剑桥雅思3_Measuring Organizational Performance

1.       supervision (n.) 监督、管理

supervise （v.）

supervisor (n.)

supervisory (adj.)

e.g.: There is clear-cut evidence that, for a period of at least one year, supervision which increases the direct pressure for productivity can achieve significant increases in production.

 

2. substantial (adj.) 大量的、可观的、结实的

 e.g.: However, such short-term increases are obtained only at a substantial and serious cost to the organisation。

 

3. exploit (v.)开拓、开发

e.g.:To what extent can a manager make an impressive earnings record over a short period of one to three years by exploiting the company’s investment in the human organisation in his plant or division?

 

4. parallel (adj.) 平行的、类似的

The study covered 500 clerical employees in four parallel divisions.

 

5. random

The four divisions were assigned to two experimental programmes on a random basis.

 

6. continuous

Productivity was measured continuously and computed weekly throughout the year.

 

7. endeavor

They endeavored to use as much as their skill would permit during the experimental year.

 

8.modify

e.g.: In the other two divisions, by contrast, the programme called for modifying the supervision so as to increase the closeness of supervision and move the decision levels upwards.

 

9. eliminate

e.g.: Obviously, deciding to reduce the size of a work group by eliminating some of its members is probably one of the most difficult decisions for a work group to make.

 

1.       accompany (v.)  伴随、陪同

 e.g.: The productivity increases in the hierarchically controlled programme were accompanied by shifts in an adverse direction…