在开发基于.NET平台的数据库应用程序时,我们一般都会用到DataSet,作为ADO.NET的核心类它为我们提供了强大的功能,而整个看上去就像是放在内存内的一个小型数据库,内部包括了DataTable、DataView、DataRow、DataColumn、Constraint以及DataRelation。当初看到它时真的是有点兴奋。
下面根据我的一些经验来举例说明在ADO.NET中的多表填充、关联表更新以及多个Command对象执行过程中启用事务的操作。欢迎大家交流,或在Blog上留言。
一、准备工作
对于NorthWind数据库大家都比较熟悉,所以这里拿它为例,我把Customers(客户表)、Orders(订单表)、Order Details(订单详细表)合起来建立了一个类型化的数据集,类型名称为DatasetOrders,每个表只包括一些字段,下面是在Visual Studio .NET中建立的一个截图:
图1-1
上面建立了两个关系表示为Customers —> Orders —>Order Details。因为Orders表的OrderID字段为自动增长列,这里把就把它的AutoIncrementSeed和AutoIncrementStep值设置成了-1,这在实际添加订单的过程中可能会比较明显,不过不设也没问题。
二.填充数据集
建立一个窗体程序来演示实际的操作,界面如下:
图2-1
整个应用程序就是一个Form,上面的三个DataGrid分别用来显示相关表的数据,不过他们是互动的。另外的两个单选框用来决定更新数据的方式,两个按钮正如他们的名称来完成相应的功能。
这里我们用一个DataAdapter来完成数据集的填充,执行的存储过程如下:
CREATE PROCEDURE GetCustomerOrdersInfo
AS
SELECT CustomerID,CompanyName,ContactName FROM Customers WHERE CustomerID LIKE 'A%'
SELECT OrderID,OrderDate,CustomerID FROM Orders WHERE CustomerID IN
(SELECT CustomerID FROM Customers WHERE CustomerID LIKE 'A%')
SELECT OrderID,ProductID,UnitPrice,Quantity,Discount FROM [Order Details] WHERE OrderID IN
(SELECT OrderID FROM Orders WHERE CustomerID IN
(SELECT CustomerID FROM Customers WHERE CustomerID LIKE 'A%'))
GO
为了减少数据量,这里只取了CustomerID以’A’开头的数据。
建立DataAccess类来管理窗体同数据层的交互:
using System;
using System.Data;
using System.Data.SqlClient;
using Microsoft.ApplicationBlocks.Data;
namespace WinformTest
{
public class DataAccess
{
private string _connstring = "data source=(local);initial catalog=Northwind;uid=csharp;pwd=c#.net2004;";
private SqlConnection _conn;
///构造函数
public DataAccess()
{
_conn = new SqlConnection(_connstring);
}
下面的函数完成单个数据适配器来完成数据集的填充,
public void FillCustomerOrdersInfo(DatasetOrders ds)
{
SqlCommand comm = new SqlCommand("GetCustomerOrdersInfo",_conn);
comm.CommandType = CommandType.StoredProcedure;
SqlDataAdapter dataAdapter = new SqlDataAdapter(comm);
dataAdapter.TableMappings.Add("Table","Customers");
dataAdapter.TableMappings.Add("Table1","Orders");
dataAdapter.TableMappings.Add("Table2","Order Details");
dataAdapter.Fill(ds);
}
如果使用SqlHelper来填充那就更简单了,
public void FillCustomerOrdersInfoWithSqlHelper(DatasetOrders ds)
{ SqlHelper.FillDataset(_connstring,CommandType.StoredProcedure,"GetCustomerOrdersInfo",ds,new string[]{"Customers","Orders","Order Details"});
}
叉开话题提一下,Data Access Application Block 2.0中的SqlHelper.FillDataset这个方法超过两个表的填充时会出现错误,其实里面的逻辑是错的,只不过两个表的时候刚好凑巧,下面是从里面截的代码:
private static void FillDataset(SqlConnection connection, SqlTransaction transaction, CommandType commandType,
string commandText, DataSet dataSet, string[] tableNames,
params SqlParameter[] commandParameters)
{
if( connection == null ) throw new ArgumentNullException( "connection" );
if( dataSet == null ) throw new ArgumentNullException( "dataSet" );
SqlCommand command = new SqlCommand();
bool mustCloseConnection = false;
PrepareCommand(command, connection, transaction, commandType, commandText, commandParameters, out mustCloseConnection );
using( SqlDataAdapter dataAdapter = new SqlDataAdapter(command) )
{
if (tableNames != null && tableNames.Length > 0)
