Windows与Unix(solaris)及Linux(Centos Ubuntu)之间共享文件

在生产环境中某些应用往往采用Linux或Unix来运行，但有些应用又只能依赖于Windows运行，在开发环境中有时我们也希望所有开发人员能公用Linux上某一文件夹来进行文件交互。这些情况下，应用之间的数据共享就显得有些必要。那自然有这种需求就有相应的解决方案，比如说下面我们提到的Samba。

一、关于Samba的介绍：

首先，我们先来介绍下什么是Samba，我们看看Samba组织的目标——Opening Windows To A Wider World。熟悉 Linux的用户可能常常在Linux上安装Samba服务来实现与Windows系统的文件共享和打印机共享。他们之间的数据传输使用 SMB（Service Message Block）协议.这是一个在传输层之上的协议，所以他可以支持很多不同异构系统的网络互联（比如，Linux，Solaris，Windows等），Samba之所以能够工作，因为SMB协议模仿了Windows内核的文件和打印共享协议。微软已经将SMB改名为公共因特网文件系统（CIFS，Common Internet File System ），并打算把它设计为Internet的标准协议。这在一定程度上是由于它想与最初的基于NetBIOS的SMB保持一定的距离。NetBIOS是Windows 网络的一个伟大的工具，Microsoft使用NetBIOS实现了一个网络文件/打印服务系统，但是为LAN设计的它却注定了不能路由。

        Samba执行了 SMB/CIFS的一个版本，这个版本在很大程度上与大多数的Windows版本兼容。但是，无论是从Windows连接到Linux还是从Linux连接到Windows机器，Samba系统对于实现文件和打印服务来说总是很稳定的。我们可以通过Windows的网络邻居来轻松访问安装了Samba的 UNIX/LINUX服务器。（更多的文档见 [url]www.samba.org[/url]、 [url]http://baike.baidu.com[/url]）

二、Samba在solaris上的安装与配置

一般情况下在solaris上使用samba不需要安装，大多数unix基本都内置了该服务。所以我们直接配置即可：

配置文件所在路径：/etc/sfw/smb.conf，建议在操作之前进行备份。

在Global Settings下找到security = xxx，将其修改为security = share，当然你也可以使用security = user，却别在于是否想在外部不使用账户即可访问。

在最后新增需要共享的文件夹相关配置

security=share的配置：

[myshare]
comment = JokerSolarisPC
path = /smb
public = yes
read only = no

配置完后启动服务：svcadm enable -rst samba

# svcs -a |grep samba
online         11:40:22 svc:/network/samba:default

security=user的配置：

[myshare]
comment = JokerSolarisPC
path = /smb
public = no
read only = no

将用户添加到samba：

svcadm restart samba

重启服务 ：

/usr/sfw/bin/smbpasswd –a root

/usr/sfw/bin/smbpasswd命令的参数：

-a	add user	添加samba用户
-d	disable user	禁用某个samba用户
-e	enable user	启用某个samba用户
-i	interdomain trust account	域际信任用户
-m	machine trust account	本机信任用户
-n	set no password	清除密码
-W	use stdin ldap admin password	使用stdin ldap管理员密码
-w	ldap admin password	设置ldap管理员密码
-x	delete user	删除某个samba用户
-R	name resolve order	名称解析

以下是笔者的配置文件：

# This is the main Samba configuration file. You should read the
# smb.conf(5) manual page in order to understand the options listed
# here. Samba has a huge number of configurable options (perhaps too
# many!) most of which are not shown in this example
#
# For a step to step guide on installing, configuring and using samba, 
# read the Samba-HOWTO-Collection. This may be obtained from:
#  http://www.samba.org/samba/docs/Samba-HOWTO-Collection.pdf
#
# Many working examples of smb.conf files can be found in the 
# Samba-Guide which is generated daily and can be downloaded from: 
#  http://www.samba.org/samba/docs/Samba-Guide.pdf
#
# Any line which starts with a ; (semi-colon) or a # (hash) 
# is a comment and is ignored. In this example we will use a #
# for commentry and a ; for parts of the config file that you
# may wish to enable
#
# NOTE: Whenever you modify this file you should run the command "testparm"
# to check that you have not made any basic syntactic errors. 
#
#======================= Global Settings =====================================
[global]

# workgroup = NT-Domain-Name or Workgroup-Name, eg: MIDEARTH
   workgroup = MYGROUP

# server string is the equivalent of the NT Description field
   server string = Samba Server

# Security mode. Defines in which mode Samba will operate. Possible 
# values are share, user, server, domain and ads. Most people will want 
# user level security. See the Samba-HOWTO-Collection for details.
   security = share

# This option is important for security. It allows you to restrict
# connections to machines which are on your local network. The
# following example restricts access to two C class networks and
# the "loopback" interface. For more examples of the syntax see
# the smb.conf man page
;   hosts allow = 192.168.1. 192.168.2. 127.

