Python图像处理PIL模块
简介
图像处理最近几年也是很火的。PIL （Python Imaging Library）是 Python 中最常用的图像处理库，支持众多图像格式，可用于执行裁剪、大小调整、旋转、滤镜效果等操作。
基本说明
导入PIL模块：
import PIL from PIL import Image用的Python2.7上面两个方法都可以。
查看帮助文档：
help(PIL)结果：
help(PIL)
Help on package PIL:
NAME
PIL
FILE
c:\python27\lib\site-packages\pil\__init__.py
DESCRIPTION
# The Python Imaging Library.
# $Id$
#
# package placeholder
#
# Copyright (c) 1999 by Secret Labs AB.
#
# See the README file for information on usage and redistribution.
#
PACKAGE CONTENTS
ArgImagePlugin
BdfFontFile
BmpImagePlugin
BufrStubImagePlugin
ContainerIO
CurImagePlugin
DcxImagePlugin
EpsImagePlugin
ExifTags
FitsStubImagePlugin
FliImagePlugin
FontFile
FpxImagePlugin
GbrImagePlugin
GdImageFile
GifImagePlugin
GimpGradientFile
GimpPaletteFile
GribStubImagePlugin
Hdf5StubImagePlugin
IcnsImagePlugin
IcoImagePlugin
ImImagePlugin
Image
ImageChops
ImageCms
ImageColor
ImageDraw
ImageDraw2
ImageEnhance
ImageFile
ImageFileIO
ImageFilter
ImageFont
ImageGrab
ImageMath
ImageMode
ImageOps
ImagePalette
ImagePath
ImageQt
ImageSequence
ImageShow
ImageStat
ImageTk
ImageTransform
ImageWin
ImtImagePlugin
IptcImagePlugin
Jpeg2KImagePlugin
JpegImagePlugin
JpegPresets
McIdasImagePlugin
MicImagePlugin
MpegImagePlugin
MspImagePlugin
OleFileIO
PSDraw
PaletteFile
PalmImagePlugin
PcdImagePlugin
PcfFontFile
PcxImagePlugin
PdfImagePlugin
PixarImagePlugin
PngImagePlugin
PpmImagePlugin
PsdImagePlugin
PyAccess
SgiImagePlugin
SpiderImagePlugin
SunImagePlugin
TarIO
TgaImagePlugin
TiffImagePlugin
TiffTags
WalImageFile
WebPImagePlugin
WmfImagePlugin
XVThumbImagePlugin
XbmImagePlugin
XpmImagePlugin
_binary
_imaging
_imagingcms
_imagingft
_imagingmath
_imagingtk
_util
_webp
tests
DATA
PILLOW_VERSION = '2.4.0'
VERSION = '1.1.7'help（Image）结果：
help(Image)
Help on module PIL.Image in PIL:
NAME
PIL.Image
FILE
c:\python27\lib\site-packages\pil\image.py
DESCRIPTION
# The Python Imaging Library.
# $Id$
#
# the Image class wrapper
#
# partial release history:
# 1995-09-09 fl Created
# 1996-03-11 fl PIL release 0.0 (proof of concept)
# 1996-04-30 fl PIL release 0.1b1
# 1999-07-28 fl PIL release 1.0 final
# 2000-06-07 fl PIL release 1.1
# 2000-10-20 fl PIL release 1.1.1
# 2001-05-07 fl PIL release 1.1.2
# 2002-03-15 fl PIL release 1.1.3
# 2003-05-10 fl PIL release 1.1.4
# 2005-03-28 fl PIL release 1.1.5
# 2006-12-02 fl PIL release 1.1.6
# 2009-11-15 fl PIL release 1.1.7
#
# Copyright (c) 1997-2009 by Secret Labs AB. All rights reserved.
# Copyright (c) 1995-2009 by Fredrik Lundh.
#
# See the README file for information on usage and redistribution.
#
CLASSES
Image
ImagePointHandler
ImageTransformHandler
class Image
| This class represents an image object. To create
| :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` objects, use the appropriate factory
| functions. There's hardly ever any reason to call the Image constructor
| directly.
