Redis专题(八)-Redis的配置文件详解

Redis 是一款开源的、高性能的键-值存储（key-value store），和 memcached 类似，redis 常被称作是一款 key-value 内存存储系统或者内存数据库，同时由于它支持丰富的数据结构，又被称为一种数据结构服务器（data structure server）。

编译完 redis，它的配置文件在源码目录下 redis.conf ，将其拷贝到工作目录下即可使用，下面具体释redis.conf 中的各个参数：

1.Units单位

• 配置大小单位,开头定义了一些基本的度量单位，只支持bytes，不支持bit
• 对大小写不敏感

# Redis configuration file example

# Note on units: when memory size is needed, it is possible to specify
# it in the usual form of 1k 5GB 4M and so forth:
#
# 1k => 1000 bytes
# 1kb => 1024 bytes
# 1m => 1000000 bytes
# 1mb => 1024*1024 bytes
# 1g => 1000000000 bytes
# 1gb => 1024*1024*1024 bytes
#
# units are case insensitive so 1GB 1Gb 1gB are all the same.

2.INCLUDES包含

和我们的Struts2配置文件类似，可以通过includes包含，redis.conf可以作为总闸，包含其他

################################## INCLUDES ###################################

# Include one or more other config files here.  This is useful if you
# have a standard template that goes to all Redis servers but also need
# to customize a few per-server settings.  Include files can include
# other files, so use this wisely.
#
# Notice option "include" won't be rewritten by command "CONFIG REWRITE"
# from admin or Redis Sentinel. Since Redis always uses the last processed
# line as value of a configuration directive, you'd better put includes
# at the beginning of this file to avoid overwriting config change at runtime.
#
# If instead you are interested in using includes to override configuration
# options, it is better to use include as the last line.
#
# include /path/to/local.conf
# include /path/to/other.conf

3.GENERAL通用

3.1 Daemonize

默认情况下，redis 不是在后台运行的，如果需要在后台运行，把该项的值更改为 yes

# By default Redis does not run as a daemon. Use 'yes' if you need it.
# Note that Redis will write a pid file in /var/run/redis.pid when daemonized.
daemonize yes

# Redis默认是不作为守护进程来运行的。你可以把这个设置为"yes"让它作为守护进程来运行。 
# 注意，当作为守护进程的时候，Redis会把进程ID写到 /var/run/redis.pid

3.2 Pidfile

redis的进程文件,当 Redis 在后台运行的时候，Redis 默认会把 pid 文件放在/var/run/redis.pid，你可以配置到其他地址。当运行多个 redis 服务时，需要指定不同的 pid 文件和端口

# When running daemonized, Redis writes a pid file in /var/run/redis.pid by
# default. You can specify a custom pid file location here.
pidfile /var/run/redis.pid

3.3 Port

监听端口，默认为 6379

# Accept connections on the specified port, default is 6379.
# If port 0 is specified Redis will not listen on a TCP socket.
port 6379

# 接受连接的特定端口，默认是6379。
# 如果端口设置为0，Redis就不会监听TCP套接字。

3.4 Tcp-backlog

设置tcp的backlog，backlog其实是一个连接队列，backlog队列总和=未完成三次握手队列 + 已经完成三次握手队列。

在高并发环境下你需要一个高backlog值来避免慢客户端连接问题。注意Linux内核会将这个值减小到/proc/sys/net/core/somaxconn的值，所以需要确认增大somaxconn和tcp_max_syn_backlog两个值来达到想要的效果。

# TCP listen() backlog.
#
# In high requests-per-second environments you need an high backlog in order
# to avoid slow clients connections issues. Note that the Linux kernel
# will silently truncate it to the value of /proc/sys/net/core/somaxconn so
# make sure to raise both the value of somaxconn and tcp_max_syn_backlog
# in order to get the desired effect.
tcp-backlog 511

#此参数确定了TCP连接中已完成队列(完成三次握手之后)的长度， 当然此值必须不大于Linux系统定义的/proc/sys/net/core/somaxconn值，默认是511，而Linux的默认参数值是128。当系统并发量大并且客户端速度缓慢的时候，可以将这二个参数一起参考设定。该内核参数默认值一般是128，对于负载很大的服务程序来说大大的不够。一般会将它修改为2048或者更大。在/etc/sysctl.conf中添加:net.core.somaxconn = 2048，然后在终端中执行sysctl -p

3.5 Timeout

设置客户端连接时的超时时间，单位为秒。当客户端在这段时间内没有发出任何指令，那么关闭该连接。

# Specify the path for the Unix socket that will be used to listen for
# incoming connections. There is no default, so Redis will not listen
# on a unix socket when not specified.
#
# unixsocket /tmp/redis.sock
# unixsocketperm 700

# Close the connection after a client is idle for N seconds (0 to disable)
timeout 0
# 此参数为设置客户端空闲超过timeout，服务端会断开连接，为0则服务端不会主动断开连接，不能小于0

3.6 Bind

指定 Redis 只接收来自于该 IP 地址的请求，如果不进行设置，那么将处理所有请求，在生产环境中为了安全最好设置该项。默认注释掉，不开启.