# If you want to automatically load your printer list rather
# than setting them up individually then you'll need this
   load printers = yes

# you may wish to override the location of the printcap file
;   printcap name = /etc/printcap

# on SystemV system setting printcap name to lpstat should allow
# you to automatically obtain a printer list from the SystemV spool
# system
;   printcap name = lpstat

# It should not be necessary to specify the print system type unless
# it is non-standard. Currently supported print systems include:
# bsd, cups, sysv, plp, lprng, aix, hpux, qnx
;   printing = cups

# Uncomment this if you want a guest account, you must add this to /etc/passwd
# otherwise the user "nobody" is used
;  guest account = pcguest

# this tells Samba to use a separate log file for each machine
# that connects
   log file = /var/samba/log/log.%m

# Put a capping on the size of the log files (in Kb).
   max log size = 50

# Use password server option only with security = server
# The argument list may include:
#   password server = My_PDC_Name [My_BDC_Name] [My_Next_BDC_Name]
# or to auto-locate the domain controller/s
#   password server = *
;   password server = 

# Use the realm option only with security = ads
# Specifies the Active Directory realm the host is part of
;   realm = MY_REALM

# Backend to store user information in. New installations should 
# use either tdbsam or ldapsam. smbpasswd is available for backwards 
# compatibility. tdbsam requires no further configuration.
   passdb backend = smbpasswd

# Using the following line enables you to customise your configuration
# on a per machine basis. The %m gets replaced with the netbios name
# of the machine that is connecting.
# Note: Consider carefully the location in the configuration file of
#       this line.  The included file is read at that point.
;  include = /usr/sfw/lib/smb.conf.%m

# Configure Samba to use multiple interfaces
# If you have multiple network interfaces then you must list them
# here. See the man page for details.
;   interfaces = 192.168.12.2/24 192.168.13.2/24 

# Browser Control Options:
# set local master to no if you don't want Samba to become a master
# browser on your network. Otherwise the normal election rules apply
;   local master = no

# OS Level determines the precedence of this server in master browser
# elections. The default value should be reasonable
;   os level = 33

# Domain Master specifies Samba to be the Domain Master Browser. This
# allows Samba to collate browse lists between subnets. Don't use this
# if you already have a Windows NT domain controller doing this job
;   domain master = yes 

# Preferred Master causes Samba to force a local browser election on startup
# and gives it a slightly higher chance of winning the election
;   preferred master = yes

# Enable this if you want Samba to be a domain logon server for 
# Windows95 workstations. 
;   domain logons = yes

# if you enable domain logons then you may want a per-machine or
# per user logon script
# run a specific logon batch file per workstation (machine)
;   logon script = %m.bat
# run a specific logon batch file per username
;   logon script = %U.bat

# Where to store roving profiles (only for Win95 and WinNT)
#        %L substitutes for this servers netbios name, %U is username
#        You must uncomment the [Profiles] share below
;   logon path = \\%L\Profiles\%U

# Windows Internet Name Serving Support Section:
# WINS Support - Tells the NMBD component of Samba to enable it's WINS Server
;   wins support = yes

# WINS Server - Tells the NMBD components of Samba to be a WINS Client
#	Note: Samba can be either a WINS Server, or a WINS Client, but NOT both
;   wins server = w.x.y.z

# WINS Proxy - Tells Samba to answer name resolution queries on
# behalf of a non WINS capable client, for this to work there must be
# at least one	WINS Server on the network. The default is NO.
;   wins proxy = yes

# DNS Proxy - tells Samba whether or not to try to resolve NetBIOS names
# via DNS nslookups. The default is NO.
   dns proxy = no 

# These scripts are used on a domain controller or stand-alone 
# machine to add or delete corresponding unix accounts
;  add user script = /usr/sbin/useradd %u
;  add group script = /usr/sbin/groupadd %g
;  add machine script = /usr/sbin/adduser -n -g machines -c Machine -d /dev/null -s /bin/false %u
;  delete user script = /usr/sbin/userdel %u
;  delete user from group script = /usr/sbin/deluser %u %g
;  delete group script = /usr/sbin/groupdel %g


