修改表(增加主键索引):alter table tbname add primary key(主键所在列名);
修改表(增加唯一索引):alter table tbname add unique index 索引名(列名);
修改表(增加全文索引):alter table tbname add fulltext index 索引名(列名);
修改表(删除主键索引):alter table tbname drop primary key;
修改表(删除普通索引):alter table tbname drop unique index 索引名;
清空数据表内容:truncate tbname;
删除表:drop table admin;
插入数据:
insert into tbname (列1,列2,列...) values(val1,val2,val...) 指定值与列一一对应
insert into tbname values(val1,val2,val3...) 全部列都插入值
insert into tbname values(val1,val2,val3...),(val1,val2,val3...),(val1,val2,val3...) 插入多行数据
1.如果2张表的字段一致,并且希望插入全部数据,可以用这种方法:
INSERT INTO 目标表 SELECT * FROM 来源表;
insert into insertTest select * from insertTest2;
2.如果只希望导入指定字段,可以用这种方法:
INSERT INTO 目标表 (字段1, 字段2, ...) SELECT 字段1, 字段2, ... FROM 来源表;
注意字段的顺序必须一致。
insert into insertTest2(id) select id from insertTest2;
删除数据: delete from tbname where 列名=列值;
修改数据: update tbname set 列名1=新列值1,列名2=新列值2 where 条件;
查询数据: select 列1,列2,列3 from tbname;
查询详解: (1) 条件查询
where
a. select 列1,列2,列3.. from tbname where 列x=列x值;
b. 比较运算符 select 列1,列2,列3.. from tbname where 列x[=|!=|<|>|<=|>=]列x值;
c. like,not like ('%'匹配任意多个字符,'_'匹配任意单个字符)
d. in,not in,between and
e. is null,is not null
(2) 分组
group by 配合5个聚合函数使用 max(最大),min(最小),sum(求和),avg(求平均),count(统计)
(3) 筛选
having
(4) 排序
order by
(5) 限制
limit (其中,limit
将处理好的结果看作是一个集合,按照记录出现的顺序,有一个索引值,从
0
开始,逐渐递增)
连接查询:
左连接: 例句 select 列1,列2,列3... from tbnameA left join tbnameB on tbnameA.列1 = tbnameB.列2;
右连接: 例句 select 列1,列2,列3... from tbnameB right join tbnameA on tbnameA.列1 = tbnameB.列2;
左右连接都是以在左边的表的数据结构为准,沿着左表查询。
内连接是以两张表都有的共同部分数据为准,也就是左右连接的数据之交集。
子查询:
where 型子查询:内层sql的返回值在where后作为条件表达式的一部分
例句: select * from tableA where colA = (select colB from tableB where ...);
from 型子查询:内层sql查询结果,作为一张表,供外层的sql语句再次查询
例句:select * from (select * from ...) as tableName where ...