# By default Redis listens for connections from all the network interfaces
# available on the server. It is possible to listen to just one or multiple
# interfaces using the "bind" configuration directive, followed by one or
# more IP addresses.
#
# Examples:
#
# bind 192.168.1.100 10.0.0.1
# bind 127.0.0.1
# 如果你想的话，你可以绑定单一接口；如果这里没单独设置，那么所有接口的连接都会被监听。

3.7 Tcp-keepalive

指定 TCP 连接是否为长连接,"侦探"信号有 server 端维护。默认为 0.表示禁用

# Specify the server verbosity level.
# This can be one of:
# debug (a lot of information, useful for development/testing)
# verbose (many rarely useful info, but not a mess like the debug level)
# notice (moderately verbose, what you want in production probably)
# warning (only very important / critical messages are logged)
loglevel notice
# tcp keepalive参数。如果设置不为0，就使用配置tcp的SO_KEEPALIVE值，使用keepalive有两个好处:检测挂掉的对端。降低中间设备出问题而导致网络看似连接却已经与对端端口的问题。在Linux内核中，设置了keepalive，redis会定时给对端发送ack。检测到对端关闭需要两倍的设置值。

3.8 Loglevel

log 等级分为 4 级，debug,verbose, notice, 和 warning。生产环境下一般开启 notice

# Specify the server verbosity level.
# This can be one of:
# debug (a lot of information, useful for development/testing)
# verbose (many rarely useful info, but not a mess like the debug level)
# notice (moderately verbose, what you want in production probably)
# warning (only very important / critical messages are logged)
loglevel notice
# 指定了服务端日志的级别。级别包括：debug（很多信息，方便开发、测试），verbose（许多有用的信息，但是没有debug级别信息多），notice（适当的日志级别，适合生产环境），warn（只有非常重要的信息)

3.9 Logfile

配置 log 文件地址，默认使用标准输出，即打印在命令行终端的窗口上，修改为日志文件目录

# Specify the log file name. Also the empty string can be used to force
# Redis to log on the standard output. Note that if you use standard
# output for logging but daemonize, logs will be sent to /dev/null
logfile ""
# 指明日志文件名。也可以使用"stdout"来强制让Redis把日志信息写到标准输出上。 
# 注意：如果Redis以守护进程方式运行，而你设置日志显示到标准输出的话，那么日志会发送到 /dev/null

3.10 Syslog-enabled

是否打开记录syslog功能

# To enable logging to the system logger, just set 'syslog-enabled' to yes,
# and optionally update the other syslog parameters to suit your needs.
# syslog-enabled no
# 要使用系统日志记录器很简单，只要设置 "syslog-enabled" 为 "yes" 就可以了。 
# 然后根据需要设置其他一些syslog参数就可以了。

3.11 Syslog-ident

指明syslog身份

# Specify the syslog identity.
# syslog-ident redis

3.12 Syslog-facility

日志的来源、设备

# Specify the syslog facility. Must be USER or between LOCAL0-LOCAL7.
# syslog-facility local0

3.14 Databases

设置数据库的个数，可以使用 SELECT 命令来切换数据库。默认使用的数据库是 0 号库。默认 16 个库

# Set the number of databases. The default database is DB 0, you can select
# a different one on a per-connection basis using SELECT <dbid> where
# dbid is a number between 0 and 'databases'-1
databases 16
# 数据库的数量，默认使用的数据库是DB 0。可以通过”SELECT “命令选择一个db

4.SNAPSHOTTING快照

4.1 Save

快照配置：保存数据快照的频率，即将数据持久化到 dump.rdb 文件中的频度。用来描述"在多少秒期
间至少多少个变更操作"触发 snapshot 数据保存动作

#
# Save the DB on disk:
#
#   save <seconds> <changes>
#
#   Will save the DB if both the given number of seconds and the given
#   number of write operations against the DB occurred.
#
#   In the example below the behaviour will be to save:
#   after 900 sec (15 min) if at least 1 key changed
#   after 300 sec (5 min) if at least 10 keys changed
#   after 60 sec if at least 10000 keys changed
#
#   Note: you can disable saving completely by commenting out all "save" lines.
#
#   It is also possible to remove all the previously configured save
#   points by adding a save directive with a single empty string argument
#   like in the following example:
#
#   save ""

save 900 1
save 300 10
save 60 10000

# 把数据库存到磁盘上: 
# save <seconds> <changes> 
# 会在指定秒数和数据变化次数之后把数据库写到磁盘上。 
# 
# 下面的例子将会进行把数据写入磁盘的操作: 
# 900秒（15分钟）之后，且至少1次变更 
# 300秒（5分钟）之后，且至少10次变更 
# 60秒之后，且至少10000次变更
#
# if(在 60 秒之内有 10000 个 keys 发生变化时){
#      进行镜像备份
# }else if(在 300 秒之内有 10 个 keys 发生了变化){
#      进行镜像备份
# }else if(在 900 秒之内有 1 个 keys 发生了变化){
#      进行镜像备份
# }
# 
# 注意：你要想不写磁盘的话就把所有 "save" 设置注释掉就行了

4.2 Stop-writes-on-bgsave-error

当持久化出现错误时，是否依然继续进行工作，是否终止所有的客户端 write 请求。默认设
置"yes"表示终止，一旦 snapshot 数据保存故障，那么此 server 为只读服务。如果为"no"，
那么此次 snapshot 将失败，但下一次 snapshot 不会受到影响，不过如果出现故障,数据只
能恢复到"最近一个成功点"。

# By default Redis will stop accepting writes if RDB snapshots are enabled
# (at least one save point) and the latest background save failed.
# This will make the user aware (in a hard way) that data is not persisting
# on disk properly, otherwise chances are that no one will notice and some
# disaster will happen.
#
# If the background saving process will start working again Redis will
# automatically allow writes again.
#
# However if you have setup your proper monitoring of the Redis server
# and persistence, you may want to disable this feature so that Redis will
# continue to work as usual even if there are problems with disk,
# permissions, and so forth.
stop-writes-on-bgsave-error yes

