strtok()
下面的说明摘自于最新的Linux内核2.6.29，说明了strtok()这个函数已经不再使用，由速度更快的strsep（）代替
/*
* linux/lib/string.c
*
* Copyright (C) 1991, 1992 Linus Torvalds
*/
/*
* stupid library routines.. The optimized versions should generally be found
* as inline code in <asm-xx/string.h>
*
* These are buggy as well..
*
* * Fri Jun 25 1999, Ingo Oeser <[email protected]>
* - Added strsep() which will replace strtok() soon (because strsep() is
* reentrant and should be faster). Use only strsep() in new code, please.
*
* * Sat Feb 09 2002, Jason Thomas <[email protected]>,
* Matthew Hawkins <[email protected]>
* - Kissed strtok() goodbye
*/
strtok()这个函数大家都应该碰到过,但好像总有些问题, 这里着重讲下它
下面我们来看一个例子：
int main() {
char test1[] = "feng,ke,wei";
char *test2 = "feng,ke,wei";
char *p; p = strtok(test1, ",");
while(p)
{
printf("%s\n", p);
p = strtok(NULL, ",");
}
return 0;
}
运行结果:
feng
ke
wei
但如果用p = strtok(test2, ",")则会出现内存错误,这是为什么呢?是不是跟它里面那个静态变量有关呢? 我们来看看它的原码:
/***
*strtok.c - tokenize a string with given delimiters
*
* Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
*
*Purpose:
* defines strtok() - breaks string into series of token
* via repeated calls.
*
*******************************************************************************/
#include <cruntime.h>
#include <string.h>
#ifdef _MT
#include <mtdll.h>
#endif /* _MT */
/***
*char *strtok(string, control) - tokenize string with delimiter in control
*
*Purpose:
* strtok considers the string to consist of a sequence of zero or more
* text tokens separated by spans of one or more control chars. the first
* call, with string specified, returns a pointer to the first char of the
* first token, and will write a null char into string immediately
* following the returned token. subsequent calls with zero for the first
* argument (string) will work thru the string until no tokens remain. the
* control string may be different from call to call. when no tokens remain
* in string a NULL pointer is returned. remember the control chars with a
* bit map, one bit per ascii char. the null char is always a control char.
* //这里已经说得很详细了!!比MSDN都好!
*Entry:
* char *string - string to tokenize, or NULL to get next token
* char *control - string of characters to use as delimiters
*
*Exit:
* returns pointer to first token in string, or if string
* was NULL, to next token
* returns NULL when no more tokens remain.
*
*Uses:
*
*Exceptions:
*
*******************************************************************************/
char * __cdecl strtok (
char * string,
const char * control
)
{
unsigned char *str;
const unsigned char *ctrl = control;
unsigned char map[32];
int count;
#ifdef _MT
_ptiddata ptd = _getptd();
#else /* _MT */
static char *nextoken; //保存剩余子串的静态变量
#endif /* _MT */
/* Clear control map */
for (count = 0; count < 32; count++)
map[count] = 0;
/* Set bits in delimiter table */
do {
map[*ctrl >> 3] |= (1 << (*ctrl & 7));
} while (*ctrl++);
/* Initialize str. If string is NULL, set str to the saved
* pointer (i.e., continue breaking tokens out of the string
* from the last strtok call) */
if (string)
str = string; //第一次调用函数所用到的原串
else
#ifdef _MT
str = ptd->_token;
#else /* _MT */
str = nextoken; //将函数第一参数设置为NULL时调用的余串
#endif /* _MT */
/* Find beginning of token (skip over leading delimiters). Note that
* there is no token iff this loop sets str to point to the terminal
* null (*str == '\0') */
while ( (map[*str >> 3] & (1 << (*str & 7))) && *str )
str++;
string = str; //此时的string返回余串的执行结果
