备份与恢复概述
备份的概念和类型
根据备份方式的不同
根据数据库备份时是否关闭数据库
根据数据库备份的规模不同
物理备份与恢复
冷备份
1、拷贝文件到新目录
可写成一个sql脚本（select_file.sql）
select'cp '||name||'/opt/oracle/oradata/orcl/'fromv$datafile
unionall
select'cp '||name||' /opt/oracle/oradata/orcl/'fromv$controlfile
unionall
select'cp '||member||'/opt/oracle/oradata/orcl/'fromv$logfile
unionall
select'cp '||name||' /opt/oracle/oradata/orcl/'fromv$tempfile;
2、shutdown 数据库（干净关闭）
Shutdown immediate
3、拷贝数据文件到新目录
可创建一个shell脚本(cp_file.sh)
cp /home/oracle/orcl_backup/system01.dbf /opt/oracle/oradata/orcl2/
cp /home/oracle/orcl_backup/rugao01.dbf /opt/oracle/oradata/orcl2/
cp /home/oracle/orcl_backup/sysaux01.dbf /opt/oracle/oradata/orcl2/
cp /home/oracle/orcl_backup/users01.dbf /opt/oracle/oradata/orcl2/
cp /home/oracle/orcl_backup/test01.dbf /opt/oracle/oradata/orcl2/
cp /home/oracle/orcl_backup/test0101.dbf /opt/oracle/oradata/orcl2/
cp /home/oracle/orcl_backup/undotbs02.dbf /opt/oracle/oradata/orcl2/
cp /home/oracle/orcl_backup/test01A.dbf /opt/oracle/oradata/orcl2/
cp /home/oracle/orcl_backup/control01.ctl /opt/oracle/oradata/orcl2/
cp /home/oracle/orcl_backup/redo04a.log /opt/oracle/oradata/orcl2/
cp /home/oracle/orcl_backup/redo04b.log /opt/oracle/oradata/orcl2/
cp /home/oracle/orcl_backup/redo04c.log /opt/oracle/oradata/orcl2/
cp /home/oracle/orcl_backup/redo01a.log /opt/oracle/oradata/orcl2/
cp /home/oracle/orcl_backup/redo01b.log /opt/oracle/oradata/orcl2/
4、修改参数文件
Control_files改到新目录
修改pfile
5、启动数据库到mount状态
Startup mount
6、修改控制文件中数据文件和日志文件的位置
数据文件重定向：
alterdatabase rename file '/opt/oracle/oradata/lcro.bak/system01.dbfto/home/oracle/oradata/orcl.bak/system01.dbf';
alter database rename file '/opt/oracle/oradata/lcro.bak/haoxiaoyu001.dbf'to '/home/oracle/oradata/orcl.bak/haoxiaoyu001.dbf';
alter database rename file '/opt/oracle/oradata/lcro.bak/sysaux01.dbf'to '/home/oracle/oradata/orcl.bak/sysaux01.dbf';
alter database rename file '/opt/oracle/oradata/lcro.bak/users01.dbf' to'/home/oracle/oradata/orcl.bak/users01.dbf';
alter database rename file '/opt/oracle/oradata/lcro.bak/orcltbs1.dbf'to '/home/oracle/oradata/orcl.bak/orcltbs1.dbf';
alter database rename file '/opt/oracle/oradata/lcro.bak/data01.dbf' to'/home/oracle/oradata/orcl.bak/data01.dbf';
重做日志文件重定向：
alter database rename file '/opt/oracle/oradata/lcro.bak/redo01.log' to/home/oracle/oradata/orcl.bak/redo01.log;
alter database rename file '/opt/oracle/oradata/lcro.bak/redo001.log' to'/home/oracle/oradata/orcl.bak/redo001.log';
alter database rename file '/opt/oracle/oradata/lcro.bak/redo04.rdo' to'/home/oracle/oradata/orcl.bak/redo04.rdo';
alter database rename file '/opt/oracle/oradata/lcro.bak/hxy02.log' to'/home/oracle/oradata/orcl.bak/hxy02.log';
alter database rename file '/opt/oracle/oradata/lcro.bak/hxy03.log' to'/home/oracle/oradata/orcl.bak/hxy03.log';
alter database rename file '/opt/oracle/oradata/lcro.bak/log05.log' to'/home/oracle/oradata/orcl.bak/log05.log';
alter database rename file '/opt/oracle/oradata/lcro.bak/log04.log' to'/home/oracle/oradata/orcl.bak/log04.log';
alter database rename file '/opt/oracle/oradata/lcro.bak/hxy.log' to'/home/oracle/oradata/orcl.bak/hxy.log';
alter database rename file '/opt/oracle/oradata/lcro.bak/redo02.log' to'/home/oracle/oradata/orcl.bak/redo02.log';
alter database rename file '/opt/oracle/oradata/lcro.bak/redo002.log' to'/home/oracle/oradata/orcl.bak/redo002.log';
热备份
逻辑备份与恢复
数据泵技术
创建directory目录
SQL>create or replace directory dumpdir as '/opt/oracle/product/10.2.0/backup';
Directorycreated
给用户授予读写权限
SQL>grant read,write on directory dumpdir to scott;
Grantsucceeded.