{
string tableName = "Table";
for (int index=0; index < tableNames.Length; index++)
{
if( tableNames[index] == null || tableNames[index].Length == 0 )
throw new ArgumentException( "The tableNames parameter must contain a list of tables, a value was provided as null or empty string.", "tableNames" );
tableName += (index + 1).ToString();//这里出现错误
}
}
dataAdapter.Fill(dataSet);
command.Parameters.Clear();
}
if( mustCloseConnection )
connection.Close();
}
这里把tableName += (index + 1).ToString();修改成
dataAdapter.TableMappings.Add((index>0)?(tableName+index.ToString()):tableName, tableNames[index]);就能解决问题。
接下来看看窗体程序的代码:
public class Form1 : System.Windows.Forms.Form
{
private DataAccess _dataAccess;
private DatasetOrders _ds;
//……
//构造函数
public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();
_dataAccess = new DataAccess();
_ds = new DatasetOrders();
_ds.EnforceConstraints = false; //关闭约束检查,提高数据填充效率
this.dataGridCustomers.DataSource = _ds;
this.dataGridCustomers.DataMember = _ds.Customers.TableName;
this.dataGridOrders.DataSource = _ds;
this.dataGridOrders.DataMember = _ds.Customers.TableName+"."+_ds.Customers.ChildRelations[0].RelationName;
this.dataGridOrderDetails.DataSource = _ds;
this.dataGridOrderDetails.DataMember = _ds.Customers.TableName+"."+_ds.Customers.ChildRelations[0].RelationName+"."+_ds.Orders.ChildRelations[0].RelationName;
}
对于上面的三个表的动态关联,你也可以使用SetDataBinding方法来完成数据的动态绑定,而不是分别指定DataGride的DataSource和DataMemger属性。
this.dataGridCustomers.SetDataBinding(_ds,_ds.Customers.TableName);
this.dataGridOrders.SetDataBinding(_ds,_ds.Customers.TableName+"."+_ds.Customers.ChildRelations[0].RelationName);
this.dataGridOrderDetails.SetDataBinding(_ds,_ds.Customers.TableName+"."+_ds.Customers.ChildRelations[0].RelationName+"."+_ds.Orders.ChildRelations[0].RelationName);
}
数据填充事件处理如下:
private void buttonFillData_Click(object sender, System.EventArgs e)
{
_ds.Clear();//重新填充数据集
_dataAccess.FillCustomerOrdersInfo(_ds);
//_dataAccess.FillCustomerOrdersInfoWithSqlHelper(_ds);
}
执行上面的事件处理函数我们会看到数据显示到对应的DataGrid上,如(图2-1)所示。
如果使用数据读取器获取多表纪录下面是实现的一种方式(参考):
SqlCommand comm = new SqlCommand("GetCustomerOrdersInfo",_conn);
comm.CommandType = CommandType.StoredProcedure;
_conn.Open();
SqlDataReader reader = comm.ExecuteReader();
do
{
while(reader.Read())
{
Console.WriteLine(reader[0].ToString());//获取数据代码
}
}while(reader.NextResult());
Console.ReadLine();
_conn.Close();
三、更新数据集
在DataAccess类中增加两个类成员变量:
private SqlDataAdapter _customerDataAdapter; //客户数据适配器
private SqlDataAdapter _orderDataAdapter; //订单数据适配器
customerDataAdapter在构造函数中的初始化为
//实例化_customerDataAdapter
SqlCommand selectCustomerComm = new SqlCommand("GetCustomer",_conn);
selectCustomerComm.CommandType = CommandType.StoredProcedure;
selectCustomerComm.Parameters.Add("@CustomerID",SqlDbType.NChar,5,"CustomerID");
SqlCommand insertCustomerComm = new SqlCommand("AddCustomer",_conn);
insertCustomerComm.CommandType = CommandType.StoredProcedure;
insertCustomerComm.Parameters.Add("@CustomerID",SqlDbType.NChar,5,"CustomerID");