如果配置成no，表示你不在乎数据不一致或者有其他的手段发现和控制

4.3 rdbcompression

rdbcompression：对于存储到磁盘中的快照，可以设置是否进行压缩存储。如果是的话，redis会采用LZF算法进行压缩。如果你不想消耗CPU来进行压缩的话，可以设置为关闭此功能。压缩可能需要额外的cpu 开支，不过这能够有效的减小 rdb 文件的大，有利于存储/备份/传输/数据恢复。

# Compress string objects using LZF when dump .rdb databases?
# For default that's set to 'yes' as it's almost always a win.
# If you want to save some CPU in the saving child set it to 'no' but
# the dataset will likely be bigger if you have compressible values or keys.
rdbcompression yes
# 当导出到 .rdb 数据库时是否用LZF压缩字符串对象。 
# 默认设置为 "yes"，所以几乎总是生效的。 
# 如果你想节省CPU的话你可以把这个设置为 "no"，但是如果你有可压缩的key的话，那数据文件就会更大了。 

4.4 rdbchecksum

在存储快照后，还可以让redis使用CRC64算法来进行数据校验，但是这样做会增加大约10%的性能消耗，如果希望获取到最大的性能提升，可以关闭此功能.

# Compress string objects using LZF when dump .rdb databases?
# For default that's set to 'yes' as it's almost always a win.
# If you want to save some CPU in the saving child set it to 'no' but
# the dataset will likely be bigger if you have compressible values or keys.
rdbcompression yes

4.5 dbfilename

镜像备份文件的文件名，默认为 dump.rdb

# The filename where to dump the DB
dbfilename dump.rdb

4.6 dir

数据库镜像备份的文件 rdb/AOF 文件放置的路径。这里的路径跟文件名要分开配置是因为Redis 在进行备份时，先会将当前数据库的状态写入到一个临时文件中，等备份完成时，再把该临时文件替换为上面所指定的文件，而这里的临时文件和上面所配置的备份文件都会放在这个指定的路径当中.

# The working directory.
#
# The DB will be written inside this directory, with the filename specified
# above using the 'dbfilename' configuration directive.
#
# The Append Only File will also be created inside this directory.
#
# Note that you must specify a directory here, not a file name.
dir ./

5.REPLICATION复制

5.1 slaveof

设置该数据库为其他数据库的从数据库，并为其指定 master 信息。

# Master-Slave replication. Use slaveof to make a Redis instance a copy of
# another Redis server. A few things to understand ASAP about Redis replication.
#
# 1) Redis replication is asynchronous, but you can configure a master to
#    stop accepting writes if it appears to be not connected with at least
#    a given number of slaves.
# 2) Redis slaves are able to perform a partial resynchronization with the
#    master if the replication link is lost for a relatively small amount of
#    time. You may want to configure the replication backlog size (see the next
#    sections of this file) with a sensible value depending on your needs.
# 3) Replication is automatic and does not need user intervention. After a
#    network partition slaves automatically try to reconnect to masters
#    and resynchronize with them.
#
# slaveof <masterip> <masterport>

5.2 masterauth

当主数据库连接需要密码验证时，在这里指定
如果master设置了requirepass，那么slave要连上master，需要有master的密码才行。masterauth就是用来配置master的密码，这样可以在连上master后进行认证。

# If the master is password protected (using the "requirepass" configuration
# directive below) it is possible to tell the slave to authenticate before
# starting the replication synchronization process, otherwise the master will
# refuse the slave request.
#
# masterauth <master-password>

5.3 slave-serve-stale-data

当从库同主机失去连接或者复制正在进行，从机库有两种运行方式：

1. 如果slave-serve-stale-data设置为yes(默认设置)，从库会继续响应客户端的请求。
2. 如果slave-serve-stale-data设置为no，除去INFO和SLAVOF命令之外的任何请求都会返回一个错误”SYNC with master in progress

# When a slave loses its connection with the master, or when the replication
# is still in progress, the slave can act in two different ways:
#
# 1) if slave-serve-stale-data is set to 'yes' (the default) the slave will
#    still reply to client requests, possibly with out of date data, or the
#    data set may just be empty if this is the first synchronization.
#
# 2) if slave-serve-stale-data is set to 'no' the slave will reply with
#    an error "SYNC with master in progress" to all the kind of commands
#    but to INFO and SLAVEOF.
#
slave-serve-stale-data yes

5.4 slave-read-only

作为从服务器，默认情况下是只读的（yes），可以修改成NO，用于写（不建议）

# You can configure a slave instance to accept writes or not. Writing against
# a slave instance may be useful to store some ephemeral data (because data
# written on a slave will be easily deleted after resync with the master) but
# may also cause problems if clients are writing to it because of a
# misconfiguration.
#
# Since Redis 2.6 by default slaves are read-only.
#
# Note: read only slaves are not designed to be exposed to untrusted clients
# on the internet. It's just a protection layer against misuse of the instance.
# Still a read only slave exports by default all the administrative commands
# such as CONFIG, DEBUG, and so forth. To a limited extent you can improve
# security of read only slaves using 'rename-command' to shadow all the
# administrative / dangerous commands.
slave-read-only yes

5.5 repl-diskless-sync

是否使用socket方式复制数据。目前redis复制提供两种方式，disk和socket。如果新的slave连上来或者重连的slave无法部分同步，就会执行全量同步，master会生成rdb文件。有2种方式：disk方式是master创建一个新的进程把rdb文件保存到磁盘，再把磁盘上的rdb文件传递给slave。socket是master创建一个新的进程，直接把rdb文件以socket的方式发给slave。disk方式的时候，当一个rdb保存的过程中，多个slave都能共享这个rdb文件。socket的方式就的一个个slave顺序复制。在磁盘速度缓慢，网速快的情况下推荐用socket方式。

