索引
索引的创建
1.使用CREATE INDEX语句创建索引
CREATE INDEX index_customers
ON mysql_test.customers(cust_name(3) ASC);
CREATE INDEX index_cust
ON mysql_test.customers(cust_name,cust_id)
USING BTREE;
如不指定，默认BTREE
2.使用CREATE TABLE语句创建索引
CREATE TABLE seller(
seller_id int NOT NULL AUTO_INCREAMENT,
seller_name char(50) NOT NULL,
seller_address char(50) NULL,
seller_contact char(50) NULL,
product_type int(5) NULL,
sales int NULL,
PRIMARY KEY(seller_id,product_type),
INDEX index_seller(sales)
);
3.使用ALTER TABLE语句创建索引
ALTER TABLE mysql_test.seller
ADD INDEX index_seller_name(seller_name);
索引的删除
1.使用DROP INDEX语句删除索引
DROP INDEX index_cust ON mysql_test.customers;
2.使用ALTER TABLE删除索引
ALTER TABLE mysql_test.customers
DROP PRIMARY KEY,
DROP INDEX index_customers;
视图
创建视图
CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW mysql_test.customers.view
AS
SELECT * FROM mysql_test.customers
WHERE cust_sex='M'
WITH CHECK OPTION;
注意WITH CHECK OPTION用于指定在可更新视图上所进行的修改都要符合SELECT
中所指定的限制条件。
删除视图与数据库、表差不多
修改视图
查看视图定义
更新视图数据
查询视图数据
数据完整性约束与表维护语句
CREATE TABLE customers(
cust_id int NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,
cust_name char(50) NOT NULL,
cust_sex int(1) NOT NULL DEFAULT 0,
cust_address char(50) NULL,
cust_contact char(50) NULL
)ENGINE=InnoDB;
CREATE TABLE orders(
order_id INT NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
order_product CHAR(50) NOT NULL,
order_product_type CHAR(50) NOT NULL,
cust_id INT NOT NULL,
order_date DATETIME NOT NULL,
order_price DOUBLE NOT NULL,
order_amount INT NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY(order_id),
FOREIGN KEY(cust_id)
REFERENCES customers(cust_id)
ON DELETE RESTRICT
ON UPDATE RESTRICT
);
CREATE TABLE orders(
order_id INT NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
order_product CHAR(50) NOT NULL,
order_product_type CHAR(50) NOT NULL,
cust_id INT NOT NULL
CHECK(cust_id IN(SELECT cust_id FROM customers)),
order_date DATETIME NOT NULL,
order_price DOUBLE NOT NULL,
order_amount INT NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY(order_id)
);
CREATE TABLE orders(
order_id INT NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
order_product CHAR(50) NOT NULL,
order_product_type CHAR(50) NOT NULL,
cust_id INT NOT NULL,
order_date DATETIME NOT NULL,
order_price DOUBLE NOT NULL,
order_amount INT NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY(order_id),
CHECK(order_price>=2000 AND order_amount<=5)
);
CREATE TABLE orders(
order_id INT NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
order_product CHAR(50) NOT NULL,
order_product_type CHAR(50) NOT NULL,
cust_id INT NOT NULL,
order_date DATETIME NOT NULL,
order_price DOUBLE NOT NULL,
order_amount INT NOT NULL,
CONSTRAINT PRIMARY_KEY_ORDERS PRIMARY KEY(order_id),
