第二十八~三十课 constraint not null,unique(当某字段有unique约束时,可以插入空值,空值之间不重复)、主键、外键、 check约束 create table student ( id number(6), name varchar2(20) constraint stu_name_nn not null, sex number(1), age number(3), sdate date, grade number(2) default 1, class number(4), email varchar2(50) unique ) / 行级约束(放在字段后面)与表级约束(加在表后面): create table student ( id number(6), name varchar2(20) constraint stu_name_nn not null, sex number(1), age number(3), sdate date, grade number(2) default 1, class number(4), email varchar2(50), constraint stu_email_name_uni unique(name,email) ) / 主键约束 create table student ( id number(6) primary key, name varchar2(20) constraint stu_name_nn not null, sex number(1), age number(3), sdate date, grade number(2) default 1, class number(4), email varchar2(50), constraint stu_email_name_uni unique(name,email) ) / create table student ( id number(6), name varchar2(20) constraint stu_name_nn not null, sex number(1), age number(3), sdate date, grade number(2) default 1, class number(4), email varchar2(50), constraint stu_id_pk primary key(id), constraint stu_email_name_uni unique(name,email) ) / 外键约束 外键约束被参考的字段必须是主键。 create table class ( id number(4) primary key, name varchar2(20) not null ) / create table student ( id number(6), name varchar2(20) constraint stu_name_nn not null, sex number(1), age number(3), sdate date, grade number(2) default 1, class number(4) references class(id), email varchar2(50), constraint stu_id_pk primary key(id), constraint stu_email_name_uni unique(name,email) ) / create table student ( id number(6), name varchar2(20) constraint stu_name_nn not null, sex number(1), age number(3), sdate date, grade number(2) default 1, class number(4), email varchar2(50), constraint stu_id_pk primary key(id), constraint stu_class_fk foreign key (class) references class(id), constraint stu_email_name_uni unique(name,email) ) / 第三十一课:alter table drop table alter table student add(addr varchar2(100)); alter table student drop(addr); alter table student modify(addr varchar2(50)); 若addr字段中有的记录长度大于50,则修改不成功。 alter table student drop constraint stu_class_fk; alter table student add constraint stu_class_fk foreign key (class) references class (id); drop table class; 第32课:Oracle dictionaries desc user_tables; select table_name from user_tables; select view_name from user_views; select constraint_name from user_constraints; select constraint_name,table_name from user_constraints; desc dictionary; 第33课:indexes_and_views 索引可以提高读数据的效率,但会降低修改、写数据的效率,索引还会占用一定的存储空间 create index idx_stu_email on student(email); drop index idx_stu_email; 视图会带来一些维护的代价,比如表结构改了,那么视图也得跟着改变。视图还可以用来保 护私有数据。 select index_name from user_indexes; select view_name from user_views; 第34课:sequences and review 序列可以自动增长,在sql server中有identity,mysql中有auto_increment create table article ( id number, title varchar2(1024), cont long ) / 如何保证插入数据时id不重复? select max(id) from article;这样做也不行,如果有多个线程同时访问数据,则可能会出现 数据不一致的现象,比方说第一个用户查询出最大id值是100,第二个用户也查询出最大id是 100,然后第二个用户新插入一条记录:id是101,然后第一个用户也插入了一条记录:id也是 101 可以用Oracle的sequence create sequence seq_article_id; 多个表之问可以共用一个序列,但是一般情况下为每个字段分别建立一个序列 sequence有两个属性CurrVal、NextVal select seq.nextvalue from dual; insert into article values(seq.nextval,'y','yy'); insert into article values(seq.nextval,'x','xx'); insert into article values(seq.nextval,'z','zz'); insert into article values(seq.nextval,'q','qq'); 第35课:三范式 第一范式: 1.每个表都要有主键 2.列不可分,比如: create table stu ( id number, name varchar2(20), age number ) / insert into stu values(1,'yu',21); create table stu2 ( inf long ) / insert into stu2 values('1_yu_21'); 虽然表stu2可以字符串解析后可以达到和表stu一样的效果,但是显然第一种方法更好,查询数 据更加方便,而表stu2违反了第一范式的列不可分原则。 