# Replication SYNC strategy: disk or socket.
#
# -------------------------------------------------------
# WARNING: DISKLESS REPLICATION IS EXPERIMENTAL CURRENTLY
# -------------------------------------------------------
#
# New slaves and reconnecting slaves that are not able to continue the replication
# process just receiving differences, need to do what is called a "full
# synchronization". An RDB file is transmitted from the master to the slaves.
# The transmission can happen in two different ways:
#
# 1) Disk-backed: The Redis master creates a new process that writes the RDB
#                 file on disk. Later the file is transferred by the parent
#                 process to the slaves incrementally.
# 2) Diskless: The Redis master creates a new process that directly writes the
#              RDB file to slave sockets, without touching the disk at all.
#
# With disk-backed replication, while the RDB file is generated, more slaves
# can be queued and served with the RDB file as soon as the current child producing
# the RDB file finishes its work. With diskless replication instead once
# the transfer starts, new slaves arriving will be queued and a new transfer
# will start when the current one terminates.
#
# When diskless replication is used, the master waits a configurable amount of
# time (in seconds) before starting the transfer in the hope that multiple slaves
# will arrive and the transfer can be parallelized.
#
# With slow disks and fast (large bandwidth) networks, diskless replication
# works better.
repl-diskless-sync no

5.6 repl-diskless-sync-delay

diskless复制的延迟时间，防止设置为0。一旦复制开始，节点不会再接收新slave的复制请求直到下一个rdb传输。所以最好等待一段时间，等更多的slave连上来

# When diskless replication is enabled, it is possible to configure the delay
# the server waits in order to spawn the child that transfers the RDB via socket
# to the slaves.
#
# This is important since once the transfer starts, it is not possible to serve
# new slaves arriving, that will be queued for the next RDB transfer, so the server
# waits a delay in order to let more slaves arrive.
#
# The delay is specified in seconds, and by default is 5 seconds. To disable
# it entirely just set it to 0 seconds and the transfer will start ASAP.
repl-diskless-sync-delay 5

5.7 repl-ping-slave-period

slave根据指定的时间间隔向服务器发送ping请求。时间间隔可以通过 repl_ping_slave_period 来设置，默认10秒.

# Slaves send PINGs to server in a predefined interval. It's possible to change
# this interval with the repl_ping_slave_period option. The default value is 10
# seconds.
#
# repl-ping-slave-period 10

5.8 repl-timeout

slave 与 master 通讯中,最大空闲时间,默认 60 秒.超时将导致连接关闭.
复制连接超时时间。master和slave都有超时时间的设置。master检测到slave上次发送的时间超过repl-timeout，即认为slave离线，清除该slave信息。slave检测到上次和master交互的时间超过repl-timeout，则认为master离线。需要注意的是repl-timeout需要设置一个比repl-ping-slave-period更大的值，不然会经常检测到超时.

# Slaves send PINGs to server in a predefined interval. It's possible to change
# this interval with the repl_ping_slave_period option. The default value is 10
# seconds.
#
# repl-ping-slave-period 10

# The following option sets the replication timeout for:
#
# 1) Bulk transfer I/O during SYNC, from the point of view of slave.
# 2) Master timeout from the point of view of slaves (data, pings).
# 3) Slave timeout from the point of view of masters (REPLCONF ACK pings).
#
# It is important to make sure that this value is greater than the value
# specified for repl-ping-slave-period otherwise a timeout will be detected
# every time there is low traffic between the master and the slave.
#
# repl-timeout 60

5.9. repl-disable-tcp-nodelay

是否禁止复制tcp链接的tcp nodelay参数，可传递yes或者no。默认是no，即使用tcp nodelay。如果master设置了yes来禁止tcp nodelay设置，在把数据复制给slave的时候，会减少包的数量和更小的网络带宽。但是这也可能带来数据的延迟。默认我们推荐更小的延迟，但是在数据量传输很大的场景下，建议选择yes

# Disable TCP_NODELAY on the slave socket after SYNC?
#
# If you select "yes" Redis will use a smaller number of TCP packets and
# less bandwidth to send data to slaves. But this can add a delay for
# the data to appear on the slave side, up to 40 milliseconds with
# Linux kernels using a default configuration.
#
# If you select "no" the delay for data to appear on the slave side will
# be reduced but more bandwidth will be used for replication.
#
# By default we optimize for low latency, but in very high traffic conditions
# or when the master and slaves are many hops away, turning this to "yes" may
# be a good idea.
repl-disable-tcp-nodelay no

5.10. repl-backlog-size

复制缓冲区大小，这是一个环形复制缓冲区，用来保存最新复制的命令。这样在slave离线的时候，不需要完全复制master的数据，如果可以执行部分同步，只需要把缓冲区的部分数据复制给slave，就能恢复正常复制状态。缓冲区的大小越大，slave离线的时间可以更长，复制缓冲区只有在有slave连接的时候才分配内存。没有slave的一段时间，内存会被释放出来，默认1m.

# Set the replication backlog size. The backlog is a buffer that accumulates
# slave data when slaves are disconnected for some time, so that when a slave
# wants to reconnect again, often a full resync is not needed, but a partial
# resync is enough, just passing the portion of data the slave missed while
# disconnected.
#
# The bigger the replication backlog, the longer the time the slave can be
# disconnected and later be able to perform a partial resynchronization.
#
# The backlog is only allocated once there is at least a slave connected.
#
# repl-backlog-size 1mb

5.11. repl-backlog-ttl

master没有slave一段时间会释放复制缓冲区的内存，repl-backlog-ttl用来设置该时间长度。单位为秒。

# After a master has no longer connected slaves for some time, the backlog
# will be freed. The following option configures the amount of seconds that
# need to elapse, starting from the time the last slave disconnected, for
# the backlog buffer to be freed.
#
# A value of 0 means to never release the backlog.
#
# repl-backlog-ttl 3600