#============================ Share Definitions ==============================
[homes]
   comment = Home Directories
   browseable = no
   writable = yes

# Un-comment the following and create the netlogon directory for Domain Logons
; [netlogon]
;   comment = Network Logon Service
;   path = /usr/sfw/lib/netlogon
;   guest ok = yes
;   writable = no
;   share modes = no


# Un-comment the following to provide a specific roving profile share
# the default is to use the user's home directory
;[Profiles]
;    path = /usr/local/samba/profiles
;    browseable = no
;    guest ok = yes


# NOTE: If you have a BSD-style print system there is no need to 
# specifically define each individual printer
[printers]
   comment = All Printers
   path = /var/spool/samba
   browseable = no
# Set public = yes to allow user 'guest account' to print
   guest ok = no
   writable = no
   printable = yes

# This one is useful for people to share files
;[tmp]
;   comment = Temporary file space
;   path = /tmp
;   read only = no
;   public = yes

# A publicly accessible directory, but read only, except for people in
# the "staff" group
;[public]
;   comment = Public Stuff
;   path = /home/samba
;   public = yes
;   writable = yes
;   printable = no
;   write list = @staff

# Other examples. 
#
# A private printer, usable only by fred. Spool data will be placed in fred's
# home directory. Note that fred must have write access to the spool directory,
# wherever it is.
;[fredsprn]
;   comment = Fred's Printer
;   valid users = fred
;   path = /homes/fred
;   printer = freds_printer
;   public = no
;   writable = no
;   printable = yes

# A private directory, usable only by fred. Note that fred requires write
# access to the directory.
;[fredsdir]
;   comment = Fred's Service
;   path = /usr/somewhere/private
;   valid users = fred
;   public = no
;   writable = yes
;   printable = no

# a service which has a different directory for each machine that connects
# this allows you to tailor configurations to incoming machines. You could
# also use the %U option to tailor it by user name.
# The %m gets replaced with the machine name that is connecting.
;[pchome]
;  comment = PC Directories
;  path = /usr/pc/%m
;  public = no
;  writable = yes

# A publicly accessible directory, read/write to all users. Note that all files
# created in the directory by users will be owned by the default user, so
# any user with access can delete any other user's files. Obviously this
# directory must be writable by the default user. Another user could of course
# be specified, in which case all files would be owned by that user instead.
;[public]
;   path = /usr/somewhere/else/public
;   public = yes
;   only guest = yes
;   writable = yes
;   printable = no

# The following two entries demonstrate how to share a directory so that two
# users can place files there that will be owned by the specific users. In this
# setup, the directory should be writable by both users and should have the
# sticky bit set on it to prevent abuse. Obviously this could be extended to
# as many users as required.
;[myshare]
;   comment = Mary's and Fred's stuff
;   path = /usr/somewhere/shared
;   valid users = mary fred
;   public = no
;   writable = yes
;   printable = no
;   create mask = 0765

[myshare]
comment = JokerSolarisPC
path = /smb
public = yes
read only = no

最后尝试从window访问：

三、Samba在Centos上的安装与配置

查看Samba是否已安装：

rpm -qa | grep samba

没有则安装：

yum -y install samba samba-client

配置大致与solaris相同，以下是笔者的配置：

# This is the main Samba configuration file. You should read the
# smb.conf(5) manual page in order to understand the options listed
# here. Samba has a huge number of configurable options (perhaps too
# many!) most of which are not shown in this example
#
# For a step to step guide on installing, configuring and using samba, 
# read the Samba-HOWTO-Collection. This may be obtained from:
#  http://www.samba.org/samba/docs/Samba-HOWTO-Collection.pdf
#
# Many working examples of smb.conf files can be found in the 
# Samba-Guide which is generated daily and can be downloaded from: 
#  http://www.samba.org/samba/docs/Samba-Guide.pdf
#
# Any line which starts with a ; (semi-colon) or a # (hash) 
# is a comment and is ignored. In this example we will use a #
# for commentry and a ; for parts of the config file that you
# may wish to enable
#
# NOTE: Whenever you modify this file you should run the command "testparm"
# to check that you have not made any basic syntactic errors. 
#
#---------------
# SELINUX NOTES:
#
# If you want to use the useradd/groupadd family of binaries please run:
# setsebool -P samba_domain_controller on
#
# If you want to share home directories via samba please run:
# setsebool -P samba_enable_home_dirs on
#
# If you create a new directory you want to share you should mark it as
# "samba_share_t" so that selinux will let you write into it.
# Make sure not to do that on system directories as they may already have
# been marked with othe SELinux labels.
#
# Use ls -ldZ /path to see which context a directory has
#
# Set labels only on directories you created!
# To set a label use the following: chcon -t samba_share_t /path
#
# If you need to share a system created directory you can use one of the
# following (read-only/read-write):
# setsebool -P samba_export_all_ro on
# or
# setsebool -P samba_export_all_rw on
#
# If you want to run scripts (preexec/root prexec/print command/...) please
# put them into the /var/lib/samba/scripts directory so that smbd will be
# allowed to run them.
# Make sure you COPY them and not MOVE them so that the right SELinux context
# is applied, to check all is ok use restorecon -R -v /var/lib/samba/scripts
#
#--------------
#
#======================= Global Settings =====================================
	
