转载来源:https://www.journaldev.com/2800/java-8-date-localdate-localdatetime-instant
Java 8 Date Time API是开发人员最热门的变更之一。Java从一开始就缺少日期和时间的一致方法,Java 8 Date Time API是核心Java API的一个受欢迎的补充。
目录[ 隐藏 ]
在我们开始查看Java 8 Date Time API之前,让我们看看为什么我们需要一个新的API。java中现有的日期和时间相关类存在一些问题,其中一些是:
java.util
和java.sql
包中都有Date Class 。再次格式化和解析类在java.text
包中定义。java.util.Date
包含日期和时间,而java.sql.Date
仅包含日期。java.sql
包装中的这个没有意义。这两个类都有相同的名称,这本身就是一个非常糟糕的设计。java.text.DateFormat
用于解析和格式化需求的抽象类。通常SimpleDateFormat
类用于解析和格式化。java.util.Calendar
和java.util.TimeZone
类进行了介绍,但他们也有上面列出的所有问题。Date和Calendar类中定义的方法还存在一些其他问题,但上述问题清楚地表明Java中需要一个健壮的Date Time API。这就是为什么Joda Time作为Java Date Time要求的质量替代品发挥关键作用的原因。
Java 8 Date Time API是JSR-310实现。它旨在克服传统日期时间实现中的所有缺陷。新Date Time API的一些设计原则是:
now()
方法。在所有这些类中定义了format()和parse()方法,而不是为它们设置单独的类。 所有类都使用工厂模式和策略模式来更好地处理。一旦你在其中一个类中使用了这些方法,那么使用其他类并不难。
Java 8 Date Time API包含以下包。
LocalDate
,LocalTime
,LocalDateTime
,Instant
,Period
,Duration
等所有这些类是不可变的和线程安全的。大多数情况下,这些类足以满足常见要求。AbstractChronology
类来创建我们自己的日历系统。我们已经研究了Java Date Time API的大部分重要部分。现在是时候通过示例查看最重要的Date Time API类。
LOCALDATE
LocalDate
是一个不可变类,表示默认格式为yyyy-MM-dd的Date。我们可以使用now()
方法来获取当前日期。我们还可以提供年,月和日的输入参数来创建LocalDate实例。此类为now()提供重载方法,我们可以通过ZoneId获取特定时区的日期。该类提供与以下相同的功能java.sql.Date
。让我们看一个简单的例子来说明它的用法。
package com.journaldev.java8.time;
import java.time.LocalDate;
import java.time.Month;
import java.time.ZoneId;
/**
* LocalDate Examples
* @author pankaj
*
*/
public class LocalDateExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
//Current Date
LocalDate today = LocalDate.now();
System.out.println("Current Date="+today);
//Creating LocalDate by providing input arguments
LocalDate firstDay_2014 = LocalDate.of(2014, Month.JANUARY, 1);
System.out.println("Specific Date="+firstDay_2014);
//Try creating date by providing invalid inputs
//LocalDate feb29_2014 = LocalDate.of(2014, Month.FEBRUARY, 29);
//Exception in thread "main" java.time.DateTimeException:
//Invalid date 'February 29' as '2014' is not a leap year
//Current date in "Asia/Kolkata", you can get it from ZoneId javadoc
LocalDate todayKolkata = LocalDate.now(ZoneId.of("Asia/Kolkata"));
System.out.println("Current Date in IST="+todayKolkata);
//java.time.zone.ZoneRulesException: Unknown time-zone ID: IST
//LocalDate todayIST = LocalDate.now(ZoneId.of("IST"));
//Getting date from the base date i.e 01/01/1970
LocalDate dateFromBase = LocalDate.ofEpochDay(365);
System.out.println("365th day from base date= "+dateFromBase);
LocalDate hundredDay2014 = LocalDate.ofYearDay(2014, 100);
System.out.println("100th day of 2014="+hundredDay2014);
}
}
注释中提供了LocalDate方法说明,当我们运行此程序时,我们得到以下输出。
Current Date=2014-04-28
Specific Date=2014-01-01
Current Date in IST=2014-04-29
365th day from base date= 1971-01-01
100th day of 2014=2014-04-10
当地时间
LocalTime是一个不可变类,其实例表示人类可读格式的时间。它的默认格式是hh:mm:ss.zzz。就像LocalDate一样,这个类通过传递小时,分钟和秒作为输入参数来提供时区支持和创建实例。让我们看一下简单程序的用法。
package com.journaldev.java8.time;
import java.time.LocalTime;
import java.time.ZoneId;
/**
* LocalTime Examples
* @author pankaj
*
*/
public class LocalTimeExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
//Current Time
LocalTime time = LocalTime.now();
System.out.println("Current Time="+time);
//Creating LocalTime by providing input arguments
LocalTime specificTime = LocalTime.of(12,20,25,40);
System.out.println("Specific Time of Day="+specificTime);
//Try creating time by providing invalid inputs
