ServiceManager守护进程的注册
Service Manager是整个Binder机制的守护进程，用来管理开发者创建的各种Server，并且向Client提供查询Server远程接口的功能。Service Manager作为本地服务由Init进程启动。在Init.rc配置文件中有这么一段配置：
service servicemanager /system/bin/servicemanager
class core
user system
group system
critical
onrestart restart zygote
onrestart restart media
onrestart restart surfaceflinger
onrestart restart drm 这段配置是表示Init进程将启动servicemanager服务进程，该服务进程是系统关键进程，当该服务被杀重启时，必须重启zygote,media,surfaceflinger,drm进程。
Service Manager的源代码位于frameworks/native/cmds/servicemanager目录下，主要是由binder.h、binder.c和service_manager.c三个文件组成。Service Manager的入口位于service_manager.c文件中的main函数：
int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
struct binder_state *bs;
void *svcmgr = BINDER_SERVICE_MANAGER;//在binder.h中定义
bs = binder_open(128*1024); //打开binder驱动，映射共享内存
//告知驱动本进程成为binder通信的管理者
if (binder_become_context_manager(bs)) {
ALOGE("cannot become context manager (%s)\n", strerror(errno));
return -1;
}
svcmgr_handle = svcmgr;
binder_loop(bs, svcmgr_handler);//进入循环等待请求！！！
return 0;
}
#define BINDER_SERVICE_MANAGER ((void*) 0) 它表示Service Manager的句柄为0。Binder通信机制使用句柄来代表远程接口，ServiceManager作为守护进程管理着服务的注册和获取，当他被其他进程获取时它的句柄便是0，其余的Server的远程接口句柄值都是一个大于0 而且由Binder驱动程序自动进行分配的。
当open binder设备时，首先执行的是kernel/drivers/staging/android/binder.c 驱动的binder_open
static int binder_open(struct inode *nodp, struct file *filp)
{
struct binder_proc *proc;
if (binder_debug_mask & BINDER_DEBUG_OPEN_CLOSE)
printk(KERN_INFO "binder_open: %d:%d\n", current->group_leader->pid, current->pid);
proc = kzalloc(sizeof(*proc), GFP_KERNEL);
if (proc == NULL)
return -ENOMEM;
get_task_struct(current);
proc->tsk = current;
INIT_LIST_HEAD(&proc->todo);
init_waitqueue_head(&proc->wait);
proc->default_priority = task_nice(current);
mutex_lock(&binder_lock);
binder_stats.obj_created[BINDER_STAT_PROC]++;
hlist_add_head(&proc->proc_node, &binder_procs);
proc->pid = current->group_leader->pid;
INIT_LIST_HEAD(&proc->delivered_death);
filp->private_data = proc;
mutex_unlock(&binder_lock);
if (binder_proc_dir_entry_proc) {
char strbuf[11];
snprintf(strbuf, sizeof(strbuf), "%u", proc->pid);
remove_proc_entry(strbuf, binder_proc_dir_entry_proc);
create_proc_read_entry(strbuf, S_IRUGO, binder_proc_dir_entry_proc, binder_read_proc_proc, proc);
}
return 0;
} 主要作用是创建一个struct binder_proc数据结构来保存打开设备文件/dev/binder的进程的上下文信息，并且将这个进程上下文信息保存在打开文件结构struct file的私有数据成员变量private_data中，这样，在执行其它文件操作时，就通过打开文件结构struct file来取回这个进程上下文信息了。这个进程上下文信息同时还会保存在一个全局哈希表binder_procs中,结构体struct binder_proc中比较关键的四个成员如下：
struct binder_proc {
struct hlist_node proc_node;
struct rb_root threads;
struct rb_root nodes;
struct rb_root refs_by_desc;
struct rb_root refs_by_node;
int pid;
...
void *buffer;//保存在内核中的映射起始地址
......