[global]
	
# ----------------------- Network Related Options -------------------------
#
# workgroup = NT-Domain-Name or Workgroup-Name, eg: MIDEARTH
#
# server string is the equivalent of the NT Description field
#
# netbios name can be used to specify a server name not tied to the hostname
#
# Interfaces lets you configure Samba to use multiple interfaces
# If you have multiple network interfaces then you can list the ones
# you want to listen on (never omit localhost)
#
# Hosts Allow/Hosts Deny lets you restrict who can connect, and you can
# specifiy it as a per share option as well
#
	workgroup = MYGROUP
	server string = Samba Server Version %v
	
;	netbios name = MYSERVER
	
;	interfaces = lo eth0 192.168.12.2/24 192.168.13.2/24 
	hosts allow = 127. 192.168.12. 192.168.13. 192.168.31.
	
# --------------------------- Logging Options -----------------------------
#
# Log File let you specify where to put logs and how to split them up.
#
# Max Log Size let you specify the max size log files should reach
	
	# logs split per machine
	log file = /var/log/samba/log.%m
	# max 50KB per log file, then rotate
	max log size = 50
	
# ----------------------- Standalone Server Options ------------------------
#
# Scurity can be set to user, share(deprecated) or server(deprecated)
#
# Backend to store user information in. New installations should 
# use either tdbsam or ldapsam. smbpasswd is available for backwards 
# compatibility. tdbsam requires no further configuration.

	security = share
	passdb backend = tdbsam


# ----------------------- Domain Members Options ------------------------
#
# Security must be set to domain or ads
#
# Use the realm option only with security = ads
# Specifies the Active Directory realm the host is part of
#
# Backend to store user information in. New installations should 
# use either tdbsam or ldapsam. smbpasswd is available for backwards 
# compatibility. tdbsam requires no further configuration.
#
# Use password server option only with security = server or if you can't
# use the DNS to locate Domain Controllers
# The argument list may include:
#   password server = My_PDC_Name [My_BDC_Name] [My_Next_BDC_Name]
# or to auto-locate the domain controller/s
#   password server = *
	
	
;	security = domain
;	passdb backend = tdbsam
;	realm = MY_REALM

;	password server = 

# ----------------------- Domain Controller Options ------------------------
#
# Security must be set to user for domain controllers
#
# Backend to store user information in. New installations should 
# use either tdbsam or ldapsam. smbpasswd is available for backwards 
# compatibility. tdbsam requires no further configuration.
#
# Domain Master specifies Samba to be the Domain Master Browser. This
# allows Samba to collate browse lists between subnets. Don't use this
# if you already have a Windows NT domain controller doing this job
#
# Domain Logons let Samba be a domain logon server for Windows workstations. 
#
# Logon Scrpit let yuou specify a script to be run at login time on the client
# You need to provide it in a share called NETLOGON
#
# Logon Path let you specify where user profiles are stored (UNC path)
#
# Various scripts can be used on a domain controller or stand-alone
# machine to add or delete corresponding unix accounts
#
;	security = user
;	passdb backend = tdbsam
	
;	domain master = yes 
;	domain logons = yes
	
	# the login script name depends on the machine name
;	logon script = %m.bat
	# the login script name depends on the unix user used
;	logon script = %u.bat
;	logon path = \\%L\Profiles\%u
	# disables profiles support by specifing an empty path
;	logon path =          
	
;	add user script = /usr/sbin/useradd "%u" -n -g users
;	add group script = /usr/sbin/groupadd "%g"
;	add machine script = /usr/sbin/useradd -n -c "Workstation (%u)" -M -d /nohome -s /bin/false "%u"
;	delete user script = /usr/sbin/userdel "%u"
;	delete user from group script = /usr/sbin/userdel "%u" "%g"
;	delete group script = /usr/sbin/groupdel "%g"
	