//LocalTime invalidTime = LocalTime.of(25,20);
//Exception in thread "main" java.time.DateTimeException:
//Invalid value for HourOfDay (valid values 0 - 23): 25
//Current date in "Asia/Kolkata", you can get it from ZoneId javadoc
LocalTime timeKolkata = LocalTime.now(ZoneId.of("Asia/Kolkata"));
System.out.println("Current Time in IST="+timeKolkata);
//java.time.zone.ZoneRulesException: Unknown time-zone ID: IST
//LocalTime todayIST = LocalTime.now(ZoneId.of("IST"));
//Getting date from the base date i.e 01/01/1970
LocalTime specificSecondTime = LocalTime.ofSecondOfDay(10000);
System.out.println("10000th second time= "+specificSecondTime);
}
}
当我们运行LocalTime示例的上述程序时,我们得到以下输出。
Current Time=15:51:45.240
Specific Time of Day=12:20:25.000000040
Current Time in IST=04:21:45.276
10000th second time= 02:46:40
LocalDateTime
LocalDateTime
是一个不可变的日期时间对象,表示日期时间,默认格式为yyyy-MM-dd-HH-mm-ss.zzz。它提供了一个工厂方法,用于获取LocalDate
和LocalTime
输入参数以创建LocalDateTime
实例。让我们通过一个简单的例子来看看它的用法。
package com.journaldev.java8.time;
import java.time.LocalDate;
import java.time.LocalDateTime;
import java.time.LocalTime;
import java.time.Month;
import java.time.ZoneId;
import java.time.ZoneOffset;
public class LocalDateTimeExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
//Current Date
LocalDateTime today = LocalDateTime.now();
System.out.println("Current DateTime="+today);
//Current Date using LocalDate and LocalTime
today = LocalDateTime.of(LocalDate.now(), LocalTime.now());
System.out.println("Current DateTime="+today);
//Creating LocalDateTime by providing input arguments
LocalDateTime specificDate = LocalDateTime.of(2014, Month.JANUARY, 1, 10, 10, 30);
System.out.println("Specific Date="+specificDate);
//Try creating date by providing invalid inputs
//LocalDateTime feb29_2014 = LocalDateTime.of(2014, Month.FEBRUARY, 28, 25,1,1);
//Exception in thread "main" java.time.DateTimeException:
//Invalid value for HourOfDay (valid values 0 - 23): 25
//Current date in "Asia/Kolkata", you can get it from ZoneId javadoc
LocalDateTime todayKolkata = LocalDateTime.now(ZoneId.of("Asia/Kolkata"));
System.out.println("Current Date in IST="+todayKolkata);
//java.time.zone.ZoneRulesException: Unknown time-zone ID: IST
//LocalDateTime todayIST = LocalDateTime.now(ZoneId.of("IST"));
//Getting date from the base date i.e 01/01/1970
LocalDateTime dateFromBase = LocalDateTime.ofEpochSecond(10000, 0, ZoneOffset.UTC);
System.out.println("10000th second time from 01/01/1970= "+dateFromBase);
}
}
在所有这三个例子中,我们已经看到如果我们为创建Date / Time提供了无效的参数,那么它抛出的java.time.DateTimeException
是RuntimeException,所以我们不需要显式地捕获它。
我们还看到我们可以通过传递获取日期/时间数据ZoneId
,您可以从它的javadoc获取支持的ZoneId值列表。当我们在上面运行时,我们得到以下输出。
Current DateTime=2014-04-28T16:00:49.455
Current DateTime=2014-04-28T16:00:49.493
Specific Date=2014-01-01T10:10:30
Current Date in IST=2014-04-29T04:30:49.493
10000th second time from 01/01/1970= 1970-01-01T02:46:40
Instant类用于处理机器可读的时间格式,它将日期时间存储在unix时间戳中。让我们看一下简单程序的用法。
package com.journaldev.java8.time;
import java.time.Duration;
import java.time.Instant;
public class InstantExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
//Current timestamp
Instant timestamp = Instant.now();
System.out.println("Current Timestamp = "+timestamp);
//Instant from timestamp
Instant specificTime = Instant.ofEpochMilli(timestamp.toEpochMilli());
System.out.println("Specific Time = "+specificTime);