}; 详细声明可以参考binder.c驱动源码。
这四个成员变量都是表示红黑树的节点，也就是说，binder_proc分别挂会四个红黑树下。threads树用来保存binder_proc进程内用于处理用户请求的线程，它的最大数量由max_threads来决定；node树成用来保存binder_proc进程内的Binder实体；refs_by_desc树和refs_by_node树用来保存binder_proc进程内的Binder引用，即引用的其它进程的Binder实体，它分别用两种方式来组织红黑树，一种是以句柄作来key值来组织，一种是以引用的实体节点的地址值作来key值来组织，它们都是表示同一样东西，只不过是为了内部查找方便而用两个红黑树来表示。
int binder_become_context_manager(struct binder_state *bs)
{
return ioctl(bs->fd, BINDER_SET_CONTEXT_MGR, 0);
} 通过调用ioctl文件操作函数来通知Binder驱动程序自己是守护进程，命令号是BINDER_SET_CONTEXT_MGR。在binder.h中定义，通过系统调用ioctl会直接调用驱动的binder_ioctl，在这里我们只关心BINDER_SET_CONTEXT_MGR操作。
在分析之前我们先了解下两个比较重要的结构体，一个是struct binder_thread表示一个线程
struct binder_thread {
struct binder_proc *proc;
struct rb_node rb_node;
int pid;
int looper;
struct binder_transaction *transaction_stack;
struct list_head todo;
uint32_t return_error; /* Write failed, return error code in read buf */
uint32_t return_error2; /* Write failed, return error code in read */
/* buffer. Used when sending a reply to a dead process that */
/* we are also waiting on */
wait_queue_head_t wait;
struct binder_stats stats;
}; proc表示这个线程所属的进程。struct binder_proc有一个成员变量threads，它的类型是rb_root，它表示一只红黑树，把属于这个进程的所有线程都组织起来，struct binder_thread的成员变量rb_node就是用来链入这棵红黑树的节点。
transaction_stack表示线程正在处理的事务，todo表示发往该线程的数据列表，return_error和return_error2表示操作结果返回码，wait用来阻塞线程等待某个事件的发生，stats用来保存一些统计信息。
另外一个比较重要的结构体是struct binder_node，它表示一个binder实体：
struct binder_node {
int debug_id;
struct binder_work work;
union {
struct rb_node rb_node;
struct hlist_node dead_node;
};
struct binder_proc *proc;
struct hlist_head refs;
int internal_strong_refs;
int local_weak_refs;
int local_strong_refs;
void __user *ptr;
void __user *cookie;
unsigned has_strong_ref : 1;
unsigned pending_strong_ref : 1;
unsigned has_weak_ref : 1;
unsigned pending_weak_ref : 1;
unsigned has_async_transaction : 1;
unsigned accept_fds : 1;
int min_priority : 8;
struct list_head async_todo;
}; rb_node和dead_node组成一个联合体。 如果这个Binder实体还在正常使用，则使用rb_node来连入proc->nodes所表示的红黑树的节点，这棵红黑树用来组织属于这个进程的所有Binder实体；如果这个Binder实体所属的进程已经销毁，而这个Binder实体又被其它进程所引用，则这个Binder实体通过dead_node进入到一个哈希表中去存放。proc成员变量就是表示这个Binder实例所属于进程了。refs成员变量把所有引用了该Binder实体的Binder引用连接起来构成一个链表。internal_strong_refs、local_weak_refs和local_strong_refs表示这个Binder实体的引用计数。ptr和cookie成员变量分别表示这个Binder实体在用户空间的地址以及附加数据。
接下来再分析BINDER_SET_CONTEXT_MGR操作。
static long binder_ioctl(struct file *filp, unsigned int cmd, unsigned long arg)
{
int ret;
struct binder_proc *proc = filp->private_data;
struct binder_thread *thread;
unsigned int size = _IOC_SIZE(cmd);
void __user *ubuf = (void __user *)arg;
/*printk(KERN_INFO "binder_ioctl: %d:%d %x %lx\n", proc->pid, current->pid, cmd, arg);*/
trace_binder_ioctl(cmd, arg);
ret = wait_event_interruptible(binder_user_error_wait, binder_stop_on_user_error < 2);
if (ret)
goto err_unlocked;
binder_lock(__func__);
thread = binder_get_thread(proc);
if (thread == NULL) {
ret = -ENOMEM;
goto err;
}
switch (cmd) {
......
