Creating Interactive GUIs with Swing's MVC Archite
http://www.developer.com/java/ent/article.php/3336761
Part 1: Model-View-Controller and Swing
Many GUI-based applications, client interfaces, and widget toolkits use the Model-View-Controller (MVC) architecture as a primary design pattern to present, manipulate, and store data for the end users. Java's Swing toolkit is no exception. Every visual component in Swing follows the MVC pattern to achieve its task. Model-View-Controller was build into Swing from the very beginning. In this article, I'll show how model-view-controller architecture is intertwined with Swing and how its robustness and strengths can be used to create extremely flexible and powerful graphical user interfaces that require minimal effort to modify once all components are in place.
This material is split in to two articles: This part describes the underlying implementation of Model-View-Controller in Swing and the second part demonstrates a concrete example of the MVC pattern's strength by showing how use three fundamental mechanisms in Java to alter data presentation at run time without changing the correlating model. But, so you don't think that I left all the good stuff for last, the first part of this article will come with fully working code that you can apply to an enterprise level UI project, with minimal changes.
Swing and MVC Design
In a commercial application, there are often requirements to have a table of information populated from a database, or some other real-time data source. Constant revising or requesting data on every change to its presentation (such as a sort or filter) would be extremely expansive and prone to performance bottlenecks. A great number of different caching techniques have been devised to improve performance in these cases, but there is a much simpler way to populate table once, show it, and then modify the presentation only, without touching the underling data. This technique can be applied to any visual components, including lists, drop-downs, and trees. And those UI components that don't have a lot of data, such as buttons, can still benefit from the ability to change their 'look and feel' without actually changing their functionality.
Well, as it turns out, Model-View-Controller in Swing does just that! It decouples presentation from data and from operation on that data. The controller is actually collapsed into a delegate object and is not truly separated from view or is not a separate class; this is why MVC in Swing is sometimes called "separable model architecture." The designers of Swing did this because it was "difficult to write a generic controller that didn't know specifics about the [particular] view."
All graphical components in Swing, and I do mean all , follow Model-View-Controller architecture. Therefore, according to the Swing specification and package structure, every component has a presentation class, model class, and a public interface. There is a separation, hoverer, between a GUI-based state model and an application-specific data model. The application-specific model is usually a model dealing with or containing real user data, such as a table, list or text area. A GUI state model is usually a model that does not relate directly to the user data, such as model of a button or a 'progress slider' component. In this article, I'll concentrate on application-specific data models.
If you've superficially used Swing to create basic Java GUIs or used any IDE to do it for you, you probably did not even notice that there is a separation between visual components and their data models. That is because Swing will install a default model for every component that you use. For the developer, there is no sense in creating a new model for every Button on the screen and then assign it to the button. The same goes for the complex components, such as Tables. Just creating one and adding text to it works fine and does not require explicit model object creation. However, the existence of a separable model in Swing allows programmers to do much more advanced GUI development, and was added from the initial design of Swing for a very important reason!
The controller, as I've mentioned, is not clearly apparent and is not used as in traditional MVC design pattern, but it does exist. The View layer of the MVC in Swing is objects used to render (or show) components on the screen; all visual components from Buttons to Sliders to Text Areas are part of the view layer and therefore have presentation classes. The way to truly utilize MVC in Swing is to explicitly install a new model object or chains of them. Several presentation classes may use the same Model class to contain the data they are presenting. They don't even have to be of the same type! What I mean is that you can create multiple components, such as text area boxes, and place them in different parts of your application. All of these text areas can have one model object associated with them. Any time one text area is updated—by user typing or deleting text, for example—all other text areas will reflect that change and show same text! Here is sample code that creates a model Object and two View objects, and installs a model into them. By comparison, if you create a View object with a default constructor, a default model would be used.
Document doc = new
DefaultStyledDocument(); // MODEL object
JTextArea ta1 = new
JTextArea(doc); // VIEW object 1
JTextArea ta2 = new
JTextArea(doc); // VIEW object 1
But wait, that is not all. You can have one model object assigned to view objects of different types, such as JTextArea and JTextField and they will both use it. For example, this code is legal:
Document doc = new
DefaultStyledDocument(); // MODEL object
JTextArea ta = new
JTextArea(doc); // VIEW object 1
JTextField tf = new
JTextField(doc, "Name"
, 1); // VIEW object 2
Model Layer
The ability to separate presentation from data also lets developers modify the presentation of the same data. Therefore, issues such as sorting of filtering of pre-fetched data become very easy to solve and do not require re-fetching of the data on every user requested change in the view. You create one model object and install it into one (or many) view object(s), but you can also subclass the Model object and create your own custom models. Swing provides an abstract model class and a default concrete model for every visual component. See Listing 1 for a table of presentation classes and their corresponding models. Models usually have methods to get and set data and some specific methods correlating to the functionality of the view class, such as getColumnCount in the JTable model class. Therefore, the abstract model class only defines these required methods and the concrete one actually has their implementations (it extends the abstract class, as you probably have guessed).
For instance, the JTable view class has AbstractTableModel and DefaultTableModel . If you want to create a custom model for your JTable, with custom table header columns and their names, you can subclass DefaultTableModel and overwrite only the methods relating to the header info. See Listing 2 .