//Duration example
Duration thirtyDay = Duration.ofDays(30);
System.out.println(thirtyDay);
}
}
上述计划的输出是:
Current Timestamp = 2014-04-28T23:20:08.489Z
Specific Time = 2014-04-28T23:20:08.489Z
PT720H
如前所述,大多数日期时间原则类提供各种实用方法,例如加/减天,周,月等。还有一些其他实用方法可用于调整日期使用TemporalAdjuster
和计算两个日期之间的时间段。
package com.journaldev.java8.time; import java.time.LocalDate; import java.time.LocalTime; import java.time.Period; import java.time.temporal.TemporalAdjusters; public class DateAPIUtilities { public static void main(String[] args) { LocalDate today = LocalDate.now(); //Get the Year, check if it's leap year System.out.println("Year "+today.getYear()+" is Leap Year? "+today.isLeapYear()); //Compare two LocalDate for before and after System.out.println("Today is before 01/01/2015? "+today.isBefore(LocalDate.of(2015,1,1))); //Create LocalDateTime from LocalDate System.out.println("Current Time="+today.atTime(LocalTime.now())); //plus and minus operations System.out.println("10 days after today will be "+today.plusDays(10)); System.out.println("3 weeks after today will be "+today.plusWeeks(3)); System.out.println("20 months after today will be "+today.plusMonths(20)); System.out.println("10 days before today will be "+today.minusDays(10)); System.out.println("3 weeks before today will be "+today.minusWeeks(3)); System.out.println("20 months before today will be "+today.minusMonths(20)); //Temporal adjusters for adjusting the dates System.out.println("First date of this month= "+today.with(TemporalAdjusters.firstDayOfMonth())); LocalDate lastDayOfYear = today.with(TemporalAdjusters.lastDayOfYear()); System.out.println("Last date of this year= "+lastDayOfYear); Period period = today.until(lastDayOfYear); System.out.println("Period Format= "+period); System.out.println("Months remaining in the year= "+period.getMonths()); } }
上述计划的输出是:Year 2014 is Leap Year? false Today is before 01/01/2015? true Current Time=2014-04-28T16:23:53.154 10 days after today will be 2014-05-08 3 weeks after today will be 2014-05-19 20 months after today will be 2015-12-28 10 days before today will be 2014-04-18 3 weeks before today will be 2014-04-07 20 months before today will be 2012-08-28 First date of this month= 2014-04-01 Last date of this year= 2014-12-31 Period Format= P8M3D Months remaining in the year= 8
将日期格式化为不同的格式然后解析String以获取Date Time对象是很常见的。让我们用简单的例子来看。
package com.journaldev.java8.time;
import java.time.Instant;
import java.time.LocalDate;
import java.time.LocalDateTime;
import java.time.format.DateTimeFormatter;
public class DateParseFormatExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
//Format examples
LocalDate date = LocalDate.now();
//default format
System.out.println("Default format of LocalDate="+date);
//specific format
System.out.println(date.format(DateTimeFormatter.ofPattern("d::MMM::uuuu")));
System.out.println(date.format(DateTimeFormatter.BASIC_ISO_DATE));
LocalDateTime dateTime = LocalDateTime.now();
//default format
System.out.println("Default format of LocalDateTime="+dateTime);
//specific format
System.out.println(dateTime.format(DateTimeFormatter.ofPattern("d::MMM::uuuu HH::mm::ss")));
System.out.println(dateTime.format(DateTimeFormatter.BASIC_ISO_DATE));
Instant timestamp = Instant.now();
//default format
System.out.println("Default format of Instant="+timestamp);
//Parse examples