	
# ----------------------- Browser Control Options ----------------------------
#
# set local master to no if you don't want Samba to become a master
# browser on your network. Otherwise the normal election rules apply
#
# OS Level determines the precedence of this server in master browser
# elections. The default value should be reasonable
#
# Preferred Master causes Samba to force a local browser election on startup
# and gives it a slightly higher chance of winning the election
;	local master = no
;	os level = 33
;	preferred master = yes
	
#----------------------------- Name Resolution -------------------------------
# Windows Internet Name Serving Support Section:
# Note: Samba can be either a WINS Server, or a WINS Client, but NOT both
#
# - WINS Support: Tells the NMBD component of Samba to enable it's WINS Server
#
# - WINS Server: Tells the NMBD components of Samba to be a WINS Client
#
# - WINS Proxy: Tells Samba to answer name resolution queries on
#   behalf of a non WINS capable client, for this to work there must be
#   at least one	WINS Server on the network. The default is NO.
#
# DNS Proxy - tells Samba whether or not to try to resolve NetBIOS names
# via DNS nslookups.
	
;	wins support = yes
;	wins server = w.x.y.z
;	wins proxy = yes
	
;	dns proxy = yes
	
# --------------------------- Printing Options -----------------------------
#
# Load Printers let you load automatically the list of printers rather
# than setting them up individually
#
# Cups Options let you pass the cups libs custom options, setting it to raw
# for example will let you use drivers on your Windows clients
#
# Printcap Name let you specify an alternative printcap file
#
# You can choose a non default printing system using the Printing option
	
	load printers = yes
	cups options = raw

;	printcap name = /etc/printcap
	#obtain list of printers automatically on SystemV
;	printcap name = lpstat
;	printing = cups

# --------------------------- Filesystem Options ---------------------------
#
# The following options can be uncommented if the filesystem supports
# Extended Attributes and they are enabled (usually by the mount option
# user_xattr). Thess options will let the admin store the DOS attributes
# in an EA and make samba not mess with the permission bits.
#
# Note: these options can also be set just per share, setting them in global
# makes them the default for all shares

;	map archive = no
;	map hidden = no
;	map read only = no
;	map system = no
;	store dos attributes = yes


#============================ Share Definitions ==============================
	
[homes]
	comment = Home Directories
	browseable = yes
	path = /
	writable = yes
;	valid users = %S
;	valid users = MYDOMAIN\%S
	
[printers]
	comment = All Printers
	path = /var/spool/samba
	browseable = no
	guest ok = no
	writable = no
	printable = yes
	
# Un-comment the following and create the netlogon directory for Domain Logons
;	[netlogon]
;	comment = Network Logon Service
;	path = /var/lib/samba/netlogon
;	guest ok = yes
;	writable = no
;	share modes = no
	
	
# Un-comment the following to provide a specific roving profile share
# the default is to use the user's home directory
;	[Profiles]
;	path = /var/lib/samba/profiles
;	browseable = no
;	guest ok = yes
	
	
# A publicly accessible directory, but read only, except for people in
# the "staff" group
;	[public]
;	comment = Public Stuff
;	path = /home/samba
;	public = yes
;	writable = yes
;	printable = no
;	write list = +staff

[public]
	comment=Public Staff
	path=/tmp
	public=yes
	writable = yes
[minsx]
	comment=Public Staff
	path=/minsx
	public=no
	writable = yes
	valid users = root 
	browseable = yes

将用户添加到samba：

useradd -s /sbin/nologin root

smbpasswd -a root

cat /etc/passwd|mksmbpasswd.sh >> /etc/samba/smbpaawd

smbpasswd命令
smbpasswd -a 增加用户（要增加的用户必须以是系统用户）
smbpasswd -d 冻结用户，就是这个用户不能在登录了
smbpasswd -e 恢复用户，解冻用户，让冻结的用户可以在使用
smbpasswd -n 把用户的密码设置成空. 注意如果设置了"NO PASSWORD"之后，要允许使用者以空口令登入到Samba服务器，管理员必须在smb.conf配置档案的[global]段中设置以下的参数：null passwords = yes
smbpasswd -x 删除用户

测试配置是否有误：

testparm -s smb.conf

查看Samba服务状态、启动及重启：

service smb status
service smb stop
service smb start
service smb restart

设置Samba服务开机自启动：

chkconfig --list | grep smb
chkconfig --level 35 smb on
chkconfig --level 35 nmb on