第二范式: 当有两个以上字段作主键时,非主键字段不能部分依赖于主键字段,如有一个需求,一门老师教 多名学生,一名学生可以选多个老师的课。然后设计了一张表,有以下字段(老师编号、学生编 号、老师姓名、学生姓名等),其中以老师编号和学生编号作联合主键,则些表就存在部分依赖 ,老师姓名部分依赖于老师编号,不满足第二范式,有数据冗余。要解决这个问题可以设计三张 表。 第三范式: 不能存在传递依赖,如有一张表有以下字段:(学号、姓名、班级号、班级名称、班级位置), 其中学号为主键,则班级号依赖于学号,每个学生都有相应的班级号,但是班级名称、班级位置 是依赖于班级号,即它们通过班级号传递依赖于学号,不满足第三范式。 第38课:PL_SQL set serveroutput on; begin dbms_output.put_line('Hello World!!'); end; declare v_name varchar2(20); begin v_name:='xiaoyu'; dbms_output.put_line(v_name); end; declare v_num number:=0; begin v_num:=2/v_num; dbms_output.put_line(v_num); exception when others then dbms_output.put_line('error'); end; --变量声明的规则 1.变量名不能使用保留字 2.第一个字符必须是字母 3.变量名最多包含30个字母 4.不要与数据库或表名同名 5.每一行只能声明一个变量 /* 这是多行注释 */ --常用变量类型 1.binary_integer:整数,主要用来计数而不是用来表示字段类型 2.number数字类型 3.char定长字符串 4.date日期 5.long长字符串,最长2GG 6.boolean类型:可以取值true、false、null,默认为null,另外boolean类型值不可直接打印 --变量声明 declare v_temp number(1); v_count binary_integer:=0; v_sal number(7,2):=8888.88; v_date date:=sysdate; v_pi constant number(3,2):=3.14; v_valid boolean:=false; v_name varchar2(20) not null:='geniusxiaoyu'; begin dbms_output.put_line('v_temp value:' || v_temp); end; --变量声明:使用%type属性 declare v_empno number(4); v_empno2 emp.empno%type; v_empno3 v_empno2%type; begin dbms_output.put_line('test for type'); end; --Table变量类型,相当于数组类型 declare type type_table_emp_empno is table of emp.empno%type index by binary_integer; v_empnos typa_table_emp_empno; begin v_empnos(0):=7777; v_empnos(1):=7778; v_empnos(-1):=6666; dbms_output.put_line(v_empnos(-1)); end; --Record变量类型,相当于类 declare type type_record_dept is record ( deptno dept.deptno%type, dname dept.dname%type, loc dept.loc%type ); v_temp type_record_dept; begin v_temp.deptno:=50; v_temp.dname:='yugang'; v_temp.loc:='beijing'; dbms_output.put_line(v_temp.deptno || ' ' || v_temp.dname || ' ' || v_temp.loc); end; --使用%rowtype声明record变量 declare v_temp dept%rowtype; begin v_temp.deptno:=50; v_temp.dname:='yugang'; v_temp.loc:='beijing'; dbms_output.put_line(v_temp.deptno || ' ' || v_temp.dname || ' ' || v_temp.loc); end; --SQL语句的运用 --select语句必须和into语句一块使用并且只能返回一条记录 --sql%rowcount declare v_name emp.ename%type; v_sal emp.sal%type; begin select ename,sal into v_name,v_sal from emp where empno=7369; dbms_output.put_line(v_name || ' ' || v_sal); end; declare v_temp emp%rowtype; begin select * into v_temp from emp where empno=7369; dbms_output.put_line(v_temp.ename || ' ' || v_temp.eno); end; declare v_deptno dept.deptno%type:=50; v_dname dept.dname%type:='mm'; v_loc dept.loc%type:='bj'; begin insert into dept values(v_deptno,v_dname,v_loc); commit; end; declare v_deptno dept.deptno%type:=50; v_count number; begin --update emp set sal:=sal/2 where deptno=v_deptno; --select deptno into v_deptno from emp where deptno=7369; select count(*) into v_count from emp; dbms_output.put_line(sql%rowcount || '条记录被影响!'); commit; end; --DDL语句,在PLSQL中使用DDL语句要加上execute immediate,两个单引号代表一个单引号 begin execute immediate 'create table tt(name varchar2(20) default ''Army'')'; end; declare v_sal emp.sal%type; begin select sal into v_sal from emp where empno=7369; if(v_sal<1200) then dbms_output.put_line('low'); elsif(v_sal<2000) then dbms_output.put_line('middle'); else dbms_output.put_line('high'); end if; end; --循环 declare i binary_integer:=1; begin loop dbms_output.put_line(i); i:=i+1; exit when (i >= 11); end loop; end; declare j binary_integer:=1; begin while j<11 loop dbms_output.put_line(j); j:=j+1; end loop; end; begin for k in 1..10 loop dbms_output.put_line(k); end loop; for k in reverce 1..10 loop dbms_output.put_line(k); end loop; end; --错误处理 declare v_temp number; begin select empno into v_temp where deptno=10; exception