LocalDateTime dt = LocalDateTime.parse("27::Apr::2014 21::39::48",
DateTimeFormatter.ofPattern("d::MMM::uuuu HH::mm::ss"));
System.out.println("Default format after parsing = "+dt);
}
}
当我们运行上面的程序时,我们得到以下输出。
Default format of LocalDate=2014-04-28
28::Apr::2014
20140428
Default format of LocalDateTime=2014-04-28T16:25:49.341
28::Apr::2014 16::25::49
20140428
Default format of Instant=2014-04-28T23:25:49.342Z
Default format after parsing = 2014-04-27T21:39:48
旧版日期/时间类几乎在所有应用程序中使用,因此必须具有向后兼容性。这就是为什么我们可以通过几种实用方法将Legacy类转换为新类,反之亦然。让我们用一个简单的例子来看这个。
package com.journaldev.java8.time;
import java.time.Instant;
import java.time.LocalDateTime;
import java.time.ZoneId;
import java.time.ZonedDateTime;
import java.util.Calendar;
import java.util.Date;
import java.util.GregorianCalendar;
import java.util.TimeZone;
public class DateAPILegacySupport {
public static void main(String[] args) {
//Date to Instant
Instant timestamp = new Date().toInstant();
//Now we can convert Instant to LocalDateTime or other similar classes
LocalDateTime date = LocalDateTime.ofInstant(timestamp,
ZoneId.of(ZoneId.SHORT_IDS.get("PST")));
System.out.println("Date = "+date);
//Calendar to Instant
Instant time = Calendar.getInstance().toInstant();
System.out.println(time);
//TimeZone to ZoneId
ZoneId defaultZone = TimeZone.getDefault().toZoneId();
System.out.println(defaultZone);
//ZonedDateTime from specific Calendar
ZonedDateTime gregorianCalendarDateTime = new GregorianCalendar().toZonedDateTime();
System.out.println(gregorianCalendarDateTime);
//Date API to Legacy classes
Date dt = Date.from(Instant.now());
System.out.println(dt);
TimeZone tz = TimeZone.getTimeZone(defaultZone);
System.out.println(tz);
GregorianCalendar gc = GregorianCalendar.from(gregorianCalendarDateTime);
System.out.println(gc);
}
}
当我们运行上面的应用程序时,我们得到以下输出
Date = 2014-04-28T16:28:54.340
2014-04-28T23:28:54.395Z
America/Los_Angeles
2014-04-28T16:28:54.404-07:00[America/Los_Angeles]
Mon Apr 28 16:28:54 PDT 2014
sun.util.calendar.ZoneInfo[id="America/Los_Angeles",offset=-28800000,dstSavings=3600000,useDaylight=true,transitions=185,lastRule=java.util.SimpleTimeZone[id=America/Los_Angeles,offset=-28800000,dstSavings=3600000,useDaylight=true,startYear=0,startMode=3,startMonth=2,startDay=8,startDayOfWeek=1,startTime=7200000,startTimeMode=0,endMode=3,endMonth=10,endDay=1,endDayOfWeek=1,endTime=7200000,endTimeMode=0]]
java.util.GregorianCalendar[time=1398727734404,areFieldsSet=true,areAllFieldsSet=true,lenient=true,zone=sun.util.calendar.ZoneInfo[id="America/Los_Angeles",offset=-28800000,dstSavings=3600000,useDaylight=true,transitions=185,lastRule=java.util.SimpleTimeZone[id=America/Los_Angeles,offset=-28800000,dstSavings=3600000,useDaylight=true,startYear=0,startMode=3,startMonth=2,startDay=8,startDayOfWeek=1,startTime=7200000,startTimeMode=0,endMode=3,endMonth=10,endDay=1,endDayOfWeek=1,endTime=7200000,endTimeMode=0]],firstDayOfWeek=2,minimalDaysInFirstWeek=4,ERA=1,YEAR=2014,MONTH=3,WEEK_OF_YEAR=18,WEEK_OF_MONTH=5,DAY_OF_MONTH=28,DAY_OF_YEAR=118,DAY_OF_WEEK=2,DAY_OF_WEEK_IN_MONTH=4,AM_PM=1,HOUR=4,HOUR_OF_DAY=16,MINUTE=28,SECOND=54,MILLISECOND=404,ZONE_OFFSET=-28800000,DST_OFFSET=3600000]
正如您所看到的那样,遗留TimeZone
和GregorianCalendar
类toString()方法过于冗长且不方便用户使用。
这就是Java 8 Date Time API的全部内容,我非常喜欢这个新的API。对于这个新API,一些最常用的类将是LocalDate和LocalDateTime。它非常容易使用,并且具有类似的方法,可以轻松找到特定的工作。将遗留类迁移到新的Date Time类需要一些时间,但我相信它值得花时间。