insertCustomerComm.Parameters.Add("@CompanyName",SqlDbType.NVarChar,40,"CompanyName");
insertCustomerComm.Parameters.Add("@ContactName",SqlDbType.NVarChar,30,"ContactName");
SqlCommand updateCustomerComm = new SqlCommand("UpdateCustomer",_conn);
updateCustomerComm.CommandType = CommandType.StoredProcedure;
updateCustomerComm.Parameters.Add("@CustomerID",SqlDbType.NChar,5,"CustomerID");
updateCustomerComm.Parameters.Add("@CompanyName",SqlDbType.NVarChar,40,"CompanyName");
updateCustomerComm.Parameters.Add("@ContactName",SqlDbType.NVarChar,30,"ContactName");
SqlCommand deleteCustomerComm = new SqlCommand("DeleteCustomer",_conn);
deleteCustomerComm.CommandType = CommandType.StoredProcedure;
deleteCustomerComm.Parameters.Add("@CustomerID",SqlDbType.NChar,5,"CustomerID");
_customerDataAdapter = new SqlDataAdapter(selectCustomerComm);
_customerDataAdapter.InsertCommand = insertCustomerComm;
_customerDataAdapter.UpdateCommand = updateCustomerComm;
_customerDataAdapter.DeleteCommand = deleteCustomerComm;
上面的代码完全可以用设计器生成,觉得有些东西自己写感觉更好,不过代码还是很多。
对于_orderDataAdapter的初始化同上面的差不多,这里我们只看订单增加的处理,下面是存储过程:
CREATE PROCEDURE AddOrder
(
@OrderID INT OUT,
@CustomerID NCHAR(5),
@OrderDate DATETIME
)
AS
INSERT INTO Orders
(
CustomerID ,
OrderDate
)
VALUES
(
@CustomerID ,
@OrderDate
)
--SELECT @OrderID = @@IDENTITY //使用触发器有可能出现问题
SET @OrderID = SCOPE_IDENTITY()
GO
OrderID自动增长值的获取通过输出参数来完成,这个相当不错,如果使用SqlDataAdapter.RowUpdated事件来处理那效率会很低。
对insertOrderComm对象的定义为:
SqlCommand insertOrderComm = new SqlCommand("AddOrder",_conn);
insertOrderComm.CommandType = CommandType.StoredProcedure;
insertOrderComm.Parameters.Add("@OrderID",SqlDbType.Int,4,"OrderID");
insertOrderComm.Parameters["@OrderID"].Direction = ParameterDirection.Output;
insertOrderComm.Parameters.Add("@OrderDate",SqlDbType.DateTime,8,"OrderDate");
insertOrderComm.Parameters.Add("@CustomerID",SqlDbType.NChar,5,"CustomerID");
在实现数据的更新方法之前我们先来明确一些更新逻辑:
对于标记为删除的行,先删除订单表的数据,再删除客户表的数据;
对于标记为添加的行,先添加客户表的数据,再添加订单表的数据。
(1)实现用获取修改过的DataSet的副本子集来更新数据的方法。
这也是调用Xml Web Service更新数据的常用方法,先来看第一个版本,子集的获取通过DataSet.GetChangs方法来完成。
//使用数据集子集更新数据
public void UpdateCustomerOrders(DatasetOrders ds)
{
DataSet dsModified = ds.GetChanges(DataRowState.Modified);//获取修改过的行
DataSet dsDeleted = ds.GetChanges(DataRowState.Deleted);//获取标记为删除的行
DataSet dsAdded = ds.GetChanges(DataRowState.Added);//获取增加的行
try
{
_conn.Open();//先添加客户表数据,再添加订单表数据
if(dsAdded != null)
{
_customerDataAdapter.Update(dsAdded,"Customers");
_orderDataAdapter.Update(dsAdded,"Orders");
ds.Merge(dsAdded);
}
if(dsModified != null)//更新数据表
{
_customerDataAdapter.Update(dsModified,"Customers");
_orderDataAdapter.Update(dsModified,"Orders");
ds.Merge(dsModified);
}
if(dsDeleted != null)//先删除订单表数据,再删除客户表数据
{
_orderDataAdapter.Update(dsDeleted,"Orders");
_customerDataAdapter.Update(dsDeleted,"Customers");
ds.Merge(dsDeleted);
}
}
catch(Exception ex)
{
throw new Exception("更新数据出错",ex);
}
finally
{
if(_conn.State != ConnectionState.Closed)
_conn.Close();
}
}
上面的方法看上去比较清晰,不过效率不会很高,至少中间创建了三个DataSet,然后又进行了多次合并。
(2)另一方法就是引用更新,不创建副本。