when too_many_rows then dbms_output.put_line('太多记录了'); when others then dbms_output.put_line('error'); end; declare v_temp number; begin select deptno into v_temp from emp where empno=2222; exception when no_data_found then dbms_output.put_line('没数据'); end; create table errorlog ( id number primary key, errcode number, errmsg varchar2(1024), errdate date ); create sequence seq_errorlog_id start with 1 increment by 1; declare v_deptno dept.deptno%type:=10; v_errcode number; v_errmsg varchar2(1024); begin delete from dept where deptno=v_deptno; commit; exception when others then rollback; v_errcode:=SQLCODE; v_errmsg:=SQLERRM; insert into errlog values(seq_errorlog_id.nextVal,v_errcode,v_errmsg,sysdate); commit; end; 第47~48课:cursor(重点) declare cursor c is select * from emp; v_emp c%rowtype; begin open c; fetch c into v_emp; dbms_output.put_line(v_emp.ename); close c; end; --简单循环 declare cursor c is select * from emp; v_emp c%rowtype; begin open c; loop fetch c into v_emp; exit when(c%notfound); dbms_output.put_line(v_emp.ename); end loop; end; declare cursor c is select * from emp; v_emp c%rowtype; begin open c; loop fetch c into v_emp; --下面两行顺序改变后,将会把最后一条记录打印两遍 dbms_output.put_line(v_emp.ename); exit when(c%notfound); end loop; end; --while循环 declare cursor c is select * from emp; v_emp emp%rowtype; begin open c; fetch c into v_emp; while(c%found) loop dbms_output.put_line(v_emp.ename); fetch c into v_emp; end loop; close c; end; --for循环 declare cursor c is select * from emp; begin open c; for v_emp in c loop dbms_output.put_line(v_emp.ename); end loop; close c; end; --带参数的游标 declare cursor c(v_deptno emp.deptno%type,v_job emp.job%type) is select ename,sal from emp where deptno=v_deptno and job=v_job; --v_emp emp%rowtype; begin for v_emp in c(30,'JAY') loop dbms_output.put_line(v_emp.ename); end loop; end; --可更新的游标 declare cursor c is select * from emp for update; --v_temp c%rowtype; begin for v_temp in c loop if(v_temp.sal < 2000) then update emp set sal=sal*2 where current of c; elsif(v_temp.sal=5000) then delete from emp where current of c; end if; end loop; commit; end; 第49~50课:procedure create or replace procedure p is cursor c is select * from emp for update; begin for v_temp in c loop if(v_temp.deptno=10) then update emp set sal=sal+10 where current of c; elsif(v_temp.deptno=20) then update emp set sal=sal+20 where current of c; else update emp set sal=sal+50 where current of c; end if; end loop; commit; end; --带参数的存储过程 create or replace procedure p (v_a in number,v_b number,v_ret out number,v_temp in out number) is begin if(v_a<v_b) then v_ret:=v_b; else v_ret:=v_a; end if; v_temp:=v_temp+1; end; declare v_a number:=10; v_b number:=20; v_ret number; v_temp number:=99; begin p(v_a,v_b,v_ret,v_temp); dbms_output.put_line(v_ret); dbms_output.put_line(v_temp); end; /* 存储过程在创建过程中如果出现错误,仍然会创建,并且不会提示错误在哪儿,可以使用 show error来查看错误出现在哪儿。 */ create or replace function tax_sal (v_sal number) return number is begin if(v_sal<2000) then return 0.10; elsif(v_sal<3000) then return 0.20; else return 0.30; end if; end; --触发器 create table emp_log ( uname varchar2(20); action varchar2(10); atime date ); create or replace trigger trig after/before insert or update or delete on emp2 for each row begin if inserting then insert into emp_log values(USER,'insert',sysdate); elsif updating then insert into emp_log values(USER,'update',sysdate); else insert into emp_log values(USER,'delete',sysdate); end if; end; update dept set deptno=99 where deptno=10; --违反约束条件 create or replace trigger trig after update on dept for each row begin update emp set deptno=:NEW.deptno where deptno=:OLD.deptno; end;