case BINDER_SET_CONTEXT_MGR:
if (binder_context_mgr_node != NULL) {
printk(KERN_ERR "binder: BINDER_SET_CONTEXT_MGR already set\n");
ret = -EBUSY;
goto err;
}
ret = security_binder_set_context_mgr(proc->tsk);
if (ret < 0)
goto err;
if (binder_context_mgr_uid != -1) {
if (binder_context_mgr_uid != current->cred->euid) {
printk(KERN_ERR "binder: BINDER_SET_"
"CONTEXT_MGR bad uid %d != %d\n",
current->cred->euid,
binder_context_mgr_uid);
ret = -EPERM;
goto err;
}
} else
binder_context_mgr_uid = current->cred->euid;//保存Service Manager的uid
//为Service Manager创建Binder实体
binder_context_mgr_node = binder_new_node(proc, NULL, NULL);
if (binder_context_mgr_node == NULL) {
ret = -ENOMEM;
goto err;
}
#ifdef BINDER_MONITOR
strcpy(binder_context_mgr_node->name, "servicemanager");
printk(KERN_INFO "binder: %d:%d set as servicemanager uid %d\n",
proc->pid, thread->pid, binder_context_mgr_uid);
#endif
//初始化binder_context_mgr_node的引用计数值
binder_context_mgr_node->local_weak_refs++;
binder_context_mgr_node->local_strong_refs++;
binder_context_mgr_node->has_strong_ref = 1;
binder_context_mgr_node->has_weak_ref = 1;
break;
......
default:
ret = -EINVAL;
goto err;
}
ret = 0;
err:
if (thread)
thread->looper &= ~BINDER_LOOPER_STATE_NEED_RETURN;//执行binder_get_thread时，thread->looper = BINDER_LOOPER_STATE_NEED_RETURN，执行了这条语句后，thread->looper = 0。
binder_unlock(__func__);
wait_event_interruptible(binder_user_error_wait, binder_stop_on_user_error < 2);
if (ret && ret != -ERESTARTSYS)
printk(KERN_INFO "binder: %d:%d ioctl %x %lx returned %d\n", proc->pid, current->pid, cmd, arg, ret);
err_unlocked:
trace_binder_ioctl_done(ret);
return ret;
}随后内核BINDER_SET_CONTEXT_MGR结束，回到main函数调用binder_loop：
void binder_loop(struct binder_state *bs, binder_handler func)
{
int res;
struct binder_write_read bwr;
unsigned readbuf[32];
bwr.write_size = 0;
bwr.write_consumed = 0;
bwr.write_buffer = 0;
/* * binder_write函数执行BC_ENTER_LOOPER命令告诉Binder驱动程序， * Service Manager要进入循环了。 */
readbuf[0] = BC_ENTER_LOOPER;
binder_write(bs, readbuf, sizeof(unsigned));
for (;;) {
bwr.read_size = sizeof(readbuf);
bwr.read_consumed = 0;
bwr.read_buffer = (unsigned) readbuf;
res = ioctl(bs->fd, BINDER_WRITE_READ, &bwr);
if (res < 0) {
LOGE("binder_loop: ioctl failed (%s)\n", strerror(errno));
break;
}
res = binder_parse(bs, 0, readbuf, bwr.read_consumed, func);
if (res == 0) {
LOGE("binder_loop: unexpected reply?!\n");
break;
}
if (res < 0) {
LOGE("binder_loop: io error %d %s\n", res, strerror(errno));
break;
}
}
} BINDER_WRITE_READ IO操作码参数为：
struct binder_write_read {
signed long write_size; /* bytes to write */
signed long write_consumed; /* bytes consumed by driver */
unsigned long write_buffer;
signed long read_size; /* bytes to read */
signed long read_consumed; /* bytes consumed by driver */
unsigned long read_buffer;
}; write_bufffer和read_buffer所指向的数据结构指定了具体要执行的操作，write_bufffer和read_buffer所指向的结构体是struct binder_transaction_data：
struct binder_transaction_data {
/* The first two are only used for bcTRANSACTION and brTRANSACTION,
* identifying the target and contents of the transaction.
*/
union {
size_t handle; /* target descriptor of command transaction */
void *ptr; /* target descriptor of return transaction */
} target;
void *cookie; /* target object cookie */
unsigned int code; /* transaction command */
/* General information about the transaction. */
unsigned int flags;
pid_t sender_pid;
uid_t sender_euid;
size_t data_size; /* number of bytes of data */
size_t offsets_size; /* number of bytes of offsets */
/* If this transaction is inline, the data immediately
* follows here; otherwise, it ends with a pointer to
* the data buffer.
