SQL语句大全

基础

创建数据库

  创建之前判断该数据库是否存在

  if exists (select * from sysdatabases where name='databaseName')

  drop database 'databaseName'

  go

  Create DATABASE database-name

删除数据库

  drop database dbname

备份sql server

  --- 创建 备份数据的 device

  USE master

  EXEC sp_addumpdevice 'disk', 'testBack', 'c:\mssql7backup\MyNwind_1.dat'

  --- 开始 备份

  BACKUP DATABASE pubs TO testBack

创建新表

  create table tabname(col1 type1 [not null] [primary key],col2 type2 [not null],..)

  根据已有的表创建新表:

  A:create table tab_new like tab_old (使用旧表创建新表)

  B:create table tab_new as select col1,col2… from tab_old definition only

删除新表

  drop table tabname

增加一个列

  Alter table tabname add column col type

  注:列增加后将不能删除。DB2中列加上后数据类型也不能改变,唯一能改变的是增加varchar类型的长度。

添加主键

  Alter table tabname add primary key(col)

  说明:删除主键: Alter table tabname drop primary key(col)

创建索引

  create [unique] index idxname on tabname(col….)

  删除索引:drop index idxname on tabname

  注:索引是不可更改的,想更改必须删除重新建。

创建视图

  create view viewname as select statement

  删除视图:drop view viewname

几个简单的基本的sql语句

  选择:select * from table1 where 范围

  插入:insert into table1(field1,field2) values(value1,value2)

  删除:delete from table1 where 范围

  更新:update table1 set field1=value1 where 范围

  查找:select * from table1 where field1 like ’%value1%’ (所有包含‘value1’这个模式的字符串)---like的语法很精妙,查资料!

  排序:select * from table1 order by field1,field2 [desc]

  总数:select count(*) as totalcount from table1

  求和:select sum(field1) as sumvalue from table1

  平均:select avg(field1) as avgvalue from table1

  最大:select max(field1) as maxvalue from table1

  最小:select min(field1) as minvalue from table1[separator]

几个高级查询运算词

  A: UNION 运算符

  UNION 运算符通过组合其他两个结果表(例如 TABLE1 和 TABLE2)并消去表中任何重复行而派生出一个结果表。当 ALL 随 UNION 一起使用时(即 UNION ALL),不消除重复行。两种情况下,派生表的每一行不是来自 TABLE1 就是来自 TABLE2。

  B: EXCEPT 运算符

  EXCEPT 运算符通过包括所有在 TABLE1 中但不在 TABLE2 中的行并消除所有重复行而派生出一个结果表。当 ALL 随 EXCEPT 一起使用时 (EXCEPT ALL),不消除重复行。

  C: INTERSECT 运算符

  INTERSECT 运算符通过只包括 TABLE1 和 TABLE2 中都有的行并消除所有重复行而派生出一个结果表。当 ALL 随 INTERSECT 一起使用时 (INTERSECT ALL),不消除重复行。

  注:使用运算词的几个查询结果行必须是一致的。

使用外连接

  A、left outer join:

  左外连接(左连接):结果集既包括连接表的匹配行,也包括左连接表的所有行。

  SQL: select a.a, a.b, a.c, b.c, b.d, b.f from a LEFT OUT JOIN b ON a.a = b.c

  B:right outer join:

  右外连接(右连接):结果集既包括连接表的匹配连接行,也包括右连接表的所有行。

  C:full outer join:

  全外连接:不仅包括符号连接表的匹配行,还包括两个连接表中的所有记录。

提升

复制表

  (只复制结构,源表名:a 新表名:b) (Access可用)

  法一:select * into b from a where 1<>1

  法二:select top 0 * into b from a

拷贝表

  (拷贝数据,源表名:a 目标表名:b) (Access可用)

  insert into b(a, b, c) select d,e,f from b;

跨数据库之间表的拷贝

  (具体数据使用绝对路径) (Access可用)

  insert into b(a, b, c) select d,e,f from b in ‘具体数据库’ where 条件

  例子:..from b in '"&Server.MapPath("."&"\data.mdb" &"' where..