|
| * :py:func:`~PIL.Image.open`
| * :py:func:`~PIL.Image.new`
| * :py:func:`~PIL.Image.frombytes`
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __getattr__(self, name)
|
| __init__(self)
|
| __repr__(self)
|
| convert(self, mode=None, matrix=None, dither=None, palette=0, colors=256)
| Returns a converted copy of this image. For the "P" mode, this
| method translates pixels through the palette. If mode is
| omitted, a mode is chosen so that all information in the image
| and the palette can be represented without a palette.
|
| The current version supports all possible conversions between
| "L", "RGB" and "CMYK." The **matrix** argument only supports "L"
| and "RGB".
|
| When translating a color image to black and white (mode "L"),
| the library uses the ITU-R 601-2 luma transform::
|
| L = R * 299/1000 + G * 587/1000 + B * 114/1000
|
| The default method of converting a greyscale ("L") or "RGB"
| image into a bilevel (mode "1") image uses Floyd-Steinberg
| dither to approximate the original image luminosity levels. If
| dither is NONE, all non-zero values are set to 255 (white). To
| use other thresholds, use the :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.point`
| method.
|
| :param mode: The requested mode.
| :param matrix: An optional conversion matrix. If given, this
| should be 4- or 16-tuple containing floating point values.
| :param dither: Dithering method, used when converting from
| mode "RGB" to "P" or from "RGB" or "L" to "1".
| Available methods are NONE or FLOYDSTEINBERG (default).
| :param palette: Palette to use when converting from mode "RGB"
| to "P". Available palettes are WEB or ADAPTIVE.
| :param colors: Number of colors to use for the ADAPTIVE palette.
| Defaults to 256.
| :rtype: :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image`
| :returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
|
| copy(self)
| Copies this image. Use this method if you wish to paste things
| into an image, but still retain the original.
|
| :rtype: :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image`
| :returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
|
| crop(self, box=None)
| Returns a rectangular region from this image. The box is a
| 4-tuple defining the left, upper, right, and lower pixel
| coordinate.
|
| This is a lazy operation. Changes to the source image may or
| may not be reflected in the cropped image. To break the
| connection, call the :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.load` method on
| the cropped copy.
|
| :param box: The crop rectangle, as a (left, upper, right, lower)-tuple.
| :rtype: :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image`
| :returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
|
| draft(self, mode, size)
| NYI
|
| Configures the image file loader so it returns a version of the
| image that as closely as possible matches the given mode and
| size. For example, you can use this method to convert a color
| JPEG to greyscale while loading it, or to extract a 128x192
| version from a PCD file.
|
| Note that this method modifies the :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object
| in place. If the image has already been loaded, this method has no
| effect.
|
| :param mode: The requested mode.
| :param size: The requested size.
|
| filter(self, filter)
| Filters this image using the given filter. For a list of
| available filters, see the :py:mod:`~PIL.ImageFilter` module.
|
| :param filter: Filter kernel.
| :returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
|
| frombytes(self, data, decoder_name='raw', *args)
| Loads this image with pixel data from a bytes object.
|
| This method is similar to the :py:func:`~PIL.Image.frombytes` function,
| but loads data into this image instead of creating a new image object.
|
| fromstring(self, *args, **kw)
| Deprecated alias to frombytes.
|
| .. deprecated:: 2.0
|
| getbands(self)
| Returns a tuple containing the name of each band in this image.
| For example, **getbands** on an RGB image returns ("R", "G", "B").
|
| :returns: A tuple containing band names.
| :rtype: tuple
|
| getbbox(self)
| Calculates the bounding box of the non-zero regions in the
| image.
|
| :returns: The bounding box is returned as a 4-tuple defining the
| left, upper, right, and lower pixel coordinate. If the image
| is completely empty, this method returns None.
|
| getcolors(self, maxcolors=256)
| Returns a list of colors used in this image.
|
| :param maxcolors: Maximum number of colors. If this number is
| exceeded, this method returns None. The default limit is
| 256 colors.