配置防火墙：

vi /etc/sysconfig/iptables

增加以下内容：

-A INPUT -m state --state NEW -m tcp -p tcp --dport 139 -j ACCEPT
-A INPUT -m state --state NEW -m tcp -p tcp --dport 445 -j ACCEPT
-A INPUT -m state --state NEW -m udp -p udp --dport 137 -j ACCEPT
-A INPUT -m state --state NEW -m udp -p udp --dport 138 -j ACCEPT

SELINUX配置：

setsebool -P samba_domain_controller on
setsebool -P samba_enable_home_dirs on
following (read-only/read-write):
setsebool -P samba_export_all_ro on
or
setsebool -P samba_export_all_rw on

最后尝试从windows访问：

四、Samba在Ubuntu上的安装与配置

安装samba：

sudo apt-get install samba  
sudo apt-get install cifs-utils  
#sudo apt-get install samba-common  

创建共享目录：

mkdir /home/yourPCname/myshare  
sudo chmod 777 myshare/

配置：

sudo cp /etc/samba/smb.conf /etc/samba/smb.conf.bak  
vim /etc/samba/smb.conf 

最后加上共享目录配置项：

[share]  
path = /home/yourPCname/myshare  
available = yes  
browseable = yes  
public = yes  
writable = yes  

重启服务：

sudo service samba restart

如果需要以用户身份访问，则需要创建samba账户：

sudo adduser root

sudo touch /etc/samba/smbpasswd

sudo smbpasswd -a root

重启服务：

sudo service samba restart

最后即可从windows访问了

注：经笔者测试win10+virtual box+ubuntu16.4中，win10访问不了ubuntu中共享出来的文件夹，win7及mac可以成功访问。

五、Samba的配置说明

[global]

config file = /usr/local/samba/lib/smb.conf.%m
说明：config  file可以让你使用另一个配置文件来覆盖缺省的配置文件。如果文件不存在，则该项无效。这个参数很有用，可以使得samba配置更灵活，可以让一台samba服务器模拟多台不同配置的服务器。比如，你想让PC1（主机名）这台电脑在访问Samba  Server时使用它自己的配置文件，那么先在/etc/samba/host/下为PC1配置一个名为smb.conf.pc1的文件，然后在smb.conf中加入：config file = /etc/samba/host/smb.conf.%m。这样当PC1请求连接Samba  Server时，smb.conf.%m就被替换成smb.conf.pc1。这样，对于PC1来说，它所使用的Samba服务就是由smb.conf.pc1定义的，而其他机器访问Samba Server则还是应用smb.conf。

workgroup = WORKGROUP
说明：设定 Samba Server 所要加入的工作组或者域。

server string = Samba Server Version %v
说明：设定 Samba Server 的注释，可以是任何字符串，也可以不填。宏%v表示显示Samba的版本号。

netbios name = smbserver
说明：设置Samba Server的NetBIOS名称。如果不填，则默认会使用该服务器的DNS名称的第一部分。netbios name和workgroup名字不要设置成一样了。

interfaces = lo eth0 192.168.12.2/24 192.168.13.2/24
说明：设置Samba Server监听哪些网卡，可以写网卡名，也可以写该网卡的IP地址。

hosts allow = 127. 192.168.1. 192.168.10.1
说明：表示允许连接到Samba Server的客户端，多个参数以空格隔开。可以用一个IP表示，也可以用一个网段表示。hosts deny 与hosts allow 刚好相反。
例如：hosts allow=172.17.2.EXCEPT172.17.2.50
表示容许来自172.17.2.*的主机连接，但排除172.17.2.50
hosts allow=172.17.2.0/255.255.0.0
表示容许来自172.17.2.0/255.255.0.0子网中的所有主机连接
hosts allow=M1，M2
表示容许来自M1和M2两台计算机连接
hosts allow=@pega
表示容许来自pega网域的所有计算机连接

max connections = 0
说明：max connections用来指定连接Samba Server的最大连接数目。如果超出连接数目，则新的连接请求将被拒绝。0表示不限制。

deadtime = 0
说明：deadtime用来设置断掉一个没有打开任何文件的连接的时间。单位是分钟，0代表Samba Server不自动切断任何连接。

time server = yes/no
说明：time server用来设置让nmdb成为windows客户端的时间服务器。

log file = /var/log/samba/log.%m
说明：设置Samba Server日志文件的存储位置以及日志文件名称。在文件名后加个宏%m（主机名），表示对每台访问Samba  Server的机器都单独记录一个日志文件。如果pc1、pc2访问过Samba  Server，就会在/var/log/samba目录下留下log.pc1和log.pc2两个日志文件。

