学习TensorFlow，TensorBoard可视化网络结构和参数

在学习深度网络框架的过程中，我们发现一个问题，就是如何输出各层网络参数，用于更好地理解，调试和优化网络？针对这个问题，TensorFlow开发了一个特别有用的可视化工具包：TensorBoard，既可以显示网络结构，又可以显示训练和测试过程中各层参数的变化情况。本博文分为四个部分，第一部分介绍相关函数，第二部分是代码测试，第三部分是运行结果，第四部分介绍相关参考资料。

一. 相关函数

TensorBoard的输入是tensorflow保存summary data的日志文件。日志文件名的形式如：events.out.tfevents.1467809796.lei-All-Series 或 events.out.tfevents.1467809800.lei-All-Series。TensorBoard可读的summary data有scalar，images，audio，histogram和graph。那么怎么把这些summary data保存在日志文件中呢？

数值如学习率，损失函数用scalar_summary函数。tf.scalar_summary(节点名称，获取的数据)

accuracy = tf.reduce_mean(tf.cast(correct_prediction, tf.float32))
tf.scalar_summary('accuracy', accuracy)

各层网络权重，偏置的分布，用histogram_summary函数

preactivate = tf.matmul(input_tensor, weights) + biases
tf.histogram_summary(layer_name + '/pre_activations', preactivate)

其他几种summary data也是同样的方式获取，只是对应的获取函数名称换一下。这些获取summary data函数节点和graph是独立的，调用的时候也需要运行session。当需要获取的数据较多的时候，我们一个一个去保存获取到的数据，以及一个一个去运行会显得比较麻烦。tensorflow提供了一个简单的方法，就是合并所有的summary data的获取函数，保存和运行只对一个对象进行操作。比如，写入默认路径中，比如/tmp/mnist_logs (by default)

merged = tf.merge_all_summaries()
train_writer = tf.train.SummaryWriter(FLAGS.summaries_dir + '/train', sess.graph)
test_writer = tf.train.SummaryWriter(FLAGS.summaries_dir + '/test')

SummaryWriter从tensorflow获取summary data，然后保存到指定路径的日志文件中。以上是在建立graph的过程中，接下来执行，每隔一定step，写入网络参数到默认路径中，形成最开始的文件：events.out.tfevents.1467809796.lei-All-Series 或 events.out.tfevents.1467809800.lei-All-Series。

for i in range(FLAGS.max_steps):
if i % 10 == 0:  # Record summaries and test-set accuracy
summary, acc = sess.run([merged, accuracy], feed_dict=feed_dict(False))
      test_writer.add_summary(summary, i)
      print('Accuracy at step %s: %s' % (i, acc))
    else: # Record train set summarieis, and train
      summary, _ = sess.run([merged, train_step], feed_dict=feed_dict(True))
      train_writer.add_summary(summary, i)

二. 代码测试

# Copyright 2015 Google Inc. All Rights Reserved.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the 'License');
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an 'AS IS' BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
# ==============================================================================

"""A simple MNIST classifier which displays summaries in TensorBoard.

 This is an unimpressive MNIST model, but it is a good example of using
tf.name_scope to make a graph legible in the TensorBoard graph explorer, and of
naming summary tags so that they are grouped meaningfully in TensorBoard.

It demonstrates the functionality of every TensorBoard dashboard.
"""
from __future__ import absolute_import
from __future__ import division
from __future__ import print_function

import tensorflow as tf

from tensorflow.examples.tutorials.mnist import input_data


flags = tf.app.flags
FLAGS = flags.FLAGS
flags.DEFINE_boolean('fake_data', False, 'If true, uses fake data '
                     'for unit testing.')
flags.DEFINE_integer('max_steps', 1000, 'Number of steps to run trainer.')
flags.DEFINE_float('learning_rate', 0.001, 'Initial learning rate.')
flags.DEFINE_float('dropout', 0.9, 'Keep probability for training dropout.')
flags.DEFINE_string('data_dir', '/tmp/data', 'Directory for storing data')
flags.DEFINE_string('summaries_dir', '/tmp/mnist_logs', 'Summaries directory')


def train():
  # Import data
  mnist = input_data.read_data_sets(FLAGS.data_dir, one_hot=True,
                                    fake_data=FLAGS.fake_data)

  sess = tf.InteractiveSession()

  # Create a multilayer model.

  # Input placehoolders
  with tf.name_scope('input'):
    x = tf.placeholder(tf.float32, [None, 784], name='x-input')
    image_shaped_input = tf.reshape(x, [-1, 28, 28, 1])
    tf.image_summary('input', image_shaped_input, 10)
    y_ = tf.placeholder(tf.float32, [None, 10], name='y-input')
    keep_prob = tf.placeholder(tf.float32)
    tf.scalar_summary('dropout_keep_probability', keep_prob)

  # We can't initialize these variables to 0 - the network will get stuck.
  def weight_variable(shape):
    """Create a weight variable with appropriate initialization."""
    initial = tf.truncated_normal(shape, stddev=0.1)
    return tf.Variable(initial)

  def bias_variable(shape):
    """Create a bias variable with appropriate initialization."""
    initial = tf.constant(0.1, shape=shape)
    return tf.Variable(initial)

  def variable_summaries(var, name):
    """Attach a lot of summaries to a Tensor."""
    with tf.name_scope('summaries'):
      mean = tf.reduce_mean(var)
      tf.scalar_summary('mean/' + name, mean)
      with tf.name_scope('stddev'):
        stddev = tf.sqrt(tf.reduce_sum(tf.square(var - mean)))
      tf.scalar_summary('sttdev/' + name, stddev)
      tf.scalar_summary('max/' + name, tf.reduce_max(var))
      tf.scalar_summary('min/' + name, tf.reduce_min(var))
      tf.histogram_summary(name, var)

  def nn_layer(input_tensor, input_dim, output_dim, layer_name, act=tf.nn.relu):
    """Reusable code for making a simple neural net layer.

