Python学习记录(六)

1、创建函数,使用def 开头
    >>> def hello(name):
    ...    return 'hello ' + name
    ...
    >>> print hello('yilia') # 调用
    hello yilia


2、callable判断函数是否可以调用

    >>> import math
    >>> x = 1
    >>> y = math.sqrt
    >>> callable(x)
    False
    >>> callable(y)
    True

3、记录函数
如果在函数的开头写下字符串,它就会在哦位函数的一部分进行存储,这成为文档字符串
    >>> def square(x):
    ...    'calculates the square of the number x'
    ...    return x*x
    ...
    >>> square.__doc__ # 调用
    'calculates the square of the number x'

    >>> help(square) # 内建函数help, 进入help后输出q退出
    Help on function square in module __main__:

    square(x)
    calculates the square of the number x
    (END)


4、 作用域

  例1:   x =1
      print 'x = ', x

      def foo():
      x = 42

      foo()
      print 'foo x = ', x

  输出: x值不发生变化
      x = 1
      foo x = 1

例2:   >>> def try_to_rename(n):
     ...      n = 'Mrs. yan'
     ...
    >>> name = 'yilia'
    >>> print try_to_rename(name) #无返回值
    None
    >>> name # name的值不变
    'yilia'

  注:字符串(以及数字和元组)是不可以变的,即无法被修改(也就是说只能用心的值覆盖)

例3:   >>> def change(n):
     ...    n[0]='Mr.Gumby'
     ...
    >>> name = ['Mr. Entity', 'Mr. Thing']
    >>> change(name)
    >>> name # 数组发生变化
    ['Mr.Gumby', 'Mr. Thing']


  注:当两个参数同时引用同一个列表时,它们的确是同时引用一个列表
    >>> name = ['Mr. Entity', 'Mr. Thing']
    >>> n = name
    >>> n[0] = 'yilia'
    >>> name
    ['yilia', 'Mr. Thing']
    >>> n
    ['yilia', 'Mr. Thing']
  -------------区别------------------------------------------------------------
    >>> x = 5
    >>> y = x
    >>> y =3
    >>> x # x的值不变
    5
    >>> y
    3

  注:避免上面的情况出现,可以复制一个副本
    >>> name = ['Mr. Entity', 'Mr. Thing']
    >>> n = name[:]
    >>> n is name
    False
    >>> n == name
    True
    >>> n[0] = 'yilia'
    >>> n
    ['yilia', 'Mr. Thing']
    >>> name
    ['Mr. Entity', 'Mr. Thing']

    >>> change(name[:]) # 调用参数的副本,则原始的列表是安全的
    >>> name
    ['Mr. Entity', 'Mr. Thing']

例4   >>> me = 'Magnus Lie Hetland'
    >>> storage = {}
    >>> storage['first'] = {}
    >>> storage['middle'] = {}
    >>> storage['last'] = {}
    >>> storage # 字典是无序的
    {'middle': {}, 'last': {}, 'first': {}}
    >>> storage['first']['Magnus']=[me]
    >>> storage['middle']['Lie']=[me]
    >>> storage['last']['hetland']=[me]
    >>> storage
    {'middle': {'Lie': ['Magnus Lie Hetland']}, 'last': {'hetland': ['Magnus Lie Hetland']}, 'first': {'Magnus': ['Magnus Lie Hetland']}}


5、关键字参数和默认值

    >>> def hello(greet, name):
    ...   print('%s, %s!', greet, name) # 当前print格式不对,参考hello_2中的print
    ...
    >>> hello('hello', 'yilia') # 调用hello函数
    ('%s, %s!', 'hello', 'yilia')
    >>> def hello_2(greet, name):
    ...   print '%s, %s' %(greet, name)
    ...
    >>> hello_2('hello', 'world') # 调用hello_2函数
    hello, world

    >>> def hello_3(name='yilia', greet='hello'): #参数带有默认值的函数定义
    ...    print '%s, %s' %(greet, name)
    ...
    >>> hello_3('yilia','hello')
    hello, yilia

6、收集参数
函数定义中可以让用户提供任意数量的参数, *的意思就是"收集其余的位置参数"
    >>> def print_params(*params):
    ...    print params
    ...
    >>> print_params('a')
    ('a',)
    >>> print_params('a','b')
    ('a', 'b')


** 能处理关键字参数的“收集”操作
    >>> def print_params_2(data, **params):
    ...    print data
    ...    print params
    ...
    >>> print_params_2('print', 'a') # 调用报错

    >>> print_params_2('print', a =1) # 正确调用方法, 返回字典
    print
    {'a': 1}

7、字典和元组作为参数的另一种表示方法

    >>> def add(x, y):
    ...    return x+y
    ...
    >>> params=(1,2)
    >>> add(*params)
    3

 

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