max log size = 50
说明：设置Samba Server日志文件的最大容量，单位为kB，0代表不限制。

security = user
说明：设置用户访问Samba Server的验证方式，一共有四种验证方式。
1. share：用户访问Samba Server不需要提供用户名和口令, 安全性能较低。
2. user：Samba Server共享目录只能被授权的用户访问,由Samba Server负责检查账号和密码的正确性。账号和密码要在本Samba Server中建立。
3. server：依靠其他Windows NT/2000或Samba  Server来验证用户的账号和密码,是一种代理验证。此种安全模式下,系统管理员可以把所有的Windows用户和口令集中到一个NT系统上,使用Windows NT进行Samba认证, 远程服务器可以自动认证全部用户和口令,如果认证失败,Samba将使用用户级安全模式作为替代的方式。
4. domain：域安全级别,使用主域控制器(PDC)来完成认证。

passdb backend = tdbsam
说明：passdb backend就是用户后台的意思。目前有三种后台：smbpasswd、tdbsam和ldapsam。sam应该是security account manager（安全账户管理）的简写。
1.smbpasswd：该方式是使用smb自己的工具smbpasswd来给系统用户（真实用户或者虚拟用户）设置一个Samba密码，客户端就用这个密码来访问Samba的资源。smbpasswd文件默认在/etc/samba目录下，不过有时候要手工建立该文件。
2.tdbsam： 该方式则是使用一个数据库文件来建立用户数据库。数据库文件叫passdb.tdb，默认在/etc/samba目录下。passdb.tdb用户数据库 可以使用smbpasswd –a来建立Samba用户，不过要建立的Samba用户必须先是系统用户。我们也可以使用pdbedit命令来建立Samba账户。pdbedit命令的 参数很多，我们列出几个主要的。
　　pdbedit –a username：新建Samba账户。
　　pdbedit –x username：删除Samba账户。
　　pdbedit –L：列出Samba用户列表，读取passdb.tdb数据库文件。
　　pdbedit –Lv：列出Samba用户列表的详细信息。
　　pdbedit –c “[D]” –u username：暂停该Samba用户的账号。
　　pdbedit –c “[]” –u username：恢复该Samba用户的账号。
3.ldapsam：该方式则是基于LDAP的账户管理方式来验证用户。首先要建立LDAP服务，然后设置“passdb backend = ldapsam:ldap://LDAP Server”

encrypt passwords = yes/no
说明：是否将认证密码加密。因为现在windows操作系统都是使用加密密码，所以一般要开启此项。不过配置文件默认已开启。

smb passwd file = /etc/samba/smbpasswd
说明：用来定义samba用户的密码文件。smbpasswd文件如果没有那就要手工新建。

username map = /etc/samba/smbusers
说明：用来定义用户名映射，比如可以将root换成administrator、admin等。不过要事先在smbusers文件中定义好。比如：root = administrator admin，这样就可以用administrator或admin这两个用户来代替root登陆Samba  Server，更贴近windows用户的习惯。

guest account = nobody
说明：用来设置guest用户名。

socket options = TCP_NODELAY SO_RCVBUF=8192 SO_SNDBUF=8192
说明：用来设置服务器和客户端之间会话的Socket选项，可以优化传输速度。

domain master = yes/no
说明：设置Samba服务器是否要成为网域主浏览器，网域主浏览器可以管理跨子网域的浏览服务。

local master = yes/no
说明：local master用来指定Samba Server是否试图成为本地网域主浏览器。如果设为no，则永远不会成为本地网域主浏览器。但是即使设置为yes，也不等于该Samba Server就能成为主浏览器，还需要参加选举。

preferred master = yes/no
说明：设置Samba Server一开机就强迫进行主浏览器选举，可以提高Samba  Server成为本地网域主浏览器的机会。如果该参数指定为yes时，最好把domain  master也指定为yes。使用该参数时要注意：如果在本Samba Server所在的子网有其他的机器（不论是windows  NT还是其他Samba Server）也指定为首要主浏览器时，那么这些机器将会因为争夺主浏览器而在网络上大发广播，影响网络性能。
如果同一个区域内有多台Samba Server，将上面三个参数设定在一台即可。