CONSTRAINT FOREIGH_KEY_ORDERS FOREIGH KEY(cust_id)
REFERENCES customers(cust_id)
ON DELETE RESTRICT
ON UPDATE RESTRICT
);
ANALYZE TABLE mysql_test.customers;
更新数据库表的索引散列程度
CHECK TABLE mysql_test.customers;
检测表是否出现错误，该语句只对InnoDB、MyISAM、ARCHIVE、CSV表起作用
CHECKSUM TABLE mysql_test.customers;
获取一个校验和
OPTIMIZE TABLE mysql_test.customers;
优化数据库表
REPAIR TABLE
触发器
创建触发器
CREATE TRIGGER mysql_test.customers_insert.trigger AFTER INSERT
ON mysql_test.customers FOR EACH ROW SET @str='one customer added!';
SELECT @str;
DROP TRIGGER IF EXISTS mysql_test.customers_insert.trigger;
CREATE TRIGGER mysql_test.customers_insert.trigger AFTER INSERT
ON mysql_test.customers FOR EACH ROW SET @str=NEW.cust_id;
INSERT INTO mysql_test.customers
VALUES(NULL,'曾伟','F','长沙市','芙蓉区');
SELECT @str;
CREATE TRIGGER mysql_test.customers_update.trigger BEFORE UPDATE
ON mysql_test.customers FOR EACH ROW
SET NEW.cust_address=OLD.cust_contact;
UPDATE mysql_test.customers SET cust_address='武汉市'
WHERE cust_name='曾伟';
事件
SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'EVENT_SCHEDULER';
或
SELECT @@ EVENT_SCHEDULER;
SELECT GLOBAL EVENT_SCHEDULER=1;
或
SELECT GLOBAL EVENT_SCHEDULER=TRUE;
创建事件
USE mysql_test;
DELIMITER $$
CREATE EVENT IF NOT EXISTS event_insert
ON SCHEDULER EVERY 1 MONTH
STARTS CURDATE+INTERVAL 1 MONTH
ENDS '2013-12-31'
DO
BEGIN
IF YEAR(CURDATE())<2013 THEN
INSERT INTO customers
VALUES(NULL,'戴军','M','北京市','海淀区');
END IF;
END $$
修改事件
ALTER EVENT event_insert DISABLE;
ALTER EVENT event_insert ENABLE;
ALTER EVENT event_insert
RENAME TO e_insert
DROP EVENT IF EXISTS e_insert;
存储过程与存储函数
DELIMITER !!
DELIMITER ;
DELIMITER $$
CREATE PROCEDURE sp_update_sex(IN cid INT,IN csex CHAR(1))
BEGIN
UPDATE customers SET cust_sex=csex WHERE cust_id=cid;
END $$
DECLARE cid INT(10);
SET cid=910;
DELIMITER $$
CREATE PROCEDURE sp_sumofrow(OUT ROWS INT)
BEGIN
DECLARE cid INT;
DECLARE FOUND BOOLEAN DEFAULT TRUE;
DECLARE cur_cid CURSOR FOR
SELECT cust_id FROM customers;
DECLARE CONTINUE HANDLER FOR NOT FOUND
SET FOUND=FALSE;
SET ROES=0;
OPEN cur_cid;
FETCH cur_cid INTO cid;
WHILE FOUND DO
SET ROWS=ROWS+1;
FETCH cur_cid INTO cid;
END WHILE
CLOSE cur_cid;
END $$
本例中定义了一个CONTINUE HANDLER句柄，它是在条件出现时执行的代码
用于控制循环语句，实现游标的下移
调用存储过程
CALL sp_update_sex(909,'M');
修改存储过程
删除存储过程
DROP PROCEDURE sp_update_sex;
存储函数
DELIMITER $$
CREATE FUNCTION fn_search(cid INT)
RETURNS CHAR(2)
DETERMINISTIC
BEGIN
DECLARE SEX CHAR(2)
SELECT cust_sex INTO SEX FROM customers
WHERE cust_id=cid;
IF SEX IS NULL THEN
RETURN(SELECT'没有客户');
ELSE IF SEX='F' THEN
RETURN(SELECT'女');
ELSE RETURN(SELECT'男');
END IF;
END IF;
END $$
SELECT fn_search(904);
DROP FUNCTION IF EXISTS fn_search;
访问控制与安全管理
1.用户账号管理
select user from mysql.user;
1.1创建用户账号
SELECT PASSWORD(456);
CREATE USER 'zhangsan'@'localhost'IDENTIFIED BY '123'
