第20条:类层次优于标签类

有时候,可能会遇到带有两个甚至更多风格的实例的类,并包含表示实例风格的标签(tag)域。
Demo:

// Tagged class - vastly inferior to a class hierarchy!
class Figure {
    enum Shape { RECTANGLE, CIRCLE };

    // Tag field - the shape of this figure
    final Shape shape;

    // These fields are used only if shape is RECTANGLE
    double length;
    double width;

    // This field is used only if shape is CIRCLE
    double radius;

    // Constructor for circle
    Figure(double radius) {
        shape = Shape.CIRCLE;
        this.radius = radius;
    }

    // Constructor for rectangle
    Figure(double length, double width) {
        shape = Shape.RECTANGLE;
        this.length = length;
        this.width = width;
    }

    double area() {
        switch(shape) {
          case RECTANGLE:
            return length * width;
          case CIRCLE:
            return Math.PI * (radius * radius);
          default:
            throw new AssertionError();
        }
    }
}
这些标签类(tagged class)有着许多优点,但是破坏了可读性。
标签类过于冗长、容易出错,并且效率低下。


表示多种风格对象的数据类型:子类型化(subtyping)。标签类正是类层次的一种简单的仿效。
Demo:
// Class hierarchy replacement for a tagged class
abstract class Figure {
    abstract double area();
}
class Circle extends Figure {
    final double radius;

    Circle(double radius) { this.radius = radius; }

    double area() { return Math.PI * (radius * radius); }
}
class Rectangle extends Figure {
    final double length;
    final double width;

    Rectangle(double length, double width) {
        this.length = length;
        this.width  = width;
    }
    double area() { return length * width; }
}
class Square extends Rectangle {
    Square(double side) {
        super(side, side);
    }
}




标签类很少有适用的时候。当你想要编写一个包含显示标签域类时,应该考虑一下,这个标签是否可以被取消,这个类是否可以用类层次来代替。当你遇到一个包含标签与的现有类时,就要考虑将它重构到一个层次结构中去。

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