os level = 200
说明：设置samba服务器的os level。该参数决定Samba Server是否有机会成为本地网域的主浏览器。os  level从0到255，winNT的os level是32，win95/98的os level是1。Windows 2000的os  level是64。如果设置为0，则意味着Samba Server将失去浏览选择。如果想让Samba Server成为PDC，那么将它的os  level值设大些。

domain logons = yes/no
说明：设置Samba Server是否要做为本地域控制器。主域控制器和备份域控制器都需要开启此项。

logon script = %u.bat
说明：当使用者用windows客户端登陆，那么Samba将提供一个登陆档。如果设置成%u.bat，那么就要为每个用户提供一个登陆档。如果人比较多， 那就比较麻烦。可以设置成一个具体的文件名，比如start.bat，那么用户登陆后都会去执行start.bat，而不用为每个用户设定一个登陆档了。 这个文件要放置在[netlogon]的path设置的目录路径下。

wins support = yes/no
说明：设置samba服务器是否提供wins服务。

wins server = wins服务器IP地址
说明：设置Samba Server是否使用别的wins服务器提供wins服务。

wins proxy = yes/no
说明：设置Samba Server是否开启wins代理服务。

dns proxy = yes/no
说明：设置Samba Server是否开启dns代理服务。

load printers = yes/no
说明：设置是否在启动Samba时就共享打印机。

printcap name = cups
说明：设置共享打印机的配置文件。

printing = cups
说明：设置Samba共享打印机的类型。现在支持的打印系统有：bsd, sysv, plp, lprng, aix, hpux, qnx

共享参数：
#================== Share Definitions ==================
[共享名]

comment = 任意字符串
说明：comment是对该共享的描述，可以是任意字符串。

path = 共享目录路径
说 明：path用来指定共享目录的路径。可以用%u、%m这样的宏来代替路径里的unix用户和客户机的Netbios名，用宏表示主要用于[homes]共享域。例如：如果我们不打算用home段做为客户的共享，而是在/home/share/下为每个Linux用户以他的用户名建个目录，作为他的共享目 录，这样path就可以写成：path = /home/share/%u; 。用户在连接到这共享时具体的路径会被他的用户名代替，要注意这个用户名路径一定要存在，否则，客户机在访问时会找不到网络路径。同样，如果我们不是以用 户来划分目录，而是以客户机来划分目录，为网络上每台可以访问samba的机器都各自建个以它的netbios名的路径，作为不同机器的共享资源，就可以 这样写：path = /home/share/%m 。

browseable = yes/no
说明：browseable用来指定该共享是否可以浏览。

writable = yes/no
说明：writable用来指定该共享路径是否可写。

available = yes/no
说明：available用来指定该共享资源是否可用。

admin users = 该共享的管理者
说明：admin users用来指定该共享的管理员（对该共享具有完全控制权限）。在samba 3.0中，如果用户验证方式设置成“security=share”时，此项无效。
例如：admin users =david，sandy（多个用户中间用逗号隔开）。

valid users = 允许访问该共享的用户
说明：valid users用来指定允许访问该共享资源的用户。
例如：valid users = david，@dave，@tech（多个用户或者组中间用逗号隔开，如果要加入一个组就用“@组名”表示。）

invalid users = 禁止访问该共享的用户
说明：invalid users用来指定不允许访问该共享资源的用户。
例如：invalid users = root，@bob（多个用户或者组中间用逗号隔开。）

write list = 允许写入该共享的用户
说明：write list用来指定可以在该共享下写入文件的用户。
例如：write list = david，@dave

public = yes/no
说明：public用来指定该共享是否允许guest账户访问。

guest ok = yes/no
说明：意义同“public”。

几个特殊共享：
[homes]
comment = Home Directories
browseable = no
writable = yes
valid users = %S
; valid users = MYDOMAIN\%S

[printers]
comment = All Printers
path = /var/spool/samba
browseable = no
guest ok = no
writable = no
printable = yes

[netlogon]
comment = Network Logon Service
path = /var/lib/samba/netlogon
guest ok = yes
writable = no
share modes = no

[Profiles]
path = /var/lib/samba/profiles
browseable = no
guest ok = yes

Samba安装好后，使用testparm命令可以测试smb.conf配置是否正确。使用testparm –v命令可以详细的列出smb.conf支持的配置参数。

默认的smb.conf有很多个选项和内容，比较繁琐，这里我们按照案例来讲解配置选项，先备份一下自己的smb.conf文件，然后重新建立一个smb.conf。