Django补充（三）之路由系统URL、自定义函数、自定义分页、Cookie操作、FBV和CBV
上一篇文章>Django入门（二）之一对多和多对多表结构操作、Ajax提交
一、本机环境
操作系统：rhel7.3
Python版本：python3.6
Django版本：Django-2.1.5
[root@python _Django]# tree project1
project1
├── app
│ ├── admin.py
│ ├── apps.py
│ ├── __init__.py
│ ├── migrations
│ │ ├── __init__.py
│ │ └── __pycache__
│ │ └── __init__.cpython-36.pyc
│ ├── models.py
│ ├── __pycache__
│ │ ├── admin.cpython-36.pyc
│ │ ├── __init__.cpython-36.pyc
│ │ ├── models.cpython-36.pyc
│ │ └── views.cpython-36.pyc
│ ├── tests.py
│ └── views.py
├── db.sqlite3
├── manage.py
├── project1
│ ├── __init__.py
│ ├── __pycache__
│ │ ├── __init__.cpython-36.pyc
│ │ ├── settings.cpython-36.pyc
│ │ ├── urls.cpython-36.pyc
│ │ └── wsgi.cpython-36.pyc
│ ├── settings.py
│ ├── urls.py
│ └── wsgi.py
├── static
│ └── jquery-1.12.4.min.js
└── templates
二、路由系统URL
1、传入默认值（形参）
（1）配置urls.py
[root@python project1]# vim project1/urls.py
from django.contrib import admin
from django.urls import path
from app import views
urlpatterns = [
path('admin/', admin.site.urls),
path('index/', views.index, {'name': 'dream'}),
]
（2）运行访问
[root@python project1]# vim app/views.py
from django.shortcuts import render
from django.shortcuts import HttpResponse
def index(request,name):
print (name)
return HttpResponse('OK')
[root@python project1]# python manage.py makemigrations
[root@python project1]# python manage.py migrate
[root@python project1]# python manage.py runserver 10.10.10.111:8000
http://10.10.10.111:8000/index/ ###浏览器访问
2、命名空间（namespace）
（1）配置project1/urls.py
[root@python project1]# vim project1/urls.py
from django.contrib import admin
from django.urls import path
from app import views
from django.urls import include
urlpatterns = [
# path('admin/', admin.site.urls),
# path('index/', views.index, {'name': 'dream'}),
path('a/', include('app.urls', namespace='author'))
]
（2）配置app/urls.py
[root@python project1]# vim app/urls.py
from django.contrib import admin
from django.urls import path
from app import views
app_name = 'app'
urlpatterns = [
path('index/', views.index, name='index'),
]
（3）配置views.py
[root@python project1]# vim app/views.py
from django.shortcuts import render
from django.shortcuts import HttpResponse
from django.urls import reverse
def index(request):
v = reverse('author:index')
print (v)
return HttpResponse('OK')
（4）访问
http://10.10.10.111:8000/a/index/
3、Views（请求其他信息）
[root@python project1]# vim app/views.py
from django.shortcuts import render
from django.shortcuts import HttpResponse
from django.urls import reverse
def index(request):
v = reverse('author:index')
print (v)
print (type(request))
# from django.core.handlers.wsgi import WSGIRequest ###查看源码
# print (request.environ)
### 获取key，value
# for k,v in request.environ.items():
# print (k,v)
### 获取数据来源是否是pc
print (request.environ['HTTP_USER_AGENT'])
return HttpResponse('OK')
4、模板继承（templates）
（1）配置urls.py
[root@python project1]# vim project1/urls.py
from django.contrib import admin
from django.urls import path
from app import views
from django.urls import include
urlpatterns = [
path('tpl/', views.tpl),
]
（2）配置views.py
[root@python project1]# vim app/views.py
from django.shortcuts import render
from django.shortcuts import HttpResponse
from django.urls import reverse
def index(request):
v = reverse('author:index')
print (v)
print (type(request))
print (request.environ['HTTP_USER_AGENT'])
return HttpResponse('OK')
def tpl(request):
user_list = [1,2,3,4]
return render(request, 'tpl.html', {'user_list': user_list,})
（3）配置HTML
<1> 配置model.html
[root@python project1]# vim templates/model.html
{% block title %} {% endblock %}
{% block css %} {% endblock %}
Dream
Dreamya
{% block content %} {% endblock %}
{% block js %} {% endblock %}
<2> 配置tpl.html
[root@python project1]# vim templates/tpl.html
{% extends 'model.html' %}
{% block title %}tpl-title{% endblock %}
{% block css %}
{% endblock %}
{% block content %}
-----tpl-----
{% for i in user_list %}
- Dream-{{ i }}
{% endfor %}
{% endblock %}
（4）访问
http://10.10.10.111:8000/tpl/
5、模板导入
通过include我们可以实现把tag.html的内容导入到自身HTML中！！！
（1）配置tpl.html
[root@python project1]# vim templates/tpl.html
{% extends 'model.html' %}
{% block title %}tpl-title{% endblock %}
{% block css %}
{% endblock %}
{% block content %}
-----tpl-----
{% for i in user_list %}
- Dream-{{ i }}
{% endfor %}
{% include 'tag.html' %}
{% include 'tag.html' %}
{% endblock %}
（2）配置HTML
[root@python project1]# vim templates/tag.html
三、自定义函数
1、自定义simple_tag
（1）介绍
simple_tag：
a. app下创建templatetags目录
b. 任意tag.py文件
c. 创建template对象 register（名字不能更改）
d.