子查询

  (表名1:a 表名2:b)

  select a,b,c from a where a IN (select d from b 或者: select a,b,c from a where a IN (1,2,3)

显示文章、提交人和最后回复时间

  select a.title,a.username,b.adddate from table a,(select max(adddate) adddate from table where table.title=a.title) b

外连接查询

  (表名1:a 表名2:b)

  select a.a, a.b, a.c, b.c, b.d, b.f from a LEFT OUT JOIN b ON a.a = b.c

在线视图查询

  (表名1:a

  select * from (Select a,b,c FROM a) T where t.a > 1;

between的用法

  between限制查询数据范围时包括了边界值,not between不包括

  select * from table1 where time between time1 and time2

  select a,b,c, from table1 where a not between 数值1 and 数值2

in 的使用方法

  select * from table1 where a [not] in (‘值1’,’值2’,’值4’,’值6’)

删除主表中已经在副表中没有的信息

  两张关联表delete from table1 where not exists ( select * from table2 where table1.field1=table2.field1

四表联查问题

  select * from a left inner join b on a.a=b.b right inner join c on a.a=c.c inner join d on a.a=d.d where .....

日程安排提前五分钟提醒

  SQL: select * from 日程安排 where datediff('minute',f开始时间,getdate())>5

一条sql 语句搞定数据库分页

  select top 10 b.* from (select top 20 主键字段,排序字段 from 表名 order by 排序字段 desc) a,表名 b where b.主键字段 = a.主键字段 order by a.排序字段

前10条记录

  select top 10 * form table1 where 范围

选择排名

  选择在每一组b值相同的数据中对应的a最大的记录的所有信息(类似这样的用法可以用于论坛每月排行榜,每月热销产品分析,按科目成绩排名,等等.)

  select a,b,c from tablename ta where a=(select max(a) from tablename tb where tb.b=ta.b)

派生结果表

  包括所有在 TableA 中但不在 TableB和TableC 中的行并消除所有重复行而派生出一个结果表

  (select a from tableA except (select a from tableB) except (select a from tableC)

随机取出10条数据

  select top 10 * from tablename order by newid()

随机选择记录

  select newid()

删除重复记录

  Delete from tablename where id not in (select max(id) from tablename group by col1,col2,...)

列出数据库里所有的表名

  select name from sysobjects where type='U'

列出表里的所有的

  select name from syscolumns where id=object_id('TableName')

列示排列

  列示type、vender、pcs字段,以type字段排列,case可以方便地实现多重选择,类似select 中的case。

  select type,sum(case vender when 'A' then pcs else 0 end),sum(case vender when 'C' then pcs else 0 end),sum(case vender when 'B' then pcs else 0 end) FROM tablename group by type

  显示结果:

  type vender pcs

  电脑 A 1

  电脑 A 1

  光盘 B 2

  光盘 A 2

  手机 B 3

  手机 C 3

初始化表table1

  TRUNCATE TABLE table1

选择从10到15的记录

  select top 5 * from (select top 15 * from table order by id asc) table_别名 order by id desc

数据类型转换

  declare @numid int

  declare @id varchar(50)

  set @numid=2005

  set @id=convert(varchar,@numid)

  通过上述语句完成数据类型Int转换成varchar,其他转换类似,可参看convert函数

技巧

1=1,1=2的使用

  在SQL语句组合时用的较多

  “where 1=1” 是表示选择全部 “where 1=2”全部不选,

  如:

  if @strWhere !='

  begin

  set @strSQL = 'select count(*) as Total from [' + @tblName + '] where ' + @strWhere

  end

  else

  begin

  set @strSQL = 'select count(*) as Total from [' + @tblName + ']'

  end

  我们可以直接写成

  set @strSQL = 'select count(*) as Total from [' + @tblName + '] where 1=1 安定 '+ @strWhere

收缩数据库

  --重建索引

  DBCC REINDEX

  DBCC INDEXDEFRAG

  --收缩数据和日志

  DBCC SHRINKDB

  DBCC SHRINKFILE

压缩数据库

  dbcc shrinkdatabase(dbname)