字符集
客服端sql编码 character_set_client
服务器转化后的sql编码 character_set_connection
服务器返回给客户端的结果集编码 character_set_results
快速把以上3个变量设为相同值: set names 字符集
存储引擎 engine:Myisam/Innodb
1. Myisam 速度快 不支持事务 回滚
2. Innodb 速度慢 支持事务 回滚
事务执行顺序:
a. 开启事务 start transaction
b. 运行sql
c. 提交,同时生效\回滚 commit\rollback
触发器: trigger
监视地点: 表
监视行为: 增 删 改
触发时间:a fter\before
触发事件: 增 删 改
创建触发器语法:
create trigger tgName
after/before insert/delete/update
on tableName
for each row
sql 触发语句
删除触发器: drop trigger tgName;
综合练习题:
1. 连接数据库 (以本地机为例)
答: mysql -hlocalhost -uroot -proot
2. 建立一个gbk编码的数据库
答: create database test charset utf8;
3. 建立商品表和栏目表
答: #商品表
create table goods(
goods_id int primary key auto_increment,
goods_name varchar(20) not null default '',
cat_id int not null default 0,
brand_id int not null default 0,
goods_sn char(12) not null default '',
shop_price float(6,2) not null default 0.00,
goods_desc text
)engine MyISAM charset utf8;
# 栏目表
create table category(
cat_id int primary key auto_increment,
cate_name varchar(20) not null default '',
parent_id int not null default 0
)engine myisam charset utf8;
4. 删除 goods 表中的 goods_desc 字段及货号字段,并增加 click_count 字段
答: alter table goods drop goods_desc;
alter table goods drop brand_id;
alter table goods add click_count int not null default 0;
5. 在 goods_name 列上加唯一性索引
答: alter table goods add unique index goods_name(goods_name);
6. 在 shop_price 列上加普通索引
答: alter table goods add index shop_price(shop_price);
7. 在 click_count 上增加普通索引,然后再删除
答: alter table goods add index click_count(click_count);
alter table goods drop index click_count;
基础查询练习一(where条件查询)
1. 查询主键为32的商品
答: select goods_id,goods_name,shop_price from goods where goods_id=32;
2. 查询不属于第三个栏目的所有商品
答: select goods_id,goods_name,shop_price from goods where cat_id!=3;
3. 查询本店价格高于3000的商品
答: select goods_name,goods_id,shop_price from goods where shop_price>3000;
4. 查询本店商品价格低于或等于100元的商品
答: select goods_id,goods_name,shop_price from goods where shop_price <=100;
5. 取出第4个栏目或第11个栏目的商品(不允许用 or )
答: select goods_id,goods_name,shop_price from goods where cat_id in (4,11);
6. 取出本店价格大于100小于500的商品(不允许用 and )
答: select goods_id,goods_name,shop_price from goods where shop_price between 100 and 500;
7. 取出名字以”诺基亚“开头的商品
答: select goods_id,goods_name,shop_price from goods where goods_name like '诺基亚%';
8. 取出名字为”诺基亚Nxxx“的商品
答: select goods_id,goods_name,shop_price from goods where goods_name like '诺基亚N___';
9. 取出不在第3个栏目和不在第11个栏目的商品
答: select goods_id,goods_name,shop_price from goods where cat_id!=3 and cat_id!=11;
select goods_id,goods_name,shop_price from goods where cat_id not in (3,11);
10. 取出名字不以”诺基亚“开头的商品
答: select goods_id,goods_name,shop_price from goods where goods_name not like '诺基亚%';
11. 取出价格大于100且小于300,或者大于4000且小于5000的商品
答:select goods_id,goods_name,shop_price from goods where shop_price>100 and shop_price<300 or shop_price>4000 and shop_price<5000;
12. 取出第3个栏目下面价格在1000到3000之间,并且点击量大于5,以”诺基亚“开头的系列商品
答: select goods_id,goods_name,shop_price from goods where cat_id=3 and shop_price>1000 and shop_price<3000 and click_count>5 and goods_name like '诺基亚%';
select goods_id,goods_name,shop_price from goods where cat_id=3 and shop_price between 1000 and 3000 and click_count>5 and goods_name like '诺基亚%';
13. 取出第3个栏目下面价格小于1000或价格大于3000,并且点击量大于5的系列商品
答: select goods_id,goods_name,shop_price from goods where cat_id=3 and (shop_price<1000 or shop_price>3000) and click_count>5;
