windows编程之菜单操作
分清几个概念
<1>“主菜单” 和 “顶层菜单” 是一个意思。
<2>主菜单中的项目叫做 “弹出菜单” 或者 “子菜单”。
<3>弹出菜单的项目可以是另外一个弹出菜单。
<4>菜单的状态：启用，禁用，无效化，无效化跟前两者的区别是灰色显示文字。
（1）菜单消息
<1>WM_INITMENU
wParam, // handle to menu (HMENU)
lParam // not used
<2>WM_MENUSELECT
菜单项被选中的时候
wParam, // menu item (UINT) and flags (UINT)
lParam //handle to menu (HMENU)
其中
LOWORD(wParam) //被选中项目：菜单ID或者弹出式菜单句柄 HIWORD(wParam) //选择旗标
旗标是MF_GRAYED、MF_DISABLED、MF_CHECKED、MF_BITMAP、MF_POPUP、MF_HELP、MF_SYSMENU和MF_MOUSESELECT的集合。
<3>WM_INITMENUPOPUP
当下拉菜单被激活的时候就会发出这样的消息
WPARAM wParam, // handle to menu (HMENU) LPARAM lParam // item position and indicatorLOWORD（lParam）代表的是菜单项索引，HIWORD（lParam）表示的是TRUE，或者FALSE，菜单是系统菜单的时候表示的TRUE，非系统菜单的时候表示的是FALSE。
<4>WM_COMMAND
表示使用者已经从菜单中选择了一个被启用的菜单项，
LOWORD (wParam)：菜单命令ID
HIWORD(wParam)：0
lParam：0
<5>WM_MENUCHAR
（2）菜单项中的字母的下划线
把字母前面加&字符，就可以出现字母下划线的效果，当用Alt键+ 字符，可以快捷的弹出子菜单，或者执行菜单项命令。
对应属性
（3）菜单项的选中和去选中状态
CheckMenuItem(hMenu, iSelection, MF_UNCHECKED) ; CheckMenuItem(hMenu, iSelection, MF_CHECKED) ;
（4）关于Menu的函数
关于菜单的操作从大体方向上看无外乎增删改查四种操作。
4.1 HMENUCreateMenu(VOID);
4.2 BOOL AppendMenu( HMENU hMenu, // handle to menu
UINT uFlags, //menu-item options
UINT_PTR uIDNewItem, // identifier, menu, or submenu
LPCTSTR lpNewItem //menu-item content);
其中uFlags 可以是：
MF_BITMAP，MF_OWNERDRAW，MF_STRING
示例：
AppendMenu (hMenuPopup, MF_STRING, IDM_APP_EXIT,"E&xit") ;
AppendMenu (hMenu, MF_POPUP, hMenuPopup,"&File") ;
4.3 BOOLInsertMenu( HMENU hMenu, // handle to menu
UINT uPosition, // item that new item precedes
UINT uFlags, // options
UINT_PTR uIDNewItem, // identifier, menu, or submenu
LPCTSTR lpNewItem // menu item content);
这个函数和AppendMenu相比除了uPosition这个参数外，其余完全相同
uPosition：表示被插的位置索引或者菜单ID，具体是哪一个取决于uFlags中是MF_BYCOMMAND还是MF_BYPOSITION。
uIDNewItem：插入项是命令项的时候表示的是ID，插入项是菜单的时候表示的菜单句柄。
lpNewItem： 插入项的内容，具体取决于uFlags中包含的MF_BITMAP，MF_STRING，MF_OWNERDRAW
注意：不能放在一起的命令组合
- MF_BYCOMMAND and MF_BYPOSITION
- MF_DISABLED, MF_ENABLED, and MF_GRAYED
- MF_BITMAP, MF_STRING, MF_OWNERDRAW, and MF_SEPARATOR
- MF_MENUBARBREAK and MF_MENUBREAK
- MF_CHECKED and MF_UNCHECKED
4.4 BOOLInsertMenuItem( HMENU hMenu, // handle to menu
UINT uItem, // identifier or position
BOOL fByPosition, // meaning of uItem
LPCMENUITEMINFO lpmii // menu item information);
typedef struct tagMENUITEMINFO {
UINT cbSize;
UINT fMask;
UINT fType;
UINT fState;
UINT wID;
HMENU hSubMenu;
HBITMAP hbmpChecked;
HBITMAP hbmpUnchecked;
ULONG_PTR dwItemData;
LPTSTR dwTypeData;
UINT cch;
HBITMAP hbmpItem;