5.16. slave-priority

当master不可用，Sentinel会根据slave的优先级选举一个master。最低的优先级的slave，当选master。而配置成0，永远不会被选举。

# The slave priority is an integer number published by Redis in the INFO output.
# It is used by Redis Sentinel in order to select a slave to promote into a
# master if the master is no longer working correctly.
#
# A slave with a low priority number is considered better for promotion, so
# for instance if there are three slaves with priority 10, 100, 25 Sentinel will
# pick the one with priority 10, that is the lowest.
#
# However a special priority of 0 marks the slave as not able to perform the
# role of master, so a slave with priority of 0 will never be selected by
# Redis Sentinel for promotion.
#
# By default the priority is 100.
slave-priority 100

5.17. min-slaves-to-write

redis提供了可以让master停止写入的方式，如果配置了min-slaves-to-write，健康的slave的个数小于N，mater就禁止写入。master最少得有多少个健康的slave存活才能执行写命令。这个配置虽然不能保证N个slave都一定能接收到master的写操作，但是能避免没有足够健康的slave的时候，master不能写入来避免数据丢失。设置为0是关闭该功能

# It is possible for a master to stop accepting writes if there are less than
# N slaves connected, having a lag less or equal than M seconds.
#
# The N slaves need to be in "online" state.
#
# The lag in seconds, that must be <= the specified value, is calculated from
# the last ping received from the slave, that is usually sent every second.
#
# This option does not GUARANTEE that N replicas will accept the write, but
# will limit the window of exposure for lost writes in case not enough slaves
# are available, to the specified number of seconds.
#
# For example to require at least 3 slaves with a lag <= 10 seconds use:
#
# min-slaves-to-write 3
# min-slaves-max-lag 10
#
# Setting one or the other to 0 disables the feature.
#
# By default min-slaves-to-write is set to 0 (feature disabled) and
# min-slaves-max-lag is set to 10.

6…SECURITY

6.1.requirepass foobared

requirepass配置可以让用户使用AUTH命令来认证密码，才能使用其他命令。这让redis可以使用在不受信任的网络中。为了保持向后的兼容性，可以注释该命令，因为大部分用户也不需要认证。使用requirepass的时候需要注意，因为redis太快了，每秒可以认证15w次密码，简单的密码很容易被攻破，所以最好使用一个更复杂的密码。

# Require clients to issue AUTH <PASSWORD> before processing any other
# commands.  This might be useful in environments in which you do not trust
# others with access to the host running redis-server.
#
# This should stay commented out for backward compatibility and because most
# people do not need auth (e.g. they run their own servers).
#
# Warning: since Redis is pretty fast an outside user can try up to
# 150k passwords per second against a good box. This means that you should
# use a very strong password otherwise it will be very easy to break.
#
# requirepass foobared

6.2.rename-command

把危险的命令给修改成其他名称。比如CONFIG命令可以重命名为一个很难被猜到的命令，这样用户不能使用，而内部工具还能接着使用

# Command renaming.
#
# It is possible to change the name of dangerous commands in a shared
# environment. For instance the CONFIG command may be renamed into something
# hard to guess so that it will still be available for internal-use tools
# but not available for general clients.
#
# Example:
#
# rename-command CONFIG b840fc02d524045429941cc15f59e41cb7be6c52
#
# It is also possible to completely kill a command by renaming it into
# an empty string:
#
# 设置成一个空的值，可以禁止一个命令
# rename-command CONFIG ""
#
# Please note that changing the name of commands that are logged into the
# AOF file or transmitted to slaves may cause problems.

7.LIMITS

7.1 maxclients

设置能连上redis的最大客户端连接数量。默认是10000个客户端连接。由于redis不区分连接是客户端连接还是内部打开文件或者和slave连接等，所以maxclients最小建议设置到32。如果超过了maxclients，redis会给新的连接发送’max number of clients reached’，并关闭连接。

# Set the max number of connected clients at the same time. By default
# this limit is set to 10000 clients, however if the Redis server is not
# able to configure the process file limit to allow for the specified limit
# the max number of allowed clients is set to the current file limit
# minus 32 (as Redis reserves a few file descriptors for internal uses).
#
# Once the limit is reached Redis will close all the new connections sending
# an error 'max number of clients reached'.
#
# maxclients 10000

7.2 maxmemory

redis配置的最大内存容量。当内存满了，需要配合maxmemory-policy策略进行处理。注意slave的输出缓冲区是不计算在maxmemory内的。所以为了防止主机内存使用完，建议设置的maxmemory需要更小一些

# Don't use more memory than the specified amount of bytes.
# When the memory limit is reached Redis will try to remove keys
# according to the eviction policy selected (see maxmemory-policy).
#
# If Redis can't remove keys according to the policy, or if the policy is
# set to 'noeviction', Redis will start to reply with errors to commands
# that would use more memory, like SET, LPUSH, and so on, and will continue
# to reply to read-only commands like GET.
#
# This option is usually useful when using Redis as an LRU cache, or to set
# a hard memory limit for an instance (using the 'noeviction' policy).
#
# WARNING: If you have slaves attached to an instance with maxmemory on,
# the size of the output buffers needed to feed the slaves are subtracted
# from the used memory count, so that network problems / resyncs will
# not trigger a loop where keys are evicted, and in turn the output
# buffer of slaves is full with DELs of keys evicted triggering the deletion
# of more keys, and so forth until the database is completely emptied.
#
# In short... if you have slaves attached it is suggested that you set a lower
# limit for maxmemory so that there is some free RAM on the system for slave
# output buffers (but this is not needed if the policy is 'noeviction').
#
# maxmemory <bytes>

