单例模式
class O(object):
def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
print "init", self
super(O, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
'''
cls是object的实例，O是当前类，调用父类（object）的__new__方法，传入object的实例cls，返回当前对象的一个实例oo
'''
print "new", cls
return super(O, cls).__new__(cls, *args, **kwargs)
# super(O, cls).cls( *args, **kwargs)
def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
print "call"
oo = O()
print "________"
oo()
'''
比如：Python Singleton（单例模式）实现，那我们是不是只是重载一些__new__方法就可以了
class Singleton1(object):
""" 重载new方法"""
def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
if not "_instance" in vars(cls):
cls._instance = super(Singleton1, cls).__new__(cls, *args, **kwargs)
return cls._instance
可不可以重载__init__方法呢？明显不可以，因为__init__之前调用了__new__方法，这时候已经生成了一个对象了，没办法实现单例模式
'''
#几种实现单例模式的方法：
#-*- encoding=utf-8 -*-
print '----------------------方法1--------------------------'
#方法1,实现__new__方法
#并在将一个类的实例绑定到类变量_instance上,
#如果cls._instance为None说明该类还没有实例化过,实例化该类,并返回
#如果cls._instance不为None,直接返回cls._instance
class Singleton(object):
def __new__(cls, *args, **kw):
print cls # <class '__main__.MyClass'>
if not hasattr(cls, '_instance'):
orig = super(Singleton, cls)
cls._instance = orig.__new__(cls, *args, **kw)
return cls._instance
class MyClass(Singleton):
a = 1
one = MyClass()
two = MyClass()
two.a = 3
print one.a
#3
#one和two完全相同,可以用id(), ==, is检测
print id(one)
#36162080
print id(two)
#36162080
print one == two
#True
print one is two
#True
print '----------------------方法2--------------------------'
#方法2,共享属性;所谓单例就是所有引用(实例、对象)拥有相同的状态(属性)和行为(方法)
#同一个类的所有实例天然拥有相同的行为(方法),
#只需要保证同一个类的所有实例具有相同的状态(属性)即可
#所有实例共享属性的最简单最直接的方法就是__dict__属性指向(引用)同一个字典(dict)
#可参看:http://code.activestate.com/recipes/66531/
class Borg(object):
_state = {}
def __new__(cls, *args, **kw):
print cls # '__main__.MyClass2'
print Borg
ob = super(Borg, cls).__new__(cls, *args, **kw)
print ob # MyClass2 object
print ob.__dict__
print cls._state
ob.__dict__ = cls._state
return ob
class MyClass2(Borg):
a = 1
one = MyClass2()
two = MyClass2()
print id(one)
print id(two)
print '----------------------方法3--------------------------'
#方法3:本质上是方法1的升级（或者说高级）版
#使用__metaclass__（元类）的高级python用法
class Singleton2(type):
def __init__(cls, name, bases, dict):
super(Singleton2, cls).__init__(name, bases, dict)
cls._instance = None
def __call__(cls, *args, **kw):
if cls._instance is None:
cls._instance = super(Singleton2, cls).__call__(*args, **kw)
return cls._instance
class MyClass3(object):
__metaclass__ = Singleton2
one = MyClass3()
two = MyClass3()
two.a = 3
print one.a
#3
print id(one)
#31495472
print id(two)
#31495472
print one == two
#True
print one is two
#True
print '----------------------方法4--------------------------'
#方法4:也是方法1的升级（高级）版本,
#使用装饰器(decorator),
#这是一种更pythonic,更elegant的方法,
#单例类本身根本不知道自己是单例的,因为他本身(自己的代码)并不是单例的
def singleton(cls, *args, **kw):
instances = {}
def _singleton():
if cls not in instances:
instances[cls] = cls(*args, **kw)
return instances[cls]
return _singleton
@singleton
class MyClass4(object):
a = 1
def __init__(self, x=0):
self.x = x
one = MyClass4()
two = MyClass4()
two.a = 3
print one.a
#3
print id(one)
#29660784
print id(two)
#29660784
print one == two
#True
print one is two
#True
one.x = 1
print one.x
#1
print two.x
#1