} MENUITEMINFO, *LPMENUITEMINFO;4.5 BOOL RemoveMenu( HMENU hMenu, // handle to menu
UINT uPosition, // menu item identifier or position
UINT uFlags // options);
4.6 BOOLModifyMenu( HMENU hMnu, // handle to menu
UINT uPosition, // menu item to modify
UINTuFlags, // options
UINT_PTR uIDNewItem, // identifier, menu, or submenu
LPCTSTR lpNewItem // menu item content);
4.7 BOOLDeleteMenu( HMENU hMenu, // handle to menu
UINT uPosition, // menu item identifier or position
UINT uFlags // option);
删除菜单项，如果菜单项时弹出菜单，那么就会释放菜单句柄所指向的内存。
4.7 BOOLDrawMenuBar( HWND hWnd // handle to window);
4.8 HMENUGetSubMenu( HMENU hMenu, // handle to menu
int nPos // menu item position);
当菜单栏发生变化时候，必须调用这个函数重新绘制菜单//经常验证，未必
（6）右键菜单
右键菜单跟一般的菜单没什么区别，只是弹出的时候，需要用到这个函数
BOOLTrackPopupMenu( HMENU hMenu, // handle to shortcut menu UINT uFlags, // options int x, // horizontal position int y, // vertical position int nReserved, // reserved, must be zero HWND hWnd, // handle to owner window CONST RECT *prcRect // ignored);
其中的uFlags参数指定了菜单中菜单中的对齐方式，左键右键选定菜单项
TPM_CENTERALIGN，TMP_LEFTALIGN，TMP_RIGHTALIGN
TPM_BOTTOMALIGN, TPM_TOPALIGN, TPM_VCENTERALIGN
TPM_LEFTBUTTPON,TPM_RIGHTBUTTON
TPM_NONOTIFY, TPM_RETURNCMD
（7）系统菜单
获取系统菜单句柄
HMENU GetSystemMenu(
HWNDhWnd, // handle to window
BOOL bRevert // reset option);
其中bRevert = FALSE时候，表示，复制系统的菜单，并且返回复制菜单的句柄，这个菜单可以进行修改。当bRevert = TRUE 时，设置系统菜单为默认的原始状态，并且函数返回值是NULL.
(8) 加速键
加速键也是一种资源，它可以使用快捷键迅速的打开命令项。加速键 可以在在资源中自己添加，也可以直接使用程序编写。加速键中主要的改变的code有
while(GetMessage(&msg,NULL,0,0))
{
if (!TranslateAccelerator(hWnd,hAccel,&msg))
{
TranslateMessage(&msg);
DispatchMessage(&msg);
}
}
在这里 TranslateAccelerator函数把 一些按键消息翻译成WM_COMMAND，或者WM_SYSCOMMAND消息。
（9）代码示例
一下示例是一个完全依靠code不依赖创建资源的菜单demo，其中包含菜单栏，右键菜单，系统菜单，加速键可以对菜单进行动态的修改，删除，添加操作。
#define OEMRESOURCE
# include<Windows.h>
#define IDM_FILE_OPEN 100
#define IDM_FILE_NEW 101
#define IDM_FILE_PIC 102
#define IDM_FILE_EXIT 103
#define IDM_MENU_ADD 104
#define IDM_MENU_REM 105
#define IDM_MENU_DEL 106
#define IDM_MENU_MOD 107
#define IDM_ABOUT 108
#define IDM_VERSION 109
#define IDM_MENU_NEW 110
#define IDM_POP_ONE 200
#define IDM_POP_TWO 201
#define IDM_SYS_ONE 300
#define IDM_SYS_TWO 301
LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(HWND hwnd,UINT msg,WPARAM wParam,LPARAM lParam);
HMENU createOwnMenu(HWND hwnd);
HMENU createPopMenu(HWND hwnd);
HACCEL createAccelerator(HWND hwnd);
TCHAR* szAppName = TEXT("MenuClass");
TCHAR* szWndName = TEXT("ChangeMenu");
HACCEL hAccel = NULL;