/* Find the end of the token. If it is not the end of the string,
* put a null there. */
//这里就是处理的核心了, 找到分隔符,并将其设置为'\0',当然'\0'也将保存在返回的串中
for ( ; *str ; str++ )
if ( map[*str >> 3] & (1 << (*str & 7)) ) {
*str++ = '\0'; //这里就相当于修改了串的内容 ①
break;
}
/* Update nextoken (or the corresponding field in the per-thread data
* structure */
#ifdef _MT
ptd->_token = str;
#else /* _MT */
nextoken = str; //将余串保存在静态变量中,以便下次调用
#endif /* _MT */
/* Determine if a token has been found. */ if ( string == str ) return NULL; else return string; 1. strtok介绍 众所周知，strtok可以根据用户所提供的分割符（同时分隔符也可以为复数比如“，。”） 将一段字符串分割直到遇到"\0". 比如，分隔符=“，” 字符串=“Fred，John，Ann” 通过strtok 就可以把3个字符串 “Fred” “John” “Ann”提取出来。 上面的C代码为
char buffer[]="Fred,John,Ann"
char *p[3];
char *buff = buffer;
while((p[in]= strtok(buf,","))!=NULL) {
i++;
buf=NULL; }
如上代码，第一次执行strtok需要以目标字符串的地址为第一参数（buf=buffer），之后strtok需要以NULL为第一参数 (buf=NULL)。指针列p[],则储存了分割后的结果，p[0]="John",p[1]="John",p[2]="Ann"，而buf就变 成 Fred\0John\0Ann\0。
2. strtok的弱点
让我们更改一下我们的计划：我们有一段字符串 "Fred male 25,John male 62,Anna female 16" 我们希望把这个字符串整理输入到一个struct，
char [25] name ;
char [6] sex;
char [4] age;
}
要做到这个，其中一个方法就是先提取一段被“，”分割的字符串，然后再将其以“ ”（空格）分割。
比如： 截取 "Fred male 25" 然后分割成 "Fred" "male" "25"
以下我写了个小程序去表现这个过程：
#include<string.h>
#define INFO_MAX_SZ 255
int main()
{
int in=0;
char buffer[INFO_MAX_SZ]="Fred male 25,John male 62,Anna female 16";
char *p[20];
char *buf=buffer;
while((p[in]= strtok(buf,","))!=NULL) {
buf=p[in];
while((p[in]= strtok(buf," "))!=NULL) {
in++;
buf=NULL;
}
p[in++]="***"; //表现分割
buf=NULL; }
printf("Here we have %d strings\n",i);
for (int j=0; j<in; j++)
printf(">%s<\n",p[j]);
return 0;
}
这个程序输出为：
Here we have 4 strings
>Fred<
>male<
>25<
>***<
这只是一小段的数据，并不是我们需要的。但这是为什么呢？ 这是因为strtok使用一个static（静态）指针来操作数据，让我来分析一下以上代码的运行过程：
红色为strtok的内置指针指向的位置，蓝色为strtok对字符串的修改
1. "Fred male 25,John male 62,Anna female 16" //外循环
2. "Fred male 25\0John male 62,Anna female 16" //进入内循环
3. "Fred\0male 25\0John male 62,Anna female 16"
4. "Fred\0male\025\0John male 62,Anna female 16"
5 "Fred\0male\025\0John male 62,Anna female 16" //内循环遇到"\0"回到外循环
6 "Fred\0male\025\0John male 62,Anna female 16" //外循环遇到"\0"运行结束。
3. 使用strtok_r
在这种情况我们应该使用strtok_r, strtok reentrant.
char *strtok_r(char *s, const char *delim, char **ptrptr);
相对strtok我们需要为strtok提供一个指针来操作，而不是像strtok使用配套的指针。
代码：
#include<string.h>
#define INFO_MAX_SZ 255
int main()
{
int in=0;
char buffer[INFO_MAX_SZ]="Fred male 25,John male 62,Anna female 16";
char *p[20];
char *buf=buffer;
char *outer_ptr=NULL;
char *inner_ptr=NULL;
while((p[in]= strtok_r(buf,",",&outer_ptr))!=NULL) {
buf=p[in];
while((p[in]= strtok_r(buf," ",&inner_ptr))!=NULL) {
in++;
buf=NULL;
}
p[in++]="***";
buf=NULL; }
printf("Here we have %d strings\n",i);
for (int j=0; jn<i; j++)
printf(">%s<\n",p[j]);
return 0;
}
这一次的输出为：
Here we have 12 strings
>Fred<
>male<
>25<
>***<
>John<
>male<
>62<
>***<
>Anna<
>female<
>16<
>***<
让我来分析一下以上代码的运行过程：
红色为strtok_r的outer_ptr指向的位置，
紫色为strtok_r的inner_ptr指向的位置，
蓝色为strtok对字符串的修改
1. "Fred male 25,John male 62,Anna female 16" //外循环
2. "Fred male 25\0John male 62,Anna female 16"//进入内循环
3. "Fred\0male 25\0John male 62,Anna female 16"
4 "Fred\0male\025\0John male 62,Anna female 16"
5 "Fred\0male\025\0John male 62,Anna female 16" //内循环遇到"\0"回到外循环
6 "Fred\0male\025\0John male 62\0Anna female 16"//进入内循环
}
原来, 该函数修改了原串.
所以,当使用char *test2 = "feng,ke,wei"作为第一个参数传入时,在位置①处, 由于test2指向的内容保存在文字常量区,该区的内容是不能修改的,所以会出现内存错误. 而char test1[] = "feng,ke,wei" 中的test1指向的内容是保存在栈区的,所以可以修改.
看到这里 大家应该会对文字常量区有个更加理性的认识吧.....