| :returns: An unsorted list of (count, pixel) values.
|
| getdata(self, band=None)
| Returns the contents of this image as a sequence object
| containing pixel values. The sequence object is flattened, so
| that values for line one follow directly after the values of
| line zero, and so on.
|
| Note that the sequence object returned by this method is an
| internal PIL data type, which only supports certain sequence
| operations. To convert it to an ordinary sequence (e.g. for
| printing), use **list(im.getdata())**.
|
| :param band: What band to return. The default is to return
| all bands. To return a single band, pass in the index
| value (e.g. 0 to get the "R" band from an "RGB" image).
| :returns: A sequence-like object.
|
| getextrema(self)
| Gets the the minimum and maximum pixel values for each band in
| the image.
|
| :returns: For a single-band image, a 2-tuple containing the
| minimum and maximum pixel value. For a multi-band image,
| a tuple containing one 2-tuple for each band.
|
| getim(self)
| Returns a capsule that points to the internal image memory.
|
| :returns: A capsule object.
|
| getpalette(self)
| Returns the image palette as a list.
|
| :returns: A list of color values [r, g, b, ...], or None if the
| image has no palette.
|
| getpixel(self, xy)
| Returns the pixel value at a given position.
|
| :param xy: The coordinate, given as (x, y).
| :returns: The pixel value. If the image is a multi-layer image,
| this method returns a tuple.
|
| getprojection(self)
| Get projection to x and y axes
|
| :returns: Two sequences, indicating where there are non-zero
| pixels along the X-axis and the Y-axis, respectively.
|
| histogram(self, mask=None, extrema=None)
| Returns a histogram for the image. The histogram is returned as
| a list of pixel counts, one for each pixel value in the source
| image. If the image has more than one band, the histograms for
| all bands are concatenated (for example, the histogram for an
| "RGB" image contains 768 values).
|
| A bilevel image (mode "1") is treated as a greyscale ("L") image
| by this method.
|
| If a mask is provided, the method returns a histogram for those
| parts of the image where the mask image is non-zero. The mask
| image must have the same size as the image, and be either a
| bi-level image (mode "1") or a greyscale image ("L").
|
| :param mask: An optional mask.
| :returns: A list containing pixel counts.
|
| load(self)
| Allocates storage for the image and loads the pixel data. In
| normal cases, you don't need to call this method, since the
| Image class automatically loads an opened image when it is
| accessed for the first time.
|
| :returns: An image access object.
|
| offset(self, xoffset, yoffset=None)
| .. deprecated:: 2.0
|
| .. note:: New code should use :py:func:`PIL.ImageChops.offset`.
|
| Returns a copy of the image where the data has been offset by the given
| distances. Data wraps around the edges. If **yoffset** is omitted, it
| is assumed to be equal to **xoffset**.
|
| :param xoffset: The horizontal distance.
| :param yoffset: The vertical distance. If omitted, both
| distances are set to the same value.
| :returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
|
| paste(self, im, box=None, mask=None)
| Pastes another image into this image. The box argument is either
| a 2-tuple giving the upper left corner, a 4-tuple defining the
| left, upper, right, and lower pixel coordinate, or None (same as
| (0, 0)). If a 4-tuple is given, the size of the pasted image
| must match the size of the region.
|
| If the modes don't match, the pasted image is converted to the mode of
| this image (see the :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.convert` method for
| details).
|
| Instead of an image, the source can be a integer or tuple
| containing pixel values. The method then fills the region
| with the given color. When creating RGB images, you can
| also use color strings as supported by the ImageColor module.
|
| If a mask is given, this method updates only the regions
| indicated by the mask. You can use either "1", "L" or "RGBA"
| images (in the latter case, the alpha band is used as mask).
| Where the mask is 255, the given image is copied as is. Where
| the mask is 0, the current value is preserved. Intermediate
| values can be used for transparency effects.
|
| Note that if you paste an "RGBA" image, the alpha band is
| ignored. You can work around this by using the same image as
| both source image and mask.