int WINAPI WinMain(HINSTANCE hInstance,HINSTANCE hPreInstance,LPSTR lpCmdLine,int iCmdShow)
{
WNDCLASS wndCls;
HWND hWnd;
MSG msg;
wndCls.cbClsExtra = 0;
wndCls.cbWndExtra = 0;
wndCls.lpfnWndProc = WndProc;
wndCls.style = CS_HREDRAW | CS_VREDRAW;
wndCls.hbrBackground = (HBRUSH)GetStockObject(WHITE_BRUSH);
wndCls.hCursor = LoadCursor(NULL,IDC_ARROW);
wndCls.hIcon = LoadIcon(NULL,IDI_APPLICATION);
wndCls.hInstance = hInstance;
wndCls.lpszClassName = szAppName;
wndCls.lpszMenuName = NULL;
if(!RegisterClass(&wndCls))
{
MessageBox(NULL,TEXT("Register window failed"),TEXT("Error"),MB_OK);
}
hWnd = CreateWindow(szAppName,szWndName,WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW,
CW_USEDEFAULT,CW_USEDEFAULT,CW_USEDEFAULT,CW_USEDEFAULT,
NULL,NULL,hInstance,NULL);
UpdateWindow(hWnd);
ShowWindow(hWnd,SW_NORMAL);
while(GetMessage(&msg,NULL,0,0))
{
if(!TranslateAccelerator(hWnd,hAccel,&msg))
TranslateMessage(&msg);
DispatchMessage(&msg);
}
return msg.wParam;
}
LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(HWND hwnd,UINT msg,WPARAM wParam,LPARAM lParam)
{
static int nAdd = 1;
HMENU hMenu,hSonMenu,hTmpMenu;
HMENU hTrack,hSon;
HMENU hSysMenu;
POINT pt;
switch(msg)
{
case WM_CREATE:
hMenu = createOwnMenu(hwnd);
SetMenu(hwnd,hMenu);
hSysMenu = GetSystemMenu(hwnd,FALSE);
AppendMenu(hSysMenu,MF_SEPARATOR,0,NULL);
AppendMenu(hSysMenu,MF_STRING,IDM_SYS_ONE,TEXT("SysOne"));
AppendMenu(hSysMenu,MF_STRING,IDM_SYS_TWO,TEXT("SysTwo"));
hAccel = createAccelerator(hwnd);
break;
case WM_SYSCOMMAND:
switch(LOWORD(wParam))
{
case IDM_SYS_ONE:
MessageBox(NULL,TEXT("This is added system menu item1"),NULL,MB_OK);
break;
case IDM_SYS_TWO:
MessageBox(NULL,TEXT("This is added system menu item2"),NULL,MB_OK);
break;
}
break;
case WM_COMMAND:
hMenu = GetMenu(hwnd);
switch(LOWORD(wParam))
{
case IDM_FILE_OPEN:
MessageBox(NULL,TEXT("File Open selected"),TEXT("Test check"),MB_OK);
break;
case IDM_MENU_ADD:
hTmpMenu = GetSubMenu(hMenu,2);
AppendMenu(hTmpMenu,MF_STRING,IDM_MENU_NEW+nAdd,TEXT("New Item"));
nAdd++;
DrawMenuBar(hwnd);
break;
case IDM_MENU_REM:
hTmpMenu = GetSubMenu(hMenu,2);
if( nAdd >1 )
{
nAdd--;
RemoveMenu(hTmpMenu,IDM_MENU_NEW+nAdd,MF_BYCOMMAND);
}
// 当菜单项时弹出菜单的时候，仅仅切断弹出菜单跟所属菜单的联系，但不销毁对象
/*GetSubMenu(hTmpMenu,2);
RemoveMenu(hTmpMenu,2,MF_BYPOSITION);*/
DrawMenuBar(hwnd);
break;
case IDM_MENU_MOD:
hTmpMenu = GetSubMenu(hMenu,2);
ModifyMenu(hTmpMenu,0,MF_BYPOSITION,IDM_ABOUT,TEXT("Modified Item"));
DrawMenuBar(hwnd);
break;
case IDM_MENU_DEL:
hTmpMenu = GetSubMenu(hMenu,2);
