STM32 + RT Thread OS 学习笔记[四]

1、  补注

a)      硬件,打通通讯通道

若学习者购买了学习板,通常可以在学习板提供的示例代码中找到LCD的相关驱动代码,基本上,这里的驱动的所有代码都可以从里面找到。

STM32 + RT Thread OS 学习笔记[四]_第1张图片

从上面的示意图可见,MCU要在LCD上显示内容,需要经过:

1、  Core

2、  Dbus,SystemBus

3、  Bus Matrix

4、  FSMC

5、  SSD1963

6、  LCM

 

驱动LCD,就要相应地将这些通道开启,初始化,只要其中一个环节未打通,就不可能成功点亮LCD屏。

 

首先是到SSD1963的引脚,虽然说,MCU与SSD1963显示芯片的连接是通过FSMC方式,但由于FSMC与GPIO是共用引脚的,因此,需要先打开相应的GPIO。

代码:

void GPIO_INIT(void)
{
    RCC_APB2PeriphClockCmd(RCC_APB2Periph_GPIOA | RCC_APB2Periph_GPIOB | RCC_APB2Periph_GPIOC
                        | RCC_APB2Periph_GPIOD| RCC_APB2Periph_GPIOE| RCC_APB2Periph_GPIOF , ENABLE);
}

作为新手,我就因为没打开GPIO,这么一句代码的问题,查了一个月才找到,杯具得不能再杯具了……

 

其次,就是FSMC了,这部分的代码,可以直接从学习板的示例代码中复制出来。

 

然后,是SSD1963显示芯片的初始化代码,也可以直接从学习板的示例代码中复制。

SSD1963,具体的信息可以查看学习板中带的PDF文件,以下是部分摘录:

1  GENERAL DESCRIPTION

 

SSD1963 is a display controller of 1215K byte frame buffer to support up to 864 x 480 x 24bit graphics

content.  It also equips parallel MCU interfaces in different bus width to receive graphics data and command

from MCU.  Its display interface supports common RA M-less LCD driver of color depth up to 24 bit-per-pixel.

 

2  FEATURES

 

•  Display feature

−  Built-in 1215K bytes frame buffer.  Support up to 864 x 480 at 24bpp display

−  Support TFT 18/24-bit generic RGB interface panel

−  Support 8-bit serial RGB interface

−  Hardware rotation of 0, 90, 180, 270 degree

−  Hardware display mirroring

−  Hardware windowing

−  Programmable brightness, contrast and saturation control

−  Dynamic Backlight Control (DBC) via PWM signal

•  MCU connectivity

−  8/9/16/18/24-bit MCU interface

−  Tearing effect signal

•  I/O Connectivity

−  4 GPIO pins

•  Built-in clock generator

•  Deep sleep mode for power saving

•  Core supply power (VDDPLL and VDDD): 1.2V±0.1V

•  I/O supply power(VDDIO): 1.65V to 3.6V

•  LCD interface supply power (VDDLCD): 1.65V to 3.6V 

可以看到,这款芯片内建1215K字节帧缓存,最大支持分辨率864x 480,真24位彩色的LCD屏

如果要提高显示效果,可考虑使用帧缓存(framebuffer)。RTGUI支持帧缓存,以后有时间,再更新驱动。

 

为了显示LCD屏上的每一个像素点,SSD1963提供了很多命令,如:

STM32 + RT Thread OS 学习笔记[四]_第2张图片

设置作图坐标,我们会使用 0x2A,0x2B来确定一个矩形区域。

然后开始写入数据之前,调用0x2C来通知SSD1963。同样,可以发送命令0x2E来通知SSD1963,将当前点的像素颜色值放到数据总线上,MCU随后就可以通过FSMC来读取。

 

其它更多内容,请查看PDF文件。

 

奋斗板V3的4.3” LCD屏,用的是翰彩4.3” ColorTFT-LCD Module,在相关资料文件夹中,也有相应的PDF文档。硬件连接只要按文档说明正确对应即可。

LCM型号(Model)是 HSD043I9W1-A**

 

完成以上,整个通讯通道就被打通,LCD屏才能成功点亮。

b)      GUI基础函数

RTGUI与UCGUI,其底层的绘图函数都只有很少的几个,复杂图形及文字等显示操作,都在这些功能简单的函数基础上进行的扩展。

RTGUI的五个基本绘图函数(未使用frame buffer的情况下):

/**
 * graphic operations
 */
struct rt_device_graphic_ops
{
    void (*set_pixel) (const char *pixel, int x, int y);
    void (*get_pixel) (char *pixel, int x, int y);
 
    void (*draw_hline)(const char *pixel, int x1, int x2, int y);
    void (*draw_vline)(const char *pixel, int x, int y1, int y2);
 
    void (*blit_line) (const char *pixel, int x, int y, rt_size_t size);
};

分别是:

  • l  画一个点
  • l  取一个点的色彩值
  • l  画一条水平线
  • l  画一条垂直线
  • l  画一条水平线,水平线上每个点的色彩值在“数组”中指定

 