|
| :param im: Source image or pixel value (integer or tuple).
| :param box: An optional 4-tuple giving the region to paste into.
| If a 2-tuple is used instead, it's treated as the upper left
| corner. If omitted or None, the source is pasted into the
| upper left corner.
|
| If an image is given as the second argument and there is no
| third, the box defaults to (0, 0), and the second argument
| is interpreted as a mask image.
| :param mask: An optional mask image.
|
| point(self, lut, mode=None)
| Maps this image through a lookup table or function.
|
| :param lut: A lookup table, containing 256 (or 65336 if
| self.mode=="I" and mode == "L") values per band in the
| image. A function can be used instead, it should take a
| single argument. The function is called once for each
| possible pixel value, and the resulting table is applied to
| all bands of the image.
| :param mode: Output mode (default is same as input). In the
| current version, this can only be used if the source image
| has mode "L" or "P", and the output has mode "1" or the
| source image mode is "I" and the output mode is "L".
| :returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
|
| putalpha(self, alpha)
| Adds or replaces the alpha layer in this image. If the image
| does not have an alpha layer, it's converted to "LA" or "RGBA".
| The new layer must be either "L" or "1".
|
| :param alpha: The new alpha layer. This can either be an "L" or "1"
| image having the same size as this image, or an integer or
| other color value.
|
| putdata(self, data, scale=1.0, offset=0.0)
| Copies pixel data to this image. This method copies data from a
| sequence object into the image, starting at the upper left
| corner (0, 0), and continuing until either the image or the
| sequence ends. The scale and offset values are used to adjust
| the sequence values: **pixel = value*scale + offset**.
|
| :param data: A sequence object.
| :param scale: An optional scale value. The default is 1.0.
| :param offset: An optional offset value. The default is 0.0.
|
| putpalette(self, data, rawmode='RGB')
| Attaches a palette to this image. The image must be a "P" or
| "L" image, and the palette sequence must contain 768 integer
| values, where each group of three values represent the red,
| green, and blue values for the corresponding pixel
| index. Instead of an integer sequence, you can use an 8-bit
| string.
|
| :param data: A palette sequence (either a list or a string).
|
| putpixel(self, xy, value)
| Modifies the pixel at the given position. The color is given as
| a single numerical value for single-band images, and a tuple for
| multi-band images.
|
| Note that this method is relatively slow. For more extensive changes,
| use :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.paste` or the :py:mod:`~PIL.ImageDraw`
| module instead.
|
| See:
|
| * :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.paste`
| * :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.putdata`
| * :py:mod:`~PIL.ImageDraw`
|
| :param xy: The pixel coordinate, given as (x, y).
| :param value: The pixel value.
|
| quantize(self, colors=256, method=None, kmeans=0, palette=None)
|
| resize(self, size, resample=0)
| Returns a resized copy of this image.
|
| :param size: The requested size in pixels, as a 2-tuple:
| (width, height).
| :param resample: An optional resampling filter. This can be
| one of :py:attr:`PIL.Image.NEAREST` (use nearest neighbour),
| :py:attr:`PIL.Image.BILINEAR` (linear interpolation in a 2x2
| environment), :py:attr:`PIL.Image.BICUBIC` (cubic spline
| interpolation in a 4x4 environment), or
| :py:attr:`PIL.Image.ANTIALIAS` (a high-quality downsampling filter).
| If omitted, or if the image has mode "1" or "P", it is
| set :py:attr:`PIL.Image.NEAREST`.
| :returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
|
| rotate(self, angle, resample=0, expand=0)
| Returns a rotated copy of this image. This method returns a
| copy of this image, rotated the given number of degrees counter
| clockwise around its centre.
|
| :param angle: In degrees counter clockwise.
| :param filter: An optional resampling filter. This can be
| one of :py:attr:`PIL.Image.NEAREST` (use nearest neighbour),
| :py:attr:`PIL.Image.BILINEAR` (linear interpolation in a 2x2
| environment), or :py:attr:`PIL.Image.BICUBIC`
| (cubic spline interpolation in a 4x4 environment).