  转移数据库给新用户以已存在用户权限

  exec sp_change_users_login 'update_one','newname','oldname'

  go

检查备份集

  RESTORE VERIFYONLY from disk='E:\dvbbs.bak'

修复数据库

  Alter DATABASE [dvbbs] SET SINGLE_USER

  GO

  DBCC CHECKDB('dvbbs',repair_allow_data_loss) WITH TABLOCK

  GO

  Alter DATABASE [dvbbs] SET MULTI_USER

  GO

日志清除

  SET NOCOUNT ON

  DECLARE @LogicalFileName sysname,

  @MaxMinutes INT,

  @NewSize INT

  USE tablename -- 要操作的数据库名

  Select @LogicalFileName = 'tablename_log', -- 日志文件名

  @MaxMinutes = 10, -- Limit on time allowed to wrap log.

  @NewSize = 1 -- 你想设定的日志文件的大小(M)

  -- Setup / initialize

  DECLARE @OriginalSize int

  Select @OriginalSize = size

  FROM sysfiles

  Where name = @LogicalFileName

  Select 'Original Size of ' + db_name() + ' LOG is ' +

  CONVERT(VARCHAR(30),@OriginalSize) + ' 8K pages or ' +

  CONVERT(VARCHAR(30),(@OriginalSize*8/1024)) + 'MB'

  FROM sysfiles

  Where name = @LogicalFileName

  Create TABLE DummyTrans

  (DummyColumn char (8000) not null)

  DECLARE @Counter INT,

  @StartTime DATETIME,

  @TruncLog VARCHAR(255)

  Select @StartTime = GETDATE(),

  @TruncLog = 'BACKUP LOG ' + db_name() + ' WITH TRUNCATE_ONLY'

  DBCC SHRINKFILE (@LogicalFileName, @NewSize)

  EXEC (@TruncLog)

  -- Wrap the log if necessary.

  WHILE @MaxMinutes > DATEDIFF (mi, @StartTime, GETDATE()) -- time has not expired

  AND @OriginalSize = (Select size FROM sysfiles Where name = @LogicalFileName)

  AND (@OriginalSize * 8 /1024) > @NewSize

  BEGIN -- Outer loop.

  Select @Counter = 0

  WHILE ((@Counter < @OriginalSize / 16) AND (@Counter < 50000))

  BEGIN -- update

  Insert DummyTrans VALUES ('Fill Log')

  Delete DummyTrans

  Select @Counter = @Counter + 1

  END

  EXEC (@TruncLog)

  END

  Select 'Final Size of ' + db_name() + ' LOG is ' +

  CONVERT(VARCHAR(30),size) + ' 8K pages or ' +

  CONVERT(VARCHAR(30),(size*8/1024)) + 'MB'

  FROM sysfiles

  Where name = @LogicalFileName

  Drop TABLE DummyTrans

  SET NOCOUNT OFF

更改某个表

  exec sp_changeobjectowner 'tablename','dbo'

存储更改全部表

  Create PROCEDURE dbo.User_ChangeObjectOwnerBatch

  @OldOwner as NVARCHAR(128),

  @NewOwner as NVARCHAR(128)

  AS

  DECLARE @Name as NVARCHAR(128)

  DECLARE @Owner as NVARCHAR(128)

  DECLARE @OwnerName as NVARCHAR(128)

  DECLARE curObject CURSOR FOR

  select 'Name' = name,

  'Owner' = user_name(uid)

  from sysobjects

  where user_name(uid)=@OldOwner

  order by name

  OPEN curObject

  FETCH NEXT FROM curObject INTO @Name, @Owner

  WHILE(@@FETCH_STATUS=0)

  BEGIN

  if @Owner=@OldOwner

  begin

  set @OwnerName = @OldOwner + '.' + rtrim(@Name)

  exec sp_changeobjectowner @OwnerName, @NewOwner

  end

  -- select @name,@NewOwner,@OldOwner

  FETCH NEXT FROM curObject INTO @Name, @Owner

  END

  close curObject

  deallocate curObject

  GO

SQL SERVER中直接循环写入数据

  declare @i int

  set @i=1

  while @i<30

  begin

  insert into test (userid) values(@i)

  set @i=@i+1

  end

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