7.3. maxmemory-policy

#内存容量超过maxmemory后的处理策略。
#volatile-lru：利用LRU算法移除设置过过期时间的key。
#volatile-random：随机移除设置过过期时间的key。
#volatile-ttl：移除即将过期的key，根据最近过期时间来删除（辅以TTL）
#allkeys-lru：利用LRU算法移除任何key。
#allkeys-random：随机移除任何key。
#noeviction：不移除任何key，只是返回一个写错误。
#上面的这些驱逐策略，如果redis没有合适的key驱逐，对于写命令，还是会返回错误。redis将不再接收写请求，只接收get请求。写命令包括：set setnx setex append incr decr rpush lpush rpushx lpushx linsert lset rpoplpush sadd sinter sinterstore sunion sunionstore sdiff sdiffstore zadd zincrby zunionstore zinterstore hset hsetnx hmset hincrby incrby decrby getset mset msetnx exec sort。

# MAXMEMORY POLICY: how Redis will select what to remove when maxmemory
# is reached. You can select among five behaviors:
#
# volatile-lru -> remove the key with an expire set using an LRU algorithm
# allkeys-lru -> remove any key according to the LRU algorithm
# volatile-random -> remove a random key with an expire set
# allkeys-random -> remove a random key, any key
# volatile-ttl -> remove the key with the nearest expire time (minor TTL)
# noeviction -> don't expire at all, just return an error on write operations
#
# Note: with any of the above policies, Redis will return an error on write
#       operations, when there are no suitable keys for eviction.
#
#       At the date of writing these commands are: set setnx setex append
#       incr decr rpush lpush rpushx lpushx linsert lset rpoplpush sadd
#       sinter sinterstore sunion sunionstore sdiff sdiffstore zadd zincrby
#       zunionstore zinterstore hset hsetnx hmset hincrby incrby decrby
#       getset mset msetnx exec sort
#
# The default is:
#
# maxmemory-policy noeviction

7.4.maxmemory-samples

lru检测的样本数。使用lru或者ttl淘汰算法，从需要淘汰的列表中随机选择sample个key，选出闲置时间最长的key移除

# LRU and minimal TTL algorithms are not precise algorithms but approximated
# algorithms (in order to save memory), so you can tune it for speed or
# accuracy. For default Redis will check five keys and pick the one that was
# used less recently, you can change the sample size using the following
# configuration directive.
#
# The default of 5 produces good enough results. 10 Approximates very closely
# true LRU but costs a bit more CPU. 3 is very fast but not very accurate.
#
# maxmemory-samples 5

8.APPEND ONLY MODE

8.1 appendonly

默认redis使用的是rdb方式持久化，这种方式在许多应用中已经足够用了。但是redis如果中途宕机，会导致可能有几分钟的数据丢失，根据save来策略进行持久化，Append Only File是另一种持久化方式，可以提供更好的持久化特性。Redis会把每次写入的数据在接收后都写入 appendonly.aof 文件，每次启动时Redis都会先把这个文件的数据读入内存里，先忽略RDB文件。

# By default Redis asynchronously dumps the dataset on disk. This mode is
# good enough in many applications, but an issue with the Redis process or
# a power outage may result into a few minutes of writes lost (depending on
# the configured save points).
#
# The Append Only File is an alternative persistence mode that provides
# much better durability. For instance using the default data fsync policy
# (see later in the config file) Redis can lose just one second of writes in a
# dramatic event like a server power outage, or a single write if something
# wrong with the Redis process itself happens, but the operating system is
# still running correctly.
#
# AOF and RDB persistence can be enabled at the same time without problems.
# If the AOF is enabled on startup Redis will load the AOF, that is the file
# with the better durability guarantees.
#
# Please check http://redis.io/topics/persistence for more information.

appendonly no

8.2 appendfilename

aof文件名

# The name of the append only file (default: "appendonly.aof")
appendfilename "appendonly.aof"

8.3 appendfsync

#aof持久化策略的配置
#no表示不执行fsync，由操作系统保证数据同步到磁盘，速度最快。
#always表示每次写入都执行fsync，以保证数据同步到磁盘。
#everysec表示每秒执行一次fsync，可能会导致丢失这1s数据。

# The fsync() call tells the Operating System to actually write data on disk
# instead of waiting for more data in the output buffer. Some OS will really flush
# data on disk, some other OS will just try to do it ASAP.
#
# Redis supports three different modes:
#
# no: don't fsync, just let the OS flush the data when it wants. Faster.
# always: fsync after every write to the append only log. Slow, Safest.
# everysec: fsync only one time every second. Compromise.
#
# The default is "everysec", as that's usually the right compromise between
# speed and data safety. It's up to you to understand if you can relax this to
# "no" that will let the operating system flush the output buffer when
# it wants, for better performances (but if you can live with the idea of
# some data loss consider the default persistence mode that's snapshotting),
# or on the contrary, use "always" that's very slow but a bit safer than
# everysec.
#
# More details please check the following article:
# http://antirez.com/post/redis-persistence-demystified.html
#
# If unsure, use "everysec".