| If omitted, or if the image has mode "1" or "P", it is
| set :py:attr:`PIL.Image.NEAREST`.
| :param expand: Optional expansion flag. If true, expands the output
| image to make it large enough to hold the entire rotated image.
| If false or omitted, make the output image the same size as the
| input image.
| :returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
|
| save(self, fp, format=None, **params)
| Saves this image under the given filename. If no format is
| specified, the format to use is determined from the filename
| extension, if possible.
|
| Keyword options can be used to provide additional instructions
| to the writer. If a writer doesn't recognise an option, it is
| silently ignored. The available options are described later in
| this handbook.
|
| You can use a file object instead of a filename. In this case,
| you must always specify the format. The file object must
| implement the **seek**, **tell**, and **write**
| methods, and be opened in binary mode.
|
| :param file: File name or file object.
| :param format: Optional format override. If omitted, the
| format to use is determined from the filename extension.
| If a file object was used instead of a filename, this
| parameter should always be used.
| :param options: Extra parameters to the image writer.
| :returns: None
| :exception KeyError: If the output format could not be determined
| from the file name. Use the format option to solve this.
| :exception IOError: If the file could not be written. The file
| may have been created, and may contain partial data.
|
| seek(self, frame)
| Seeks to the given frame in this sequence file. If you seek
| beyond the end of the sequence, the method raises an
| **EOFError** exception. When a sequence file is opened, the
| library automatically seeks to frame 0.
|
| Note that in the current version of the library, most sequence
| formats only allows you to seek to the next frame.
|
| See :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.tell`.
|
| :param frame: Frame number, starting at 0.
| :exception EOFError: If the call attempts to seek beyond the end
| of the sequence.
|
| show(self, title=None, command=None)
| Displays this image. This method is mainly intended for
| debugging purposes.
|
| On Unix platforms, this method saves the image to a temporary
| PPM file, and calls the **xv** utility.
|
| On Windows, it saves the image to a temporary BMP file, and uses
| the standard BMP display utility to show it (usually Paint).
|
| :param title: Optional title to use for the image window,
| where possible.
| :param command: command used to show the image
|
| split(self)
| Split this image into individual bands. This method returns a
| tuple of individual image bands from an image. For example,
| splitting an "RGB" image creates three new images each
| containing a copy of one of the original bands (red, green,
| blue).
|
| :returns: A tuple containing bands.
|
| tell(self)
| Returns the current frame number. See :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.seek`.
|
| :returns: Frame number, starting with 0.
|
| thumbnail(self, size, resample=0)
| Make this image into a thumbnail. This method modifies the
| image to contain a thumbnail version of itself, no larger than
| the given size. This method calculates an appropriate thumbnail
| size to preserve the aspect of the image, calls the
| :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.draft` method to configure the file reader
| (where applicable), and finally resizes the image.
|
| Note that the bilinear and bicubic filters in the current
| version of PIL are not well-suited for thumbnail generation.
| You should use :py:attr:`PIL.Image.ANTIALIAS` unless speed is much more
| important than quality.
|
| Also note that this function modifies the :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image`
| object in place. If you need to use the full resolution image as well, apply
| this method to a :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.copy` of the original image.
|
| :param size: Requested size.
| :param resample: Optional resampling filter. This can be one
| of :py:attr:`PIL.Image.NEAREST`, :py:attr:`PIL.Image.BILINEAR`,
| :py:attr:`PIL.Image.BICUBIC`, or :py:attr:`PIL.Image.ANTIALIAS`
| (best quality). If omitted, it defaults to
| :py:attr:`PIL.Image.NEAREST` (this will be changed to ANTIALIAS in a
| future version).
| :returns: None
|
| tobitmap(self, name='image')
| Returns the image converted to an X11 bitmap.
|
| .. note:: This method only works for mode "1" images.
|
| :param name: The name prefix to use for the bitmap variables.
| :returns: A string containing an X11 bitmap.