You also can extend AbstractTableModel and implement all methods yourself. DefaultTableModel keeps data in a Vector of Vectors data structure, so you'll need to create a compatible memory storage. The same is true for every default Swing model; they all keep data in some kind of generic collection class. All models also have methods to get data and in some cases its index position, if it's applicable.
JList and JTable both have methods to insert and access data based on the index within the internal memory storage. This is a very important feature because it can be used to manipulate the presentation without changing the underling data.
The trick is to use three fundamental features of the Java language: inheritance , passing objects by reference , and event/listener mechanism .
Models in Swing have no information of any views; therefore, if you use a custom model, any changes in its data are conveyed to the view by an event/listener mechanism. Because Java passes all complex objects by reference, you can create a chain of custom models, all containing a reference to one main model with data and their own indexes of that data. The custom models would inherit all required methods and overwrite index methods. In the event that a user requests a change in the view, an index would be recalculated and an action event would be propagated to all interested models. This would result in a change in the view but not the model! (Please see the second part of this article for a full implementation of this technique.)
Presentation and View Layer
The view layer is what the end user sees on the screen; because we already know that its data (what is represents) is separated, the Swing development team was kind enough to make it interchangeable and even extendable to custom looks-and-feels. This is completely different from the method I've just described to change data presentation. It is an application-specific GUI modification and not data specific. What that means is that you can switch the way your GUI looks, make a Java application look like a Solaris Motif program on Windows XP, for instance. Code like this (before any Swing components' initialization) would do the trick:
try {
UIManager.setLookAndFeel("
com.sun.java.swing.plaf.motif.MotifLookAndFeel");
} catch...
And, even though your JTextArea and JTree would look different, it would still contain the same data and work in the same way; you can still use the same data-specific filtering and sorting techniques. The mechanism by which it works is called a Pluggable Look and Feel (PLAF) and is beyond the scope of this article, but you can find a great tutorial on Sun Microsystems' site about PLAF (see "A Swing Architecture Overview" in the references section).
Conclusion
In this part, I've described the fundamentals of Swing separable model architecture. I've gone over the structure of Model objects and their correlation to the View objects, and the way you can install custom models into your UI components. I also briefly described how the power of separation can let developers change the presentation without touching the corresponding information, both by means of event mechanism and by the Pluggable Look and Feel feature of Swing. By using custom models, you can achieve great flexibility and superior user functionality, at the same time avoiding unnecessary requests of data, caching, or other methods of altering presentation.
The included source code contains the full JTable example from Part 2 of this article with several custom models to filter and sort data.
Source Code
Download the source code here.
Listing 1
| Component | Model Interface | Model Type |
JButton |
ButtonModel |
GUI |
JToggleButton |
ButtonModel |
GUI/data |
JCheckBox |
ButtonModel |
GUI/data |
JRadioButton |
ButtonModel |
GUI/data |
JMenu |
ButtonModel |
GUI |
JMenuItem |
ButtonModel |
GUI |
JCheckBoxMenuItem |
ButtonModel |
GUI/data |
JRadioButtonMenuItem |
ButtonModel |
GUI/data |
JComboBox |
ComboBoxModel |
data |
JProgressBar |
BoundedRangeModel |
GUI/data |
JScrollBar |
BoundedRangeModel |
GUI/data |
JSlider |
BoundedRangeModel |
GUI/data |
JTabbedPane |
SingleSelectionModel |
GUI |
JList |
ListModel |
data |
JList |
ListSelectionModel |
GUI |
JTable |
TableModel |
data |
JTable |
TableColumnModel |
GUI |
JTree |
TreeModel |
data |
JTree |
TreeSelectionModel |
GUI |
JEditorPane |
Document |
data |
JTextPane |
Document |
data |
JTextArea |
Document |
data |
JTextField |
Document |
data |
JPasswordField |
Document |
data |
Listing 2
class
PlanetTableModel extends
DefaultTableModel {
private static
String[] planetModelNames
= new
String[] { "Moon Name"
, "Planet"
, "Atmosphere"
,
"Population"
};
private
String filter = "All"
;
public int
getColumnCount()
{
return
planetModelNames.length;
}
public
String getColumnName(int
c) {
return
planetModelNames[c];
}
...
References
Core Swing Advanced Programming
By Kim Topley
ISBN: 0130832929
Publisher: Prentice Hall; December, 2000
Core Java 2, Volume II: Advanced Features (5th Edition)
By Cay Horstmann and Gary Cornell
Publisher: Prentice Hall; 5th edition (December 10, 2001)
A Swing Architecture Overview
http://java.sun.com/products/jfc/tsc/articles/architecture
Advanced MVC
http://www.ifi.unizh.ch/richter/Classes/oose2/03_mvc/02_mvc_java/02_mvc_java.html#4%20Models%20as%20Proxies
Swing Model Filtering
By Mitch Goldstein
http://www-106.ibm.com/developerworks/java/library/j-filters/
About the Author
Vlad Kofman is a System Architect working on projects under government defense contracts. He has also been involved with enterprise-level projects for major Wall Street firms and the U.S. government. His main interests are object-oriented programming methodologies and design patterns.