DeleteMenu(hTmpMenu,2,MF_BYPOSITION);
DrawMenuBar(hwnd);
break;
}
break;
case WM_RBUTTONDOWN:
hTrack = createPopMenu(hwnd);
hSon = GetSubMenu(hTrack,0);
pt.x = LOWORD(lParam);
pt.y = HIWORD(lParam);
ClientToScreen(hwnd,&pt);
TrackPopupMenu(hSon,TPM_LEFTBUTTON| TPM_RIGHTALIGN,pt.x,pt.y,0,hwnd,NULL);
break;
case WM_DESTROY:
PostQuitMessage(0);
break;
}
return DefWindowProc(hwnd,msg,wParam,lParam);
}
HMENU createOwnMenu(HWND hwnd)
{
HMENU hMenu = CreateMenu();
HMENU hPopMenu = CreateMenu();
//MF_BYPOSIOTION,MF_BYCOMMAND is not useful here in AppendMenu
AppendMenu(hPopMenu,MF_STRING|MF_CHECKED|MF_GRAYED,IDM_FILE_OPEN,TEXT("&Open"));
InsertMenu(hPopMenu,0,MF_BYPOSITION|MF_STRING|MF_DISABLED,IDM_FILE_NEW,TEXT("&New"));
HINSTANCE hInstance = (HINSTANCE)GetWindowLong(hwnd,GWL_HINSTANCE);
HBITMAP hBmp = (HBITMAP)LoadImage(hInstance,TEXT("bitmap1.bmp"),IMAGE_BITMAP,0,0,LR_LOADFROMFILE);
AppendMenu(hPopMenu,MF_BITMAP,IDM_FILE_PIC,(LPCWSTR)hBmp);
AppendMenu(hPopMenu,MF_SEPARATOR,NULL,NULL);
AppendMenu(hPopMenu,MF_STRING,IDM_FILE_EXIT,TEXT("&Exit"));
SetMenuItemBitmaps(hPopMenu,IDM_FILE_PIC,MF_BYCOMMAND,hBmp,hBmp);
AppendMenu(hMenu,MF_POPUP,(UINT_PTR)hPopMenu,TEXT("File"));
hPopMenu = CreateMenu();
AppendMenu(hPopMenu,MF_STRING,IDM_MENU_ADD,TEXT("&Add"));
AppendMenu(hPopMenu,MF_STRING,IDM_MENU_REM,TEXT("&Remove"));
AppendMenu(hPopMenu,MF_STRING,IDM_MENU_MOD,TEXT("&Modify"));
AppendMenu(hPopMenu,MF_STRING,IDM_MENU_DEL,TEXT("&Delete"));
AppendMenu(hMenu,MF_POPUP,(UINT_PTR)hPopMenu,TEXT("Menu"));
hPopMenu = CreateMenu();
AppendMenu(hPopMenu,MF_STRING,IDM_ABOUT,TEXT("About"));
AppendMenu(hPopMenu,MF_STRING,IDM_VERSION,TEXT("Version"));
HMENU hSonMenu = CreateMenu();
AppendMenu(hSonMenu,MF_STRING,IDM_MENU_NEW,TEXT("Son"));
AppendMenu(hPopMenu,MF_POPUP,(UINT_PTR)hSonMenu,TEXT("Son Menu"));
AppendMenu(hMenu,MF_POPUP,(UINT_PTR)hPopMenu,TEXT("Change"));
return hMenu;
}
HMENU createPopMenu(HWND hwnd)
{
HMENU hMenu = CreateMenu();
HMENU hPop = CreateMenu();
AppendMenu(hPop,MF_STRING,IDM_POP_ONE,TEXT("One"));
AppendMenu(hPop,MF_STRING,IDM_POP_TWO,TEXT("Twod"));
AppendMenu(hMenu,MF_POPUP,(UINT_PTR)hPop,TEXT("Pop"));
return hMenu;
}
HACCEL createAccelerator(HWND hwnd)
{
ACCEL acce[2];
acce[0].fVirt = FCONTROL | FNOINVERT | FVIRTKEY;
acce[0].key = 'A';
acce[0].cmd = IDM_MENU_ADD;
acce[1].fVirt = FCONTROL | FNOINVERT | FVIRTKEY;
acce[1].key = 'R';
acce[1].cmd = IDM_MENU_REM;
HACCEL hAccel = CreateAcceleratorTable(acce,2);
return hAccel;
}