| :raises ValueError: If the mode is not "1"
|
| tobytes(self, encoder_name='raw', *args)
| Return image as a bytes object
|
| :param encoder_name: What encoder to use. The default is to
| use the standard "raw" encoder.
| :param args: Extra arguments to the encoder.
| :rtype: A bytes object.
|
| tostring(self, *args, **kw)
| # Declare tostring as alias to tobytes
|
| transform(self, size, method, data=None, resample=0, fill=1)
| Transforms this image. This method creates a new image with the
| given size, and the same mode as the original, and copies data
| to the new image using the given transform.
|
| :param size: The output size.
| :param method: The transformation method. This is one of
| :py:attr:`PIL.Image.EXTENT` (cut out a rectangular subregion),
| :py:attr:`PIL.Image.AFFINE` (affine transform),
| :py:attr:`PIL.Image.PERSPECTIVE` (perspective transform),
| :py:attr:`PIL.Image.QUAD` (map a quadrilateral to a rectangle), or
| :py:attr:`PIL.Image.MESH` (map a number of source quadrilaterals
| in one operation).
| :param data: Extra data to the transformation method.
| :param resample: Optional resampling filter. It can be one of
| :py:attr:`PIL.Image.NEAREST` (use nearest neighbour),
| :py:attr:`PIL.Image.BILINEAR` (linear interpolation in a 2x2
| environment), or :py:attr:`PIL.Image.BICUBIC` (cubic spline
| interpolation in a 4x4 environment). If omitted, or if the image
| has mode "1" or "P", it is set to :py:attr:`PIL.Image.NEAREST`.
| :returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
|
| transpose(self, method)
| Transpose image (flip or rotate in 90 degree steps)
|
| :param method: One of :py:attr:`PIL.Image.FLIP_LEFT_RIGHT`,
| :py:attr:`PIL.Image.FLIP_TOP_BOTTOM`, :py:attr:`PIL.Image.ROTATE_90`,
| :py:attr:`PIL.Image.ROTATE_180`, or :py:attr:`PIL.Image.ROTATE_270`.
| :returns: Returns a flipped or rotated copy of this image.
|
| verify(self)
| Verifies the contents of a file. For data read from a file, this
| method attempts to determine if the file is broken, without
| actually decoding the image data. If this method finds any
| problems, it raises suitable exceptions. If you need to load
| the image after using this method, you must reopen the image
| file.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data and other attributes defined here:
|
| format = None
|
| format_description = None
class ImagePointHandler
class ImageTransformHandler
FUNCTIONS
alpha_composite(im1, im2)
Alpha composite im2 over im1.
:param im1: The first image.
:param im2: The second image. Must have the same mode and size as
the first image.
:returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
blend(im1, im2, alpha)
Creates a new image by interpolating between two input images, using
a constant alpha.::
out = image1 * (1.0 - alpha) + image2 * alpha
:param im1: The first image.
:param im2: The second image. Must have the same mode and size as
the first image.
:param alpha: The interpolation alpha factor. If alpha is 0.0, a
copy of the first image is returned. If alpha is 1.0, a copy of
the second image is returned. There are no restrictions on the
alpha value. If necessary, the result is clipped to fit into
the allowed output range.
:returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
coerce_e(value)
composite(image1, image2, mask)
Create composite image by blending images using a transparency mask.
:param image1: The first image.
:param image2: The second image. Must have the same mode and
size as the first image.
:param mask: A mask image. This image can can have mode
"1", "L", or "RGBA", and must have the same size as the
other two images.
eval(image, *args)
Applies the function (which should take one argument) to each pixel
in the given image. If the image has more than one band, the same
function is applied to each band. Note that the function is
evaluated once for each possible pixel value, so you cannot use
random components or other generators.
:param image: The input image.
:param function: A function object, taking one integer argument.
:returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
fromarray(obj, mode=None)
Creates an image memory from an object exporting the array interface
(using the buffer protocol).
If obj is not contiguous, then the tobytes method is called
and :py:func:`~PIL.Image.frombuffer` is used.
:param obj: Object with array interface
:param mode: Mode to use (will be determined from type if None)
:returns: An image memory.