导出
[oracle@localhost~]$ expdp scott/tiger directory=dumpdir dumpfile=scott.dmp logfile=scott.logschemas=sccott
Export:Release 10.2.0.1.0 - Production on Tuesday, 15 January, 2013 21:50:17
Copyright(c) 2003, 2005, Oracle. All rightsreserved.
Connectedto: Oracle Database 10g Enterprise Edition Release 10.2.0.1.0 - Production
Withthe Partitioning, OLAP and Data Mining options
ORA-39002: invalidoperation
ORA-39070: Unable to openthe log file.
ORA-29283: invalid fileoperation
ORA-06512: at"SYS.UTL_FILE", line 475
ORA-29283: invalid fileoperation
告警日志文件内容：
Tue Jan 15 21:52:23 2013
The value (30) of MAXTRANS parameterignored.
kupprdp: master process DM00 started withpid=25, OS id=10901
to execute - SYS.KUPM$MCP.MAIN('SYS_EXPORT_SCHEMA_01', 'SCOTT','KUPC$C_1_20130115215223', 'KUPC$S_1_20130115215223', 0);
解决方法与原因：
数据库中虽然建立了目录，但是检查操作系统中实际上没有这个目录，所以出现找不到
只要先在操作系统中创建好目录然后再在sql下创建目录并授权，再次执行问题解决！！！
[oracle@localhost ~]$ mkdir backup
SQL> create or replace directory dumpdiras '/home/oracle/backup';
Directory created.
SQL> grant write,read on directorydumpdir to scott;
Grant succeeded.
再次导出：
[oracle@localhost ~]$ expdp scott/tigerdirectory=dumpdir logfile=scott0116.log dumpfile=scott0116.dmp schemas=scott;
Export: Release 10.2.0.1.0 - Production onTuesday, 15 January, 2013 22:11:56
Copyright (c) 2003, 2005, Oracle. All rights reserved.
Connected to: Oracle Database 10gEnterprise Edition Release 10.2.0.1.0 - Production
With the Partitioning, OLAP and Data Miningoptions
Starting"SCOTT"."SYS_EXPORT_SCHEMA_01": scott/******** directory=dumpdir logfile=scott0116.logdumpfile=scott0116.dmp schemas=scott
Estimate in progress using BLOCKS method...
Processing object typeSCHEMA_EXPORT/TABLE/TABLE_DATA
Total estimation using BLOCKS method: 192KB
Processing object typeSCHEMA_EXPORT/PRE_SCHEMA/PROCACT_SCHEMA
Processing object typeSCHEMA_EXPORT/TABLE/TABLE
Processing object typeSCHEMA_EXPORT/TABLE/INDEX/INDEX
Processing object typeSCHEMA_EXPORT/TABLE/CONSTRAINT/CONSTRAINT
Processing object typeSCHEMA_EXPORT/TABLE/INDEX/STATISTICS/INDEX_STATISTICS
Processing object typeSCHEMA_EXPORT/TABLE/COMMENT
Processing object typeSCHEMA_EXPORT/TABLE/CONSTRAINT/REF_CONSTRAINT
Processing object typeSCHEMA_EXPORT/TABLE/STATISTICS/TABLE_STATISTICS
. . exported"SCOTT"."DEPT" 5.656 KB 4 rows
. . exported"SCOTT"."EMP" 7.820 KB 14 rows
. . exported"SCOTT"."SALGRADE" 5.585 KB 5 rows
. . exported"SCOTT"."BONUS" 0 KB 0 rows
Master table "SCOTT"."SYS_EXPORT_SCHEMA_01"successfully loaded/unloaded
******************************************************************************
Dump file set forSCOTT.SYS_EXPORT_SCHEMA_01 is:
/home/oracle/backup/scott0116.dmp
Job"SCOTT"."SYS_EXPORT_SCHEMA_01" successfully completed at22:12:34
成功！