在RTGUI中,把显示驱动作为一个设备来注册。以上五个函数则保存到通用设备的私有数据段。再将显示设备注册为“lcd”。

其中基类rt_devicer的control方法,我们返回了一些信息,如屏幕大小,色彩格式定义等。而其它几个方法其实都是空方法,因为LCD驱动不提供这些功能。

如下:

void rt_hw_lcd_init(void)
{
 
    /* register lcd device */
    _lcd_device.type  = RT_Device_Class_Graphic;
    _lcd_device.init  = lcd_init;
    _lcd_device.open  = lcd_open;
    _lcd_device.close = lcd_close;
    _lcd_device.control = lcd_control;
    _lcd_device.read  = RT_NULL;
    _lcd_device.write = RT_NULL;
 
    _lcd_device.user_data = &ssd1963_ops;
    GPIO_INIT();
    FSMC_LCD_Init();
    LCD_INIT();
    lcd_clear();
 
    /* register graphic device driver */
    rt_device_register(&_lcd_device, "lcd",
        RT_DEVICE_FLAG_RDWR | RT_DEVICE_FLAG_STANDALONE);
}

在application.c中,RTGUI取得设备“lcd”,并将它转化为rtgui_graphic_driver类,如下:

…………
#ifdef RT_USING_RTGUI
    {
        extern void rtgui_system_server_init(void);
        extern void rt_hw_lcd_init();
        extern void rtgui_touch_hw_init(void);
 
        rt_device_t lcd;
 
        /* init lcd */
        rt_hw_lcd_init();
 
        /* init touch panel */
        rtgui_touch_hw_init();
 
        /* re-init device driver */
        rt_device_init_all();
 
        /* find lcd device */
        lcd = rt_device_find("lcd");
 
        /* set lcd device as rtgui graphic driver */
        rtgui_graphic_set_device(lcd);
 
        /* init rtgui system server */
        rtgui_system_server_init();
    }
#endif /* #ifdef RT_USING_RTGUI */
}
 
int rt_application_init()
{
…………


 

/*
 * File      : driver.h
 * This file is part of RTGUI in RT-Thread RTOS
 * COPYRIGHT (C) 2006 - 2009, RT-Thread Development Team
 *
 * The license and distribution terms for this file may be
 * found in the file LICENSE in this distribution or at
 * http://www.rt-thread.org/license/LICENSE
 *
 * Change Logs:
 * Date           Author       Notes
 * 2009-10-04     Bernard      first version
 */
#ifndef __RTGUI_DRIVER_H__
#define __RTGUI_DRIVER_H__
 
#include <rtgui/list.h>
#include <rtgui/color.h>
 
struct rtgui_graphic_driver_ops
{
    /* set and get pixel in (x, y) */
    void (*set_pixel)(rtgui_color_t *c, int x, int y);
    void (*get_pixel)(rtgui_color_t *c, int x, int y);
 
    void (*draw_hline)(rtgui_color_t *c, int x1, int x2, int y);
    void (*draw_vline)(rtgui_color_t *c, int x , int y1, int y2);
 
    /* draw raw hline */
    void (*draw_raw_hline)(rt_uint8_t *pixels, int x1, int x2, int y);
};
 
struct rtgui_graphic_driver
{
    /* pixel format and byte per pixel */
    rt_uint8_t pixel_format;
    rt_uint8_t bits_per_pixel;
    rt_uint16_t pitch;
 
    /* screen width and height */
    rt_uint16_t width;
    rt_uint16_t height;
 
    /* framebuffer address and ops */
    volatile rt_uint8_t *framebuffer;
    rt_device_t device;
    const struct rtgui_graphic_driver_ops *ops;
};
………………
………………
………………


/*
 * File      : driver.c
 * This file is part of RTGUI in RT-Thread RTOS
 * COPYRIGHT (C) 2006 - 2009, RT-Thread Development Team
 *
 * The license and distribution terms for this file may be
 * found in the file LICENSE in this distribution or at
 * http://www.rt-thread.org/license/LICENSE
 *
 * Change Logs:
 * Date           Author       Notes
 * 2009-10-04     Bernard      first version
 */
#include <rtthread.h>
#include <rtgui/driver.h>
 
struct rtgui_graphic_driver _driver;
 
………………
………………
………………
rt_err_t rtgui_graphic_set_device(rt_device_t device)
{
    rt_err_t result;
    struct rt_device_graphic_info info;
 
    /* get framebuffer address */
    result = rt_device_control(device, RTGRAPHIC_CTRL_GET_INFO, &info);
    if (result != RT_EOK)
    {
        /* get device information failed */
        return -RT_ERROR;
    }
 
    /* initialize framebuffer driver */
    _driver.device = device;
    _driver.pixel_format = info.pixel_format;
    _driver.bits_per_pixel = info.bits_per_pixel;
    _driver.width = info.width;
    _driver.height = info.height;
    _driver.pitch = _driver.width * _driver.bits_per_pixel / 8;
    _driver.framebuffer = info.framebuffer;
 
    if (info.framebuffer != RT_NULL)
    {
        /* is a frame buffer device */
        _driver.ops = rtgui_framebuffer_get_ops(_driver.pixel_format);
    }
    else
    {
        /* is a pixel device */
        _driver.ops = rtgui_pixel_device_get_ops(_driver.pixel_format);
    }
 
    return RT_EOK;
}
………………
………………
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其它代码就不列出来了,最终实现的是GUI色彩定义与硬件的色彩定义分隔,在RTGUI中统一一种方式定义色彩,而不用关心具体LCD硬件对色彩的定义。不过,对于函数 draw_raw_hline()来说,需要手工转换色彩。

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