# appendfsync always
appendfsync everysec

8.4 no-appendfsync-on-rewrite

在aof重写或者写入rdb文件的时候，会执行大量IO，此时对于everysec和always的aof模式来说，执行fsync会造成阻塞过长时间，no-appendfsync-on-rewrite字段设置为默认设置为no。如果对延迟要求很高的应用，这个字段可以设置为yes，否则还是设置为no，这样对持久化特性来说这是更安全的选择。设置为yes表示rewrite期间对新写操作不fsync,暂时存在内存中,等rewrite完成后再写入，默认为no，建议yes。Linux的默认fsync策略是30秒。可能丢失30秒数据。

# When the AOF fsync policy is set to always or everysec, and a background
# saving process (a background save or AOF log background rewriting) is
# performing a lot of I/O against the disk, in some Linux configurations
# Redis may block too long on the fsync() call. Note that there is no fix for
# this currently, as even performing fsync in a different thread will block
# our synchronous write(2) call.
#
# In order to mitigate this problem it's possible to use the following option
# that will prevent fsync() from being called in the main process while a
# BGSAVE or BGREWRITEAOF is in progress.
#
# This means that while another child is saving, the durability of Redis is
# the same as "appendfsync none". In practical terms, this means that it is
# possible to lose up to 30 seconds of log in the worst scenario (with the
# default Linux settings).
#
# If you have latency problems turn this to "yes". Otherwise leave it as
# "no" that is the safest pick from the point of view of durability.

no-appendfsync-on-rewrite no

8.5 auto-aof-rewrite-percentage

aof自动重写配置。当目前aof文件大小超过上一次重写的aof文件大小的百分之多少进行重写，即当aof文件增长到一定大小的时候Redis能够调用bgrewriteaof对日志文件进行重写。当前AOF文件大小是上次日志重写得到AOF文件大小的二倍（设置为100）时，自动启动新的日志重写过程

# Automatic rewrite of the append only file.
# Redis is able to automatically rewrite the log file implicitly calling
# BGREWRITEAOF when the AOF log size grows by the specified percentage.
#
# This is how it works: Redis remembers the size of the AOF file after the
# latest rewrite (if no rewrite has happened since the restart, the size of
# the AOF at startup is used).
#
# This base size is compared to the current size. If the current size is
# bigger than the specified percentage, the rewrite is triggered. Also
# you need to specify a minimal size for the AOF file to be rewritten, this
# is useful to avoid rewriting the AOF file even if the percentage increase
# is reached but it is still pretty small.
#
# Specify a percentage of zero in order to disable the automatic AOF
# rewrite feature.

auto-aof-rewrite-percentage 100

8.6 auto-aof-rewrite-min-size

设置允许重写的最小aof文件大小，避免了达到约定百分比但尺寸仍然很小的情况还要重写

auto-aof-rewrite-min-size 64mb

8.7 aof-load-truncated

aof文件可能在尾部是不完整的，当redis启动的时候，aof文件的数据被载入内存。重启可能发生在redis所在的主机操作系统宕机后，尤其在ext4文件系统没有加上data=ordered选项（redis宕机或者异常终止不会造成尾部不完整现象。）出现这种现象，可以选择让redis退出，或者导入尽可能多的数据。如果选择的是yes，当截断的aof文件被导入的时候，会自动发布一个log给客户端然后load。如果是no，用户必须手动redis-check-aof修复AOF文件才可以。

# An AOF file may be found to be truncated at the end during the Redis
# startup process, when the AOF data gets loaded back into memory.
# This may happen when the system where Redis is running
# crashes, especially when an ext4 filesystem is mounted without the
# data=ordered option (however this can't happen when Redis itself
# crashes or aborts but the operating system still works correctly).
#
# Redis can either exit with an error when this happens, or load as much
# data as possible (the default now) and start if the AOF file is found
# to be truncated at the end. The following option controls this behavior.
#
# If aof-load-truncated is set to yes, a truncated AOF file is loaded and
# the Redis server starts emitting a log to inform the user of the event.
# Otherwise if the option is set to no, the server aborts with an error
# and refuses to start. When the option is set to no, the user requires
# to fix the AOF file using the "redis-check-aof" utility before to restart
# the server.
#
# Note that if the AOF file will be found to be corrupted in the middle
# the server will still exit with an error. This option only applies when
# Redis will try to read more data from the AOF file but not enough bytes
# will be found.
aof-load-truncated yes

9. LUA SCRIPTING

如果达到最大时间限制（毫秒），redis会记个log，然后返回error。当一个脚本超过了最大时限。只有SCRIPT KILL和SHUTDOWN NOSAVE可以用。第一个可以杀没有调write命令的东西。要是已经调用了write，只能用第二个命令杀

# Max execution time of a Lua script in milliseconds.
#
# If the maximum execution time is reached Redis will log that a script is
# still in execution after the maximum allowed time and will start to
# reply to queries with an error.
#
# When a long running script exceeds the maximum execution time only the
# SCRIPT KILL and SHUTDOWN NOSAVE commands are available. The first can be
# used to stop a script that did not yet called write commands. The second
# is the only way to shut down the server in the case a write command was
# already issued by the script but the user doesn't want to wait for the natural
# termination of the script.
#
# Set it to 0 or a negative value for unlimited execution without warnings.
lua-time-limit 5000

10. REDIS CLUSTER

#集群开关，默认是不开启集群模式。
# cluster-enabled yes

#集群配置文件的名称，每个节点都有一个集群相关的配置文件，持久化保存集群的信息。这个文件并不需要手动配置，这个配置文件有Redis生成并更新，每个Redis集群节点需要一个单独的配置文件，请确保与实例运行的系统中配置文件名称不冲突
# cluster-config-file nodes-6379.conf

#节点互连超时的阀值。集群节点超时毫秒数
# cluster-node-timeout 15000

#在进行故障转移的时候，全部slave都会请求申请为master，但是有些slave可能与master断开连接一段时间了，导致数据过于陈旧，这样的slave不应该被提升为master。该参数就是用来判断slave节点与master断线的时间是否过长。判断方法是：
#比较slave断开连接的时间和(node-timeout * slave-validity-factor) + repl-ping-slave-period
#如果节点超时时间为三十秒, 并且slave-validity-factor为10,假设默认的repl-ping-slave-period是10秒，即如果超过310秒slave将不会尝试进行故障转移 
# cluster-slave-validity-factor 10