14. 取出第1个栏目下面的商品(注意 1号栏目下面没有商品,但其子栏目2,3,4,5有商品)
答: select goods_id,goods_name,shop_price from goods where cat_id in (2,3,4,5);
基础查询练习二(group by 分组查询和聚合函数的使用)
1. 查出最贵的商品
答: select goods_id,goods_name,shop_price from goods group by shop_price desc limit 1;
select max(shop_price) from goods;
2. 查出最大(最新)的商品的编号
答: select max(goods_id) from goods;
select goods_id from goods group by goods_id desc limit 1;
3. 查出最便宜商品的价格
答: select min(shop_price) from goods;
select goods_id,goods_name,shop_price from goods group by shop_price asc limit 1;
4. 取出最小(最旧)的商品编号
答: select min(goods_id) fomr goods;
select goods_id,goods_name,shop_price from goods group by goods_id asc limit 1;
5. 查出本店所有商品的库存量
答: select sum(goods_num) from goods;
6. 查出本店所有商品的平均价格
答: select avg(shop_price) from goods;
7. 查出本店共有多少种商品
答: select count(*) from goods;
基础查询练习三(having 与 group by 综合运用)
1. 查出本店商品价格比市场价格的差价
答: select goods_id,goods_name,market_price-shop_price as g from goods;
2. 查出每个商品所积压的货款
答: select goods_id,goods_name,shop_price*goods_num as g from goods;
3. 查询本店积压的总货款
答: select sum(shop_price*goods_num) from goods;
4. 查询出每个栏目下积压的总货款
答: select cat_id,sum(shop_price*goods_num) as g from goods group by cat_id;
5. 查询比市场价省200元以上的商品及该商品所省的钱 (分别用 where 和 having 实现)
答: select goods_id,goods_name market_price-shop_price as g from goods having g>200;
select goods_id,goods_name market_price-shop_price from goods where market_price-shop_price>200;
6. 查询积压货款超过2W的栏目,以及该栏目积压的货款
答: select cat_id,sum(shop_price*goods_num) as g from goods group by cat_id having g>20000;
基础查询练习四(order by 与 limit 查询)
1. 按价格由高到低排序
答: select goods_id,goods_name,shop_price from goods order by shop_price desc;
2. 按发布时间由早到晚排序
答: select goods_id,goods_name,shop_price,pub_time from goods order by pub_time asc;
3. 按栏目由低到高排序,栏目内部按价格由高到低排序
答: select goods_id,goods_name,cat_id,shop_price from goods order by cat_id asc,shop_price desc;
4. 取出价格最高的前三名商品
答: select goods_id,goods_name,shop_price from goods order by shop_price desc limit 3;
5. 取出点击量前3到前5名的商品
答: select goods_id,goods_name,shop_price from goods order by click_count desc limit 2,3;
基础查询练习五(连接查询)
1. 取出所有商品的商品名,栏目名,价格
答: select goods_name,cat_name,shop_price from goods left join category on goods.cat_id=category.cat_id;
2. 取出第4个栏目下的商品的商品名,栏目名,价格
答: select goods_name,cat_name,shop_price from goods left join category on goods.cat_id=category.cat_id where cat_id=4;
3. 取出第4个栏目下的商品的商品名,栏目名,品牌名
答: select goods_name,cat_name,brand_name from goods left join category on goods.cat_id=category.cat_id left join brand on goods.brand_id=brand.brand_id where cat_id=4;
基础查询练习六(UNION 查询)
1. 把 goods 表和 category 表里各取出2列,并集成一个表
答: select goods_name,goods_id from goods limit 4 union select cat_id,cat_name from category limit 4;
基础查询练习七(子查询)
1. 查询出最新一行商品
答: select goods_id,goods_name,shop_price from goods where goods_id=(select max(goods_id) from goods);
2. 查询出编号为19的商品的栏目名称(用左连接和子查询分别实现)
答: select cat_name from category where cat_id=(select cat_id where from goods goods_id=19);
select cat_name from goods left join category on goods.cat_id=category.cat_id where goods_id=19;
3. 用 where 型子查询把 goods 表中的每个栏目下最新的商品取出来
答: select goods_id,goods_name from goods where goods_id in (select max(goods_id) from goods group by cat_id);
4. 用 from 型子查询把 goods 表中的每个栏目下面最新的商品取出来
答: select * from ()