.ArcGIS.DrawMode.Polyline);
  30. _activeSymbol = DefaultLineSymbol;
  31. break;
  32. case 2: // Polygon
  33. Draw1.Activate(ESRI.ArcGIS.DrawMode.Polygon);
  34. _activeSymbol = DefaultPolygonSymbol;
  35. break;
  36. case 3: // Rectangle
  37. Draw1.Activate(ESRI.ArcGIS.DrawMode.Rectangle);
  38. _activeSymbol = DefaultFillSymbol;
  39. break;
  40. case 4: // Freehand
  41. Draw1.Activate(ESRI.ArcGIS.DrawMode.Freehand);
  42. _activeSymbol = waveLineSymbol;
  43. break;
  44. case 5: // Stop Graphics
  45. break;
  46. case 6: // Clear Graphics
  47. ESRI.ArcGIS.GraphicsLayer graphicsLayer = Map1.Layers["GLayer2"] as ESRI.ArcGIS.GraphicsLayer;
  48. graphicsLayer.ClearGraphics();
  49. break;
  50. }
  51. }

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大家可以注意一下例子中添加的点符号和曲线符号。只要有足够的想象力,完全可以利用Silverlight定制出非常炫的符号效果来。
        好了,下一节我们来了解如何使用这些画出的图形与地图数据交互。

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