*/
union {
struct {
/* transaction data */
const void *buffer;
/* offsets from buffer to flat_binder_object structs */
const void *offsets;
} ptr;
uint8_t buf[8];
} data;
}; 联合体target，当这个BINDER_WRITE_READ命令的目标对象是本地Binder实体时，就使用ptr来表示这个对象在本进程中的地址，否则就使用handle来表示这个Binder实体的引用。只有目标对象是Binder实体时，cookie成员变量才有意义，表示一些附加数据，由Binder实体来解释这个个附加数据。code表示要对目标对象请求的命令代码。sender_pid和sender_euid表示发送者进程的pid和euid。
data_size表示data.ptr.buffer缓冲区的大小，offsets_size表示data.ptr.offsets缓冲区的大小。
data.buffer所表示的缓冲区数据分为两类，一类是普通数据，Binder驱动程序不关心，一类是Binder实体或者Binder引用，这需要Binder驱动程序介入处理。当一个进程A传递了一个Binder实体或Binder引用给进程B，那么，Binder驱动程序就需要介入维护这个Binder实体或者引用的引用计数，防止B进程还在使用这个Binder实体时，A却销毁这个实体，这样的话，B进程就会crash了。所以在传输数据时，如果数据中含有Binder实体和Binder引和，就需要告诉Binder驱动程序它们的具体位置，以便Binder驱动程序能够去维护它们。data.offsets的作用就在这里了，它指定在data.buffer缓冲区中，所有Binder实体或者引用的偏移位置。每一个Binder实体或者引用，通过struct flat_binder_object 来表示：
struct flat_binder_object {
/* 8 bytes for large_flat_header. */
unsigned long type;
unsigned long flags;
/* 8 bytes of data. */
union {
void *binder; /* local object */
signed long handle; /* remote object */
};
/* extra data associated with local object */
void *cookie;
}; type表示Binder对象的类型：
enum {
BINDER_TYPE_BINDER = B_PACK_CHARS('s', 'b', '*', B_TYPE_LARGE),
BINDER_TYPE_WEAK_BINDER = B_PACK_CHARS('w', 'b', '*', B_TYPE_LARGE),
BINDER_TYPE_HANDLE = B_PACK_CHARS('s', 'h', '*', B_TYPE_LARGE),
BINDER_TYPE_WEAK_HANDLE = B_PACK_CHARS('w', 'h', '*', B_TYPE_LARGE),
BINDER_TYPE_FD = B_PACK_CHARS('f', 'd', '*', B_TYPE_LARGE),
}; flags表示Binder对象的标志，该域只对第一次传递Binder实体时有效，因为此刻驱动需要在内核中创建相应的实体节点，有些参数需要从该域取出。binder表示这是一个Binder实体，handle表示这是一个Binder引用，当这是一个Binder实体时，cookie才有意义，表示附加数据，由进程自己解释。
在binder_loop中for循环中BINDER_WRITE_READ操作，其中bwr初值如下：
bwr.write_size = 0;
bwr.write_consumed = 0;
bwr.write_buffer = 0;
readbuf[0] = BC_ENTER_LOOPER;
bwr.read_size = sizeof(readbuf);
bwr.read_consumed = 0;
bwr.read_buffer = (unsigned) readbuf; 表示将在binder驱动中读取sizeof(readbuf)字节数据
static long binder_ioctl(struct file *filp, unsigned int cmd, unsigned long arg)
{
int ret;
struct binder_proc *proc = filp->private_data;
struct binder_thread *thread;
unsigned int size = _IOC_SIZE(cmd);
void __user *ubuf = (void __user *)arg;
/*printk(KERN_INFO "binder_ioctl: %d:%d %x %lx\n", proc->pid, current->pid, cmd, arg);*/
trace_binder_ioctl(cmd, arg);
ret = wait_event_interruptible(binder_user_error_wait, binder_stop_on_user_error < 2);
if (ret)
goto err_unlocked;
binder_lock(__func__);
thread = binder_get_thread(proc);
if (thread == NULL) {
ret = -ENOMEM;
goto err;
}
switch (cmd) {
case BINDER_WRITE_READ: {
struct binder_write_read bwr;
if (size != sizeof(struct binder_write_read)) {
ret = -EINVAL;
goto err;
}
if (copy_from_user(&bwr, ubuf, sizeof(bwr))) {
ret = -EFAULT;
goto err;
}
binder_debug(BINDER_DEBUG_READ_WRITE,
"binder: %d:%d write %ld at %08lx, read %ld at %08lx\n",
proc->pid, thread->pid, bwr.write_size, bwr.write_buffer,
bwr.read_size, bwr.read_buffer);
if (bwr.write_size > 0) {//bwr.write_size=0
ret = binder_thread_write(proc, thread, (void __user *)bwr.write_buffer, bwr.write_size, &bwr.write_consumed);
trace_binder_write_done(ret);
if (ret < 0) {
bwr.read_consumed = 0;
if (copy_to_user(ubuf, &bwr, sizeof(bwr)))
ret = -EFAULT;
goto err;
}
}
if (bwr.read_size > 0) {
ret = binder_thread_read(proc, thread, (void __user *)bwr.read_buffer, bwr.read_size, &bwr.read_consumed, filp->f_flags & O_NONBLOCK);
trace_binder_read_done(ret);
if (!list_empty(&proc->todo))
wake_up_interruptible(&proc->wait);
if (ret < 0) {
if (copy_to_user(ubuf, &bwr, sizeof(bwr)))
ret = -EFAULT;
goto err;
}
}
binder_debug(BINDER_DEBUG_READ_WRITE,
"binder: %d:%d wrote %ld of %ld, read return %ld of %ld\n",
proc->pid, thread->pid, bwr.write_consumed, bwr.write_size,
bwr.read_consumed, bwr.read_size);
if (copy_to_user(ubuf, &bwr, sizeof(bwr))) {
ret = -EFAULT;
goto err;
}
break;
}
......