'lisi'@'localhost'IDENTIFIED BY PASSWPRD
'XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX'
1.2删除用户
DROP USER lisi@ localhost
1.3修改用户账号
RENAME USER 'zhangsan'@'localhost'TO'wangwu'@'localhost';
1.4修改用户口令
SELECT PASSWORD('hello');
SET PASSWORD FOR 'wangwu'@'localhost'
='XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX';
2.账户权限管理
SHOW GRANTS FOR 'zhangsan'@'locaalhost';
2.1权限的授予
GRANT SELECT(cust_id,cust_name)
ON mysql_test.customers
TO 'zhangsan'@'locaalhost';
GRANT SELECT,UPDATE
ON mysql_test.customers
TO 'liming'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY '123',
'huang'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY '789';
GRANT ALL
ON mysql_test.*
TO 'wangwu'@'localhost';
GRANT CREATE USER
ON *.*
TO 'wangwu'@'localhost';
2.2权限的转移与限制
GRANT SELECT,UPDATE
ON mysql_test.customers
TO 'zhou'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY '123'
WITH GRANT OPTION;
GRANT DELETE
ON mysql_test.customers
TO 'zhou'@'localhost'
WITH MAX_QUERIES_PER_HOUR 1;
2.3权限的撤销
REVOKE SELECT
ON mysql_test.customers
TO 'zhou'@'localhost';
备份与恢复
1.使用sql语句备份恢复表数据
SELECT * FROM mysql_test.customers
INTO OUTFILE 'C:/BACKUP/backupfile.txt'
FIELDS TERMINATED BY ','
OPTIONALLY ENCLOSED BY '"'
LINES TERMINATED BY '?';
LOAD DATA INFILE 'C:/BACKUP/backupfile.txt'
INTO TABLE mysql_test.customers_copy
FIELDS TERMINATED BY ','
OPTIONALLY ENCLOSED BY '"'
LINES TERMINATED BY '?';
2.使用客户端恢复备份表数据
mysqldump -h localhost -u root -p123456 mysql_test customers>c:\backup\file.sql
注意：如果是本地服务器-h项可以省略
mysqldump -u root -p123456 --databases mysql_test mysql>c:\backup\data.sql
mysqldump -u root -p123456 --all-databases>c:\backup\alldata.sql
mysqldump -u root -p123456 --tab=c:\backup\mysql_test
mysql -u root -p123456 mysql_test<mysql_test.sql
mysql -u root -p123456 customers<c:\backup\customers.sql
mysqlimport -u root -p123456 --low-priority --replace mysql_test c:\backup\customers.txt
mysqlbinlog binlog.000001
mysqlbinlog binlog.000001>c:\backup\bin_log000001.txt
mysqldump -u root -p123456 mysql_test<alldata.sql
mysqlbinlog bin_log.000001|mysql -u root -p123456
mysqlbinlog bin_log.000002|mysql -u root -p123456
PHP的mysql数据库编程
<? php
$string="hello";
echo $string;
?>
<? php
$con=mysql_connect("localhost:3306","root","123456");
if(!$con){
echo "连接失败！<br>";
echo "错误编号：".mysql_errorno()."<br>";
echo "错误信息：".mysql_error()."<br>";
die();
}
echo "连接成功！<br>";
?>
<? php
$server="localhost:3306";
$user="root";
$pwd="123456";
$con=mysql_pconnect($server,$user,$pwd);
if(!$con){
die("连接失败！".mysql_error());
}
echo "MYSQL服务器：$server<br>用户名：$user<br>";
echo "使用函数mysql_pconnect()永久链接数据库。<br>";
?>
<? php
$con=mysql_connect("localhost:3306","root","123456");
if(mysql_errno()){
echo "数据库服务器连接失败！<br>";
die();
}
mysql_select_db("mysql_test",$con);