.. versionadded:: 1.1.6
frombuffer(mode, size, data, decoder_name='raw', *args)
Creates an image memory referencing pixel data in a byte buffer.
This function is similar to :py:func:`~PIL.Image.frombytes`, but uses data
in the byte buffer, where possible. This means that changes to the
original buffer object are reflected in this image). Not all modes can
share memory; supported modes include "L", "RGBX", "RGBA", and "CMYK".
Note that this function decodes pixel data only, not entire images.
If you have an entire image file in a string, wrap it in a
**BytesIO** object, and use :py:func:`~PIL.Image.open` to load it.
In the current version, the default parameters used for the "raw" decoder
differs from that used for :py:func:`~PIL.Image.fromstring`. This is a
bug, and will probably be fixed in a future release. The current release
issues a warning if you do this; to disable the warning, you should provide
the full set of parameters. See below for details.
:param mode: The image mode.
:param size: The image size.
:param data: A bytes or other buffer object containing raw
data for the given mode.
:param decoder_name: What decoder to use.
:param args: Additional parameters for the given decoder. For the
default encoder ("raw"), it's recommended that you provide the
full set of parameters::
frombuffer(mode, size, data, "raw", mode, 0, 1)
:returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
.. versionadded:: 1.1.4
frombytes(mode, size, data, decoder_name='raw', *args)
Creates a copy of an image memory from pixel data in a buffer.
In its simplest form, this function takes three arguments
(mode, size, and unpacked pixel data).
You can also use any pixel decoder supported by PIL. For more
information on available decoders, see the section
**Writing Your Own File Decoder**.
Note that this function decodes pixel data only, not entire images.
If you have an entire image in a string, wrap it in a
:py:class:`~io.BytesIO` object, and use :py:func:`~PIL.Image.open` to load
it.
:param mode: The image mode.
:param size: The image size.
:param data: A byte buffer containing raw data for the given mode.
:param decoder_name: What decoder to use.
:param args: Additional parameters for the given decoder.
:returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
fromstring(*args, **kw) Deprecated alias to frombytes. .. deprecated:: 2.0 getmodebandnames(mode) Gets a list of individual band names. Given a mode, this function returns a tuple containing the names of individual bands (use :py:method:`~PIL.Image.getmodetype` to get the mode used to store each individual band. :param mode: Input mode. :returns: A tuple containing band names. The length of the tuple gives the number of bands in an image of the given mode. :exception KeyError: If the input mode was not a standard mode. getmodebands(mode) Gets the number of individual bands for this mode. :param mode: Input mode. :returns: The number of bands in this mode. :exception KeyError: If the input mode was not a standard mode. getmodebase(mode) Gets the "base" mode for given mode. This function returns "L" for images that contain grayscale data, and "RGB" for images that contain color data. :param mode: Input mode. :returns: "L" or "RGB". :exception KeyError: If the input mode was not a standard mode. getmodetype(mode) Gets the storage type mode. Given a mode, this function returns a single-layer mode suitable for storing individual bands. :param mode: Input mode. :returns: "L", "I", or "F". :exception KeyError: If the input mode was not a standard mode. init() Explicitly initializes the Python Imaging Library. This function loads all available file format drivers. isImageType(t) Checks if an object is an image object. .. warning:: This function is for internal use only. :param t: object to check if it's an image :returns: True if the object is an image merge(mode, bands) Merge a set of single band images into a new multiband image. :param mode: The mode to use for the output image. :param bands: A sequence containing one single-band image for each band in the output