    It does a matrix multiply, bias add, and then uses relu to nonlinearize.
    It also sets up name scoping so that the resultant graph is easy to read, and
    adds a number of summary ops.
    """
    # Adding a name scope ensures logical grouping of the layers in the graph.
    with tf.name_scope(layer_name):
      # This Variable will hold the state of the weights for the layer
      with tf.name_scope('weights'):
        weights = weight_variable([input_dim, output_dim])
        variable_summaries(weights, layer_name + '/weights')
      with tf.name_scope('biases'):
        biases = bias_variable([output_dim])
        variable_summaries(biases, layer_name + '/biases')
      with tf.name_scope('Wx_plus_b'):
        preactivate = tf.matmul(input_tensor, weights) + biases
        tf.histogram_summary(layer_name + '/pre_activations', preactivate)
      activations = act(preactivate, 'activation')
      tf.histogram_summary(layer_name + '/activations', activations)
      return activations

  hidden1 = nn_layer(x, 784, 500, 'layer1')
  dropped = tf.nn.dropout(hidden1, keep_prob)
  y = nn_layer(dropped, 500, 10, 'layer2', act=tf.nn.softmax)


  with tf.name_scope('cross_entropy'):
    diff = y_ * tf.log(y)
    with tf.name_scope('total'):
      cross_entropy = -tf.reduce_mean(diff)
    tf.scalar_summary('cross entropy', cross_entropy)

  with tf.name_scope('train'):
    train_step = tf.train.AdamOptimizer(
        FLAGS.learning_rate).minimize(cross_entropy)

  with tf.name_scope('accuracy'):
    with tf.name_scope('correct_prediction'):
      correct_prediction = tf.equal(tf.argmax(y, 1), tf.argmax(y_, 1))
    with tf.name_scope('accuracy'):
      accuracy = tf.reduce_mean(tf.cast(correct_prediction, tf.float32))
    tf.scalar_summary('accuracy', accuracy)

  # Merge all the summaries and write them out to /tmp/mnist_logs (by default)
  merged = tf.merge_all_summaries()
  train_writer = tf.train.SummaryWriter(FLAGS.summaries_dir + '/train', sess.graph)
  test_writer = tf.train.SummaryWriter(FLAGS.summaries_dir + '/test')
  tf.initialize_all_variables().run()

  # Train the model, and also write summaries.
  # Every 10th step, measure test-set accuracy, and write test summaries
  # All other steps, run train_step on training data, & add training summaries

  def feed_dict(train):
    """Make a TensorFlow feed_dict: maps data onto Tensor placeholders."""
    if train or FLAGS.fake_data:
      xs, ys = mnist.train.next_batch(100, fake_data=FLAGS.fake_data)
      k = FLAGS.dropout
    else:
      xs, ys = mnist.test.images, mnist.test.labels
      k = 1.0
    return {x: xs, y_: ys, keep_prob: k}

  for i in range(FLAGS.max_steps):
    if i % 10 == 0:  # Record summaries and test-set accuracy
      summary, acc = sess.run([merged, accuracy], feed_dict=feed_dict(False))
      test_writer.add_summary(summary, i)
      print('Accuracy at step %s: %s' % (i, acc))
    else: # Record train set summarieis, and train
      summary, _ = sess.run([merged, train_step], feed_dict=feed_dict(True))
      train_writer.add_summary(summary, i)

def main(_):
  if tf.gfile.Exists(FLAGS.summaries_dir):
    tf.gfile.DeleteRecursively(FLAGS.summaries_dir)
  tf.gfile.MakeDirs(FLAGS.summaries_dir)
  train()

if __name__ == '__main__':
  tf.app.run()

三. 运行结果

代码运行

生成文件

调用TensorBoard可视化运行结果

tensorboard --logdir=/tmp/mnist_logs/train/

打开链接 http://0.0.0.0:6006

EVENTS是训练参数统计显示，可以看到整个训练过程中，各个参数的变换情况

IMAGES输入和输出标签，省略

GRAPH网络结构显示

双击进去，可以显示更多的细节，包括右边的列表显示

HISTOGRAM训练过程参数分布情况显示

四. 参考资料

如果你想了解更多信息，可以参考一下资料:

https://www.tensorflow.org/versions/r0.9/how_tos/summaries_and_tensorboard/index.html

https://github.com/tensorflow/tensorflow/blob/r0.9/tensorflow/tensorboard/README.md

https://github.com/tensorflow/tensorflow/blob/r0.9/tensorflow/examples/tutorials/mnist/mnist_with_summaries.py

https://www.tensorflow.org/versions/r0.9/how_tos/graph_viz/index.html