@register.simple_tag
def func(a1,a2,a3....)
return "xxx"
e. settings中注册APP
f. 顶部 {% load tag %}
g. {% 函数名 arg1 arg2 %}
缺点：
不能作为if条件
优点：
参数任意
（2）配置tag.py
[root@python project1]# mkdir app/templatetags/
[root@python project1]# vim app/templatetags/tag.py
#!/usr/bin/env python
# coding:utf-8
from django import template
register = template.Library()
@register.simple_tag
def add(a, b):
return a + b
（3）配置settings.py
[root@python project1]# vim project1/settings.py
（4）配置HTML
[root@python project1]# vim templates/tpl2.html
{% load tag %}
Title
{{ name }}
{{ name|lower }}
{% add 2 3 %}
（5）配置views.py
[root@python project1]# vim app/views.py ###加入
def tpl2(request):
return render(request, 'tpl2.html', {'name': "DREAMya"})
（6）配置urls.py
[root@python project1]# vim project1/urls.py
from django.contrib import admin
from django.urls import path
from app import views
from django.urls import include
urlpatterns = [
path('tpl/', views.tpl),
path('tpl2/', views.tpl2),
]
http://10.10.10.111:8000/tpl2/
2、自定义filter
（1）介绍
filter：
a. app下创建templatetags目录
b. 任意tag.py文件
c. 创建template对象 register（名字不能更改）
d.
@register.simple_tag
def func(a1,a2,a3....)
return "xxx"
e. settings中注册APP
f. 顶部 {% load tag %}
g. {{ 参数1|函数名:"参数二" }}
缺点：
参数只能有一个，不能加空格
优点：
可以使用if
（2）配置tag.py
[root@python project1]# vim app/templatetags/tag.py
#!/usr/bin/env python
# coding:utf-8
from django import template
register = template.Library()
@register.simple_tag
def add(a, b):
return a + b
@register.filter
def addFilter(a, b):
return a + b
（2）配置HTML
[root@python project1]# vim templates/tpl2.html
{% load tag %}
Title
{{ name }}
{{ name|lower }}
{% add 2 3 %}
{{ name|addFilter:"yayaya" }}
{% if "dream"|addFilter:"yayaya" == "dreamyayaya" %}
bbbbb
{% endif %}
（3）访问
http://10.10.10.111:8000/tpl2/
四、自定义分页
1、XSS攻击（跨站脚本攻击）
通过下面二种方式使传入字符串等能够正常显示，默认是有保护机制！！！
1、
{{ page_str|safe }}
2、
mark_safe(page_str)
（1）safe方式
<1> 配置urls.py
[root@python project1]# vim project1/urls.py
from django.contrib import admin
from django.urls import path
from app import views
from django.urls import include
urlpatterns = [
path('tpl/', views.tpl),
path('tpl2/', views.tpl2),
path('user/', views.user),
]
<2> 配置views.py
[root@python project1]# vim app/views.py ###添加user函数
def user(request):
current_page = request.GET.get('p', 1)
start = (int(current_page) - 1) * 10
stop = int(current_page) * 10
li = []
for i in range(100):
li.append(i)
data = li[start:stop]
page_str = """
1
2
3
"""
return render(request, 'user.html', {'li': data, 'page_str': page_str})
<3> 配置HTML
[root@python project1]# vim templates/user.html
Title
{% for i in li %}
- {{ i }}
{% endfor%}
{{ page_str|safe }}
http://10.10.10.111:8000/user/
（2）mark_safe方式
<1> 配置views.py
[root@python project1]# vim app/views.py
def user(request):
from django.utils.safestring import mark_safe
current_page = request.GET.get('p', 1)
start = (int(current_page) - 1) * 10
stop = int(current_page) * 10
li = []
for i in range(100):
li.append(i)
data = li[start:stop]
page_str = """
1
2
3
"""
page_str = mark_safe(page_str)
