在使用Python多年以后,我偶然发现了一些我们过去不知道的功能和特性。一些可以说是非常有用,但却没有充分利用。考虑到这一点,我编辑了一些的你应该了解的Pyghon功能特色。
带任意数量参数的函数。
你可能已经知道了Python允许你定义可选参数。但还有一个方法,可以定义函数任意数量的参数。
首先,看下面是一个只定义可选参数的例子
def function(arg1="",arg2=""): print "arg1: {0}".format(arg1) print "arg2: {0}".format(arg2) function("Hello", "World") # prints args1: Hello # prints args2: World function() # prints args1: # prints args2:现在,让我们看看怎么定义一个可以接受任意参数的函数。我们利用元组来实现。
def foo(*args): # just use "*" to collect all remaining arguments into a tuple numargs = len(args) print "Number of arguments: {0}".format(numargs) for i, x in enumerate(args): print "Argument {0} is: {1}".format(i,x) foo() # Number of arguments: 0 foo("hello") # Number of arguments: 1 # Argument 0 is: hello foo("hello","World","Again") # Number of arguments: 3 # Argument 0 is: hello # Argument 1 is: World # Argument 2 is: Again使用Glob()查找文件
import glob # get all py files files = glob.glob('*.py') print files # Output # ['arg.py', 'g.py', 'shut.py', 'test.py']你可以像下面这样查找多个文件类型:
import itertools as it, glob def multiple_file_types(*patterns): return it.chain.from_iterable(glob.glob(pattern) for pattern in patterns) for filename in multiple_file_types("*.txt", "*.py"): # add as many filetype arguements print filename # output #=========# # test.txt # arg.py # g.py # shut.py # test.py如果你想得到每个文件的绝对路径,你可以在返回值上调用realpath()函数:
import itertools as it, glob, os def multiple_file_types(*patterns): return it.chain.from_iterable(glob.glob(pattern) for pattern in patterns) for filename in multiple_file_types("*.txt", "*.py"): # add as many filetype arguements realpath = os.path.realpath(filename) print realpath # output #=========# # C:\xxx\pyfunc\test.txt # C:\xxx\pyfunc\arg.py # C:\xxx\pyfunc\g.py # C:\xxx\pyfunc\shut.py # C:\xxx\pyfunc\test.py调试
import logging, inspect logging.basicConfig(level=logging.INFO, format='%(asctime)s %(levelname)-8s %(filename)s:%(lineno)-4d: %(message)s', datefmt='%m-%d %H:%M', ) logging.debug('A debug message') logging.info('Some information') logging.warning('A shot across the bow') def test(): frame,filename,line_number,function_name,lines,index=\ inspect.getouterframes(inspect.currentframe())[1] print(frame,filename,line_number,function_name,lines,index) test() # Should print the following (with current date/time of course) #10-19 19:57 INFO test.py:9 : Some information #10-19 19:57 WARNING test.py:10 : A shot across the bow #(, 'C:/xxx/pyfunc/magic.py', 16, '', ['test()\n'], 0)生成唯一ID
import uuid result = uuid.uuid1() print result # output => various attempts # 9e177ec0-65b6-11e3-b2d0-e4d53dfcf61b # be57b880-65b6-11e3-a04d-e4d53dfcf61b # c3b2b90f-65b6-11e3-8c86-e4d53dfcf61b你可能会注意到,即使字符串是唯一的,但它们后边的几个字符看起来很相似。这是因为生成的字符串与电脑的MAC地址是相联系的。
import hmac,hashlib key='1' data='a' print hmac.new(key, data, hashlib.sha256).hexdigest() m = hashlib.sha1() m.update("The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog") print m.hexdigest() # c6e693d0b35805080632bc2469e1154a8d1072a86557778c27a01329630f8917 # 2fd4e1c67a2d28fced849ee1bb76e7391b93eb12序列化
你曾经需要将一个复杂的变量存储在数据库或文本文件中吧?你不需要想一个奇特的方法将数组或对象格转化为式化字符串,因为Python已经提供了此功能。
import pickle variable = ['hello', 42, [1,'two'],'apple'] # serialize content file = open('serial.txt','w') serialized_obj = pickle.dumps(variable) file.write(serialized_obj) file.close() # unserialize to produce original content target = open('serial.txt','r') myObj = pickle.load(target) print serialized_obj print myObj #output # (lp0 # S'hello' # p1 # aI42 # a(lp2 # I1 # aS'two' # p3 # aaS'apple' # p4 # a. # ['hello', 42, [1, 'two'], 'apple']
这是一个原生的Python序列化方法。然而近几年来JSON变得流行起来,Python添加了对它的支持。现在你可以使用JSON来编解码。
import json variable = ['hello', 42, [1,'two'],'apple'] print "Original {0} - {1}".format(variable,type(variable)) # encoding encode = json.dumps(variable) print "Encoded {0} - {1}".format(encode,type(encode)) #deccoding decoded = json.loads(encode) print "Decoded {0} - {1}".format(decoded,type(decoded)) # output # Original ['hello', 42, [1, 'two'], 'apple'] - # Encoded ["hello", 42, [1, "two"], "apple"] - # Decoded [u'hello', 42, [1, u'two'], u'apple'] -这样更紧凑,而且最重要的是这样与JavaScript和许多其他语言兼容。然而对于复杂的对象,其中的一些信息可能丢失。
import zlib string = """ Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Nunc ut elit id mi ultricies adipiscing. Nulla facilisi. Praesent pulvinar, sapien vel feugiat vestibulum, nulla dui pretium orci, non ultricies elit lacus quis ante. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Aliquam pretium ullamcorper urna quis iaculis. Etiam ac massa sed turpis tempor luctus. Curabitur sed nibh eu elit mollis congue. Praesent ipsum diam, consectetur vitae ornare a, aliquam a nunc. In id magna pellentesque tellus posuere adipiscing. Sed non mi metus, at lacinia augue. Sed magna nisi, ornare in mollis in, mollis sed nunc. Etiam at justo in leo congue mollis. Nullam in neque eget metus hendrerit scelerisque eu non enim. Ut malesuada lacus eu nulla bibendum id euismod urna sodales. """ print "Original Size: {0}".format(len(string)) compressed = zlib.compress(string) print "Compressed Size: {0}".format(len(compressed)) decompressed = zlib.decompress(compressed) print "Decompressed Size: {0}".format(len(decompressed)) # output # Original Size: 1022 # Compressed Size: 423 # Decompressed Size: 1022注册Shutdown函数
import atexit import time import math def microtime(get_as_float = False) : if get_as_float: return time.time() else: return '%f %d' % math.modf(time.time()) start_time = microtime(False) atexit.register(start_time) def shutdown(): global start_time print "Execution took: {0} seconds".format(start_time) atexit.register(shutdown) # Execution took: 0.297000 1387135607 seconds # Error in atexit._run_exitfuncs: # Traceback (most recent call last): # File "C:\Python27\lib\atexit.py", line 24, in _run_exitfuncs # func(*targs, **kargs) # TypeError: 'str' object is not callable # Error in sys.exitfunc: # Traceback (most recent call last): # File "C:\Python27\lib\atexit.py", line 24, in _run_exitfuncs # func(*targs, **kargs) # TypeError: 'str' object is not callable打眼看来很简单。只需要将代码添加到脚本的最底层,它将在脚本结束前运行。但如果脚本中有一个致命错误或者脚本被用户终止,它可能就不运行了。