if(mysql_errno()){
echo "数据库服务器连接失败！<br>";
die();
}
echo "数据库选择成功！<br>";
?>
<? php
$con=mysql_connect("localhost:3306","root","123456")
or die("数据库服务器连接失败！<br>");
mysql_select_db("mysql_test",con) or die("数据库选择失败！<br>");
mysql_query("set names 'gbk'");
$sql="INSERT INTO customers(cust_id,cust_name,cust_sex,cust_address,cust_contact)";
$sql=$sql."VALUES(NULL,'李中华','M','深圳市','南山区')";
if($sql,$con){
echo "客户添加成功！<br>";
}
else
echo "客户添加失败！<br>";
?>
<? php
$con=mysql_connect("localhost:3306","root","123456")
or die("数据库服务器连接失败！<br>");
mysql_select_db("mysql_test",con) or die("数据库选择失败！<br>");
mysql_query("set names 'gbk'");
$sql="UPDATE customers SET cust_address='广州市'";
$sql=$sql."WHERE cust_name='李中华'";
if(mysql_query($sql,$con))
echo "客户地址修改成功！<br>";
else
echo "客户地址修改失败！<br>";
?>
<? php
$con=mysql_connect("localhost:3306","root","123456")
or die("数据库服务器连接失败！<br>");
mysql_select_db("mysql_test",con) or die("数据库选择失败！<br>");
mysql_query("set names 'gbk'");
$sql="DELETE FROM customers";
$sql=$sql."WHERE cust_name='李中华'";
if(mysql_query($sql,$con))
echo "客户删除成功！<br>";
else
echo "客户删除失败！<br>";
?>
<? php
$con=mysql_connect("localhost:3306","root","123456")
or die("数据库服务器连接失败！<br>");
mysql_select_db("mysql_test",con) or die("数据库选择失败！<br>");
mysql_query("set names 'gbk'");
$sql="SELECT cust_name FROM customers";
$sql=$sql."WHERE cust_id=916";
$result=mysql_query($sql,$con);
if($result){
echo "客户查询成功！<br>";
$arry=mysql_fetch_array($result,MYSQL_NUM);
if($array){
echo "读取到客户信息！<br>";
echo "所要查询客户的姓名是：".$array[0];
}
else
echo "没有读取到客户信息！<br>"
}
else
echo "客户查询失败！<br>";
?>
<? php
$con=mysql_connect("localhost:3306","root","123456")
or die("数据库服务器连接失败！<br>");
mysql_select_db("mysql_test",con) or die("数据库选择失败！<br>");
mysql_query("set names 'gbk'");
$sql="SELECT * FROM customers";
$sql=$sql."WHERE cust_sex='F'";
$result=mysql_query($sql,$con);
if($result){
echo "查询成功！<br>";
$num=mysql_num_rows($result);
echo "数据库mysql_test中女性顾客数为：".$num."位";
}
else
echo "查询失败！<br>";
?>
<? php
$con=mysql_connect("localhost:3306","root","123456")
or die("数据库服务器连接失败！<br>");
mysql_select_db("mysql_test",con) or die("数据库选择失败！<br>");
mysql_query("set names 'gbk'");
$sql="SELECT * FROM customers";
$sql=$sql."WHERE cust_sex='F'";
$result=mysql_query($sql,$con);
if($result){
echo "查询成功！<br>";
if(mysql_data_seek($result,2)){
$array=mysql_fetch_array($result,MYSQL_NUM);
echo "数据库mysql_test中第三位女性顾客是：".$array[1];
}
else
echo "记录定位失败！<br>";
}
else
echo "查询失败！<br>";
?>
<? php
$con=mysql_connect("localhost:3306","root","123456")
or die("数据库服务器连接失败！<br>");
echo "已成功建立与MYSQL服务器的连接！<br>";
mysql_select_db("mysql_test",con) or die("数据库选择失败！<br>");
echo "已成功选择数据库mysql_test！<br>";
mysql_close($con) or die("关闭与MYSQL数据库服务器的连接失败！<br>");
echo "已成功关闭与MYSQL数据库服务器的连接！<br>";
?>