default:
ret = -EINVAL;
goto err;
}
ret = 0;
err:
if (thread)
thread->looper &= ~BINDER_LOOPER_STATE_NEED_RETURN;
binder_unlock(__func__);
wait_event_interruptible(binder_user_error_wait, binder_stop_on_user_error < 2);
if (ret && ret != -ERESTARTSYS)
printk(KERN_INFO "binder: %d:%d ioctl %x %lx returned %d\n", proc->pid, current->pid, cmd, arg, ret);
err_unlocked:
trace_binder_ioctl_done(ret);
return ret;
}
bwr.write_size等于0，于是不会执行binder_thread_write函数,接着会执行
static int
binder_thread_read(struct binder_proc *proc, struct binder_thread *thread,
void __user *buffer, int size, signed long *consumed, int non_block)
{
void __user *ptr = buffer + *consumed;
void __user *end = buffer + size;
int ret = 0;
int wait_for_proc_work;
if (*consumed == 0) {
if (put_user(BR_NOOP, (uint32_t __user *)ptr))
return -EFAULT;
ptr += sizeof(uint32_t);
}
retry:
wait_for_proc_work = thread->transaction_stack == NULL && list_empty(&thread->todo);
if (thread->return_error != BR_OK && ptr < end) {
if (thread->return_error2 != BR_OK) {
if (put_user(thread->return_error2, (uint32_t __user *)ptr))
return -EFAULT;
ptr += sizeof(uint32_t);
if (ptr == end)
goto done;
thread->return_error2 = BR_OK;
}
if (put_user(thread->return_error, (uint32_t __user *)ptr))
return -EFAULT;
ptr += sizeof(uint32_t);
thread->return_error = BR_OK;
goto done;
}
thread->looper |= BINDER_LOOPER_STATE_WAITING;
if (wait_for_proc_work)
proc->ready_threads++;
mutex_unlock(&binder_lock);
if (wait_for_proc_work) {
if (!(thread->looper & (BINDER_LOOPER_STATE_REGISTERED |
BINDER_LOOPER_STATE_ENTERED))) {
binder_user_error("binder: %d:%d ERROR: Thread waiting "
"for process work before calling BC_REGISTER_"
"LOOPER or BC_ENTER_LOOPER (state %x)\n",
proc->pid, thread->pid, thread->looper);
wait_event_interruptible(binder_user_error_wait, binder_stop_on_user_error < 2);
}
binder_set_nice(proc->default_priority);
if (non_block) {
if (!binder_has_proc_work(proc, thread))
ret = -EAGAIN;
} else
/* *最终进程将会阻塞在这里，等待唤醒 */
ret = wait_event_interruptible_exclusive(proc->wait, binder_has_proc_work(proc, thread));
} else {
if (non_block) {
if (!binder_has_thread_work(thread))
ret = -EAGAIN;
} else
ret = wait_event_interruptible(thread->wait, binder_has_thread_work(thread));
}
.......
} 最终ServicesManager进程将会阻塞在内核wait_event_interruptible_exclusive，等待请求唤醒。
在整个过程中。ServicesManager主要完成了如下操作：
1. 打开/dev/binder文件：open("/dev/binder", O_RDWR);
2. 建立128K内存映射：mmap(NULL, mapsize, PROT_READ, MAP_PRIVATE, bs->fd, 0);
3. 通知Binder驱动程序它是守护进程：binder_become_context_manager(bs);
4. 进入循环等待请求的到来：binder_loop(bs, svcmgr_handler);
在内核中建立了一个struct binder_proc结构、一个struct binder_thread结构和一个struct binder_node结构，最终阻塞在wait_event_interruptible_exclusive等待请求唤醒！