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Partial differential equations
Partial differential equations (PDEs) are the most common method by which we model physical problems in engineering. Finite element methods are one of many ways of solving PDEs. This handout reviews the basics of PDEs and discusses some of the classes of PDEs in brief. The contents are based on Partial Differential Equations in Mechanics volumes 1 and 2 by A.P.S. Selvadurai andNonlinear Finite Elements of Continua and Structures by T. Belytschko, W.K. Liu, and B. Moran.
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Definition of a PDE[edit]
A PDE is a relationship between an unknown function of several variables and its partial derivatives.
Let be an unknown function. Theindependent variables are ,,, and. We usually write
and say that is thedependent variable.
Partial derivatives are denoted by expressions such as
Some examples of partial differential equations are
An example of a system of partial differential equations is
In expanded form this system of equations is
It is often more convenient to write PDEs in vector notation or index notation.
Order of a PDE[edit]
The order of a PDE is determined by the highest derivative in the equation. For example,
Linear and nonlinear PDEs[edit]
A linear PDE is one that of the first degree of its field variable and partial derivatives. For example,
The above equations can also be written in operator notation as
Homogeneous PDEs[edit]
Let be a linear operator. Then an linear partial differential equation can be written in the form
If , the PDE is calledhomogeneous.
Elliptic, Hyperbolic, and Parabolic PDEs[edit]
We usually come across three-types of second-order PDEs in mechanics. These are classified aselliptic, hyperbolic, and parabolic.
The equations of elasticity (without inertial terms) are elliptic PDEs.Hyperbolic PDEs describe wave propagation phenomena. The heat conduction equation is an example of aparabolic PDE.
Each type of PDE has certain characteristics that help determine if a particular finite element approach is appropriate to the problem being described by the PDE. Interestingly, just knowing the type of PDE can give us insight into how smooth the solution is, how fast information propagates, and the effect of initial and boundary conditions.
- In hyperbolic PDEs, the smoothness of the solution depends on the smoothness of the initial and boundary conditions. For instance, if there is a jump in the data at the start or at the boundaries, then the jump will propagate as a shock in the solution. If, in addition, the PDE is nonlinear, then shocks may develop even though the initial conditions and the boundary conditions are smooth. In a system modeled with a hyperbolic PDE information travels at a finite speed called the wavespeed. Information is not transmitted until the wave arrives.
- In contrast, the solutions of elliptic PDEs are always smooth, even if the initial and boundary conditions are rough (though there may be singularities at sharp corners). In addition, boundary data at any point affect the solution at all points in the domain.
- Parabolic PDEs are usually time dependent and represent diffusion-like processes. Solutions are smooth in space but may possess singularities. However, information travels at infinite speed in a parabolic system.
Suppose we have a second-order PDE of the form
Then, the PDE is called elliptic if
An example is
The PDE is called hyperbolic if
An example is
The PDE is called parabolic if
An example is
Solutions to Common PDEs[edit]
Partial differential equation appear in several areas of physics and engineering. A firm grasp of how to solveordinary differential equations is required to solve PDEs. In particular, solutions to the Sturm-Liouville problems should be familiar to anyone attempting to solve PDEs.
- A tutorial on how to solve the Laplace equation
- A tutorial on how to solve the Poisson equation
Application of PDEs in Physics and Engineering[edit]
There are many applications of partial differential equations in physics and engineering. Here are some examples:
- The heat equation
- The diffusion equation
- The wave equation
Resources[edit]
- w:Numerical partial differential equations
- MIT 18.03 Differential Equations, Spring 2006
The Heat conduction equation of 2-D is elliptic in space and parabolic in time.
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