#master的slave数量大于该值，slave才能迁移到其他孤立master上，如这个参数若被设为2，那么只有当一个主节点拥有2 个可工作的从节点时，它的一个从节点会尝试迁移。
# cluster-migration-barrier 1

#默认情况下，集群全部的slot有节点负责，集群状态才为ok，才能提供服务。设置为no，可以在slot没有全部分配的时候提供服务。不建议打开该配置，这样会造成分区的时候，小分区的master一直在接受写请求，而造成很长时间数据不一致。
# cluster-require-full-coverage yes

11. SLOW LOG

###slog log是用来记录redis运行中执行比较慢的命令耗时。当命令的执行超过了指定时间，就记录在slow log中，slog log保存在内存中，所以没有IO操作。
#执行时间比slowlog-log-slower-than大的请求记录到slowlog里面，单位是微秒，所以1000000就是1秒。注意，负数时间会禁用慢查询日志，而0则会强制记录所有命令。
slowlog-log-slower-than 10000

#慢查询日志长度。当一个新的命令被写进日志的时候，最老的那个记录会被删掉。这个长度没有限制。只要有足够的内存就行。你可以通过 SLOWLOG RESET 来释放内存。
slowlog-max-len 128

12. LATENCY MONITOR

#延迟监控功能是用来监控redis中执行比较缓慢的一些操作，用LATENCY打印redis实例在跑命令时的耗时图表。只记录大于等于下边设置的值的操作。0的话，就是关闭监视。默认延迟监控功能是关闭的，如果你需要打开，也可以通过CONFIG SET命令动态设置。
latency-monitor-threshold 0

13.EVENT NOTIFICATION

#键空间通知使得客户端可以通过订阅频道或模式，来接收那些以某种方式改动了 Redis 数据集的事件。因为开启键空间通知功能需要消耗一些 CPU ，所以在默认配置下，该功能处于关闭状态。
#notify-keyspace-events 的参数可以是以下字符的任意组合，它指定了服务器该发送哪些类型的通知：
##K 键空间通知，所有通知以 __keyspace@__ 为前缀
##E 键事件通知，所有通知以 __keyevent@__ 为前缀
##g DEL 、 EXPIRE 、 RENAME 等类型无关的通用命令的通知
##$ 字符串命令的通知
##l 列表命令的通知
##s 集合命令的通知
##h 哈希命令的通知
##z 有序集合命令的通知
##x 过期事件：每当有过期键被删除时发送
##e 驱逐(evict)事件：每当有键因为 maxmemory 政策而被删除时发送
##A 参数 g$lshzxe 的别名
#输入的参数中至少要有一个 K 或者 E，否则的话，不管其余的参数是什么，都不会有任何 通知被分发。详细使用可以参考http://redis.io/topics/notifications

notify-keyspace-events ""

14.ADVANCED CONFIG

#数据量小于等于hash-max-ziplist-entries的用ziplist，大于hash-max-ziplist-entries用hash
hash-max-ziplist-entries 512
#value大小小于等于hash-max-ziplist-value的用ziplist，大于hash-max-ziplist-value用hash。
hash-max-ziplist-value 64

#数据量小于等于list-max-ziplist-entries用ziplist，大于list-max-ziplist-entries用list。
list-max-ziplist-entries 512
#value大小小于等于list-max-ziplist-value的用ziplist，大于list-max-ziplist-value用list。
list-max-ziplist-value 64

#数据量小于等于set-max-intset-entries用iniset，大于set-max-intset-entries用set。
set-max-intset-entries 512

#数据量小于等于zset-max-ziplist-entries用ziplist，大于zset-max-ziplist-entries用zset。
zset-max-ziplist-entries 128
#value大小小于等于zset-max-ziplist-value用ziplist，大于zset-max-ziplist-value用zset。
zset-max-ziplist-value 64

#value大小小于等于hll-sparse-max-bytes使用稀疏数据结构（sparse），大于hll-sparse-max-bytes使用稠密的数据结构（dense）。一个比16000大的value是几乎没用的，建议的value大概为3000。如果对CPU要求不高，对空间要求较高的，建议设置到10000左右。
hll-sparse-max-bytes 3000

#Redis将在每100毫秒时使用1毫秒的CPU时间来对redis的hash表进行重新hash，可以降低内存的使用。当你的使用场景中，有非常严格的实时性需要，不能够接受Redis时不时的对请求有2毫秒的延迟的话，把这项配置为no。如果没有这么严格的实时性要求，可以设置为yes，以便能够尽可能快的释放内存。
activerehashing yes

##对客户端输出缓冲进行限制可以强迫那些不从服务器读取数据的客户端断开连接，用来强制关闭传输缓慢的客户端。
#对于normal client，第一个0表示取消hard limit，第二个0和第三个0表示取消soft limit，normal client默认取消限制，因为如果没有寻问，他们是不会接收数据的。
client-output-buffer-limit normal 0 0 0
#对于slave client和MONITER client，如果client-output-buffer一旦超过256mb，又或者超过64mb持续60秒，那么服务器就会立即断开客户端连接。
client-output-buffer-limit slave 256mb 64mb 60
#对于pubsub client，如果client-output-buffer一旦超过32mb，又或者超过8mb持续60秒，那么服务器就会立即断开客户端连接。
client-output-buffer-limit pubsub 32mb 8mb 60

#redis执行任务的频率为1s除以hz。
hz 10

#在aof重写的时候，如果打开了aof-rewrite-incremental-fsync开关，系统会每32MB执行一次fsync。这对于把文件写入磁盘是有帮助的，可以避免过大的延迟峰值。
aof-rewrite-incremental-fsync yes