相对来说性能会高许多,但是如果用在Web服务上传输的数据量会更大(可以结合两个方法进行改进)。具体的实现就是通过DataTable.Select方法选择行状态来实现。
//引用方式更新数据
public void UpdateCustomerOrders(DataSet ds)
{
try
{
_conn.Open();
//先添加客户表数据,再添加订单表数据 _customerDataAdapter.Update(ds.Tables["Customers"].Select("","",DataViewRowState.Added));
_orderDataAdapter.Update(ds.Tables["Orders"].Select("","",DataViewRowState.Added));
//更新数据表
_customerDataAdapter.Update(ds.Tables["Customers"].Select("","",DataViewRowState.ModifiedCurrent));
_orderDataAdapter.Update(ds.Tables["Orders"].Select("","",DataViewRowState.ModifiedCurrent));
//先删除订单表数据,再删除客户表数据
_orderDataAdapter.Update(ds.Tables["Orders"].Select("","",DataViewRowState.Deleted));
_customerDataAdapter.Update(ds.Tables["Customers"].Select("","",DataViewRowState.Deleted));
}
catch(Exception ex)
{
throw new Exception("更新数据出错",ex);
}
finally
{
if(_conn.State != ConnectionState.Closed)
_conn.Close();
}
}
结合上面的两个方法我们可想到调用Web Service有更合理的方法来完成。
(3)使用事务
public void UpdateCustomerOrdersWithTransaction(DataSet ds)
{
SqlTransaction trans = null;
try
{
_conn.Open();
trans = _conn.BeginTransaction();
_customerDataAdapter.DeleteCommand.Transaction = trans;
_customerDataAdapter.InsertCommand.Transaction = trans;
_customerDataAdapter.UpdateCommand.Transaction = trans;
_orderDataAdapter.DeleteCommand.Transaction = trans;
_orderDataAdapter.InsertCommand.Transaction = trans;
_orderDataAdapter.UpdateCommand.Transaction = trans;
_customerDataAdapter.Update(ds.Tables["Customers"].Select("","",DataViewRowState.Added));
_orderDataAdapter.Update(ds.Tables["Orders"].Select("","",DataViewRowState.Added));
_customerDataAdapter.Update(ds.Tables["Customers"].Select("","",DataViewRowState.ModifiedCurrent));
_orderDataAdapter.Update(ds.Tables["Orders"].Select("","",DataViewRowState.ModifiedCurrent));
_orderDataAdapter.Update(ds.Tables["Orders"].Select("","",DataViewRowState.Deleted));
_customerDataAdapter.Update(ds.Tables["Customers"].Select("","",DataViewRowState.Deleted));
trans.Commit();
}
catch(Exception ex)
{
trans.Rollback();
throw new Exception("更新数据出错",ex);
}
finally
{
if(_conn.State != ConnectionState.Closed)
_conn.Close();
}
}
最后让我们来看看窗体的按钮更新事件的代码:
private void buttonUpdate_Click(object sender, System.EventArgs e)
{
//提交编辑数据
this.BindingContext[this._ds].EndCurrentEdit();
if(radioButtonRef.Checked == true)//引用方式更新
_dataAccess.UpdateCustomerOrders((DataSet)_ds);
else if(radioButtonTrans.Checked == true)//启用事务更新数据表
_dataAccess.UpdateCustomerOrdersWithTransaction((DataSet)_ds);
else
{
DatasetOrders changedData = (DatasetOrders)_ds.GetChanges();
if(radioButtonWeb.Checked == true)//Web服务的更正更新
{
_dataAccess.UpdateCustomerOrders((DataSet)changedData);
}
else//创建副本合并方式更新
{
_dataAccess.UpdateCustomerOrders(changedData);
}
//去除订单表中添加的虚拟行
foreach(DataRow row in _ds.Orders.Select("","",DataViewRowState.Added))
_ds.Orders.RemoveOrdersRow((DatasetOrders.OrdersRow)row);
//去除客户表中添加的虚拟行
foreach(DataRow row in _ds.Customers.Select("","",DataViewRowState.Added))
_ds.Customers.RemoveCustomersRow((DatasetOrders.CustomersRow)row);
_ds.Merge(changedData);
}
//提交数据集状态
_ds.AcceptChanges();