image. All bands must have the same size. :returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object. new(mode, size, color=0) Creates a new image with the given mode and size. :param mode: The mode to use for the new image. :param size: A 2-tuple, containing (width, height) in pixels. :param color: What color to use for the image. Default is black. If given, this should be a single integer or floating point value for single-band modes, and a tuple for multi-band modes (one value per band). When creating RGB images, you can also use color strings as supported by the ImageColor module. If the color is None, the image is not initialised. :returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object. open(fp, mode='r') Opens and identifies the given image file. This is a lazy operation; this function identifies the file, but the actual image data is not read from the file until you try to process the data (or call the :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.load` method). See :py:func:`~PIL.Image.new`. :param file: A filename (string) or a file object. The file object must implement :py:meth:`~file.read`, :py:meth:`~file.seek`, and :py:meth:`~file.tell` methods, and be opened in binary mode. :param mode: The mode. If given, this argument must be "r". :returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object. :exception IOError: If the file cannot be found, or the image cannot be opened and identified. preinit() Explicitly load standard file format drivers. register_extension(id, extension) Registers an image extension. This function should not be used in application code. :param id: An image format identifier. :param extension: An extension used for this format. register_mime(id, mimetype) Registers an image MIME type. This function should not be used in application code. :param id: An image format identifier. :param mimetype: The image MIME type for this format. register_open(id, factory, accept=None) Register an image file plugin. This function should not be used in application code. :param id: An image format identifier. :param factory: An image file factory method. :param accept: An optional function that can be used to quickly reject images having another format. register_save(id, driver) Registers an image save function. This function should not be used in application code. :param id: An image format identifier. :param driver: A function to save images in this format. DATA ADAPTIVE = 1 AFFINE = 0 ANTIALIAS = 1 BICUBIC = 3 BILINEAR = 2 CONTAINER = 2 CUBIC = 3 DEBUG = 0 DEFAULT_STRATEGY = 0 EXTENSION = {'.bmp': 'BMP', '.gif': 'GIF', '.jfif': 'JPEG', '.jpe': 'J... EXTENT = 1 FASTOCTREE = 2 FILTERED = 1 FIXED = 4 FLIP_LEFT_RIGHT = 0 FLIP_TOP_BOTTOM = 1 FLOYDSTEINBERG = 3 HAS_CFFI = True HUFFMAN_ONLY = 2 ID = ['BMP', 'GIF', 'JPEG', 'PPM', 'PNG'] LINEAR = 2 MAXCOVERAGE = 1 MEDIANCUT = 0 MESH = 4 MIME = {'GIF': 'image/gif', 'JPEG': 'image/jpeg', 'PNG': 'image/png'} MODES = ['1', 'CMYK', 'F', 'I', 'L', 'LAB', 'P', 'RGB', 'RGBA', 'RGBX'... NEAREST = 0 NONE = 0 NORMAL = 0 OPEN = {'BMP': (<class PIL.BmpImagePlugin.BmpImageFile>, <function _ac... ORDERED = 1 PERSPECTIVE = 2 PILLOW_VERSION = '2.4.0' QUAD = 3 RASTERIZE = 2 RLE = 3 ROTATE_180 = 3 ROTATE_270 = 4 ROTATE_90 = 2 SAVE = {'BMP': <function _save>, 'GIF': <function _save>, 'JPEG': <fun... SEQUENCE = 1 USE_CFFI_ACCESS = False VERSION = '1.1.7' WEB = 0 print_function = _Feature((2, 6, 0, 'alpha', 2), (3, 0, 0, 'alpha', 0)...第二个说的很详细，上面的你看懂了，PIL你也就会用了。上面说的太多，根据网有说比较常用的进行下面的整理。
函数说明
open
open(fp, mode='r')功能：根据fp文件录取读取图片文件
例子：
from PIL import Image
filename="c:/image/three.jpg"
im=Image.open(filename)
print im.show()
print im读取并显示图片
print im 输出图片的一些信息，格式，大小
crop
corp(box)box=(left, upper, right, and lower)
功能：从左上到右下采取部分图片
例子：
im.crop((110,40,300,300)).show()getpixel
功能：返回在xy位置处的像素值。
print im.getpixel((220,100))
(242, 223, 208)太多了，没有耐心整理了，还有几乎都是翻译的。
详情查看链接：
1.http://pillow.readthedocs.org/en/latest/reference/Image.html
2.http://effbot.org/imagingbook/pil-index.htm
上面很多很详细
The Standard Python Library
http://effbot.org/librarybook/