return render(request, 'user.html', {'li': data, 'page_str': page_str})
<2> 配置HTML
[root@python project1]# vim templates/user.html
Title
{% for i in li %}
- {{ i }}
{% endfor%}
{{ page_str }}
<3> 访问
http://10.10.10.111:8000/user/
2、分页
这样的显示会有问题（数据多），当页数很多的时候会显示很多索引！！！
（1）配置views.py
[root@python project1]# vim app/views.py
from django.shortcuts import render
from django.shortcuts import HttpResponse
from django.urls import reverse
from django.utils.safestring import mark_safe
...
def user(request):
from django.utils.safestring import mark_safe
current_page = int(request.GET.get('p', 1))
start = (current_page - 1) * 10
end = current_page * 10
li = []
for i in range(109):
li.append(i)
data = li[start:end]
num = len(li)
count, remainder = divmod(num, 10)
if remainder:
count += 1
page_list = []
for k in range(1, count + 1):
### 判断加上active
if k == current_page:
str = '%s' % (k, k)
else:
str = '%s' % (k, k)
page_list.append(str)
page_str = "".join(page_list)
page_str = mark_safe(page_str)
return render(request, 'user.html', {'li': data, 'page_str': page_str})
（2）配置HTML
[root@python project1]# vim templates/user.html
Title
{% for i in li %}
- {{ i }}
{% endfor%}
{{ page_str }}
（3）访问
http://10.10.10.111:8000/user/
3、分页优化
（1）配置views.py
[root@python project1]# vim app/views.py
from django.shortcuts import render
from django.shortcuts import HttpResponse
from django.urls import reverse
from django.utils.safestring import mark_safe
...
def user(request):
current_page = int(request.GET.get('p', 1))
### 每页显示多少条数据和多少索引
per_page_count = 10
page_num = 11
start = (current_page - 1) * per_page_count
end = current_page * per_page_count
li = []
for i in range(1009):
li.append(i)
data = li[start:end]
num = len(li)
total_count, remainder = divmod(num, per_page_count)
if remainder:
total_count += 1
page_list = []
# start_index = current_page - 5
# end_index = current_page + 5 + 1
if total_count < page_num:
start_index = 1
end_index = total_count + 1
else:
if current_page <= (page_num + 1)/2:
start_index = 1
end_index = page_num + 1
else:
start_index = current_page - (page_num - 1)/2
end_index = current_page + (page_num + 1)/2
if (current_page + (page_num - 1)/2) > total_count:
start_index = total_count - page_num + 1
end_index = total_count + 1
if current_page == 1:
prev = '上一页'
else:
prev = '上一页' % (current_page - 1)
page_list.append(prev)
for k in range(int(start_index), int(end_index)):
### 判断加上active
if k == current_page:
str = '%s' % (k, k)
else:
str = '%s' % (k, k)
page_list.append(str)
if current_page == total_count:
next_page = '下一页'
else:
next_page = '下一页' % (current_page + 1)
page_list.append(next_page)
jump = """
GO
"""
page_list.append(jump)
page_str = "".join(page_list)
page_str = mark_safe(page_str)
return render(request, 'user.html', {'li': data, 'page_str': page_str})
（2）访问
http://10.10.10.111:8000/user/
4、封装为类
（1）配置pagination.py
[root@python project1]# mkdir utils/
[root@python project1]# vim utils/pagination.py
#!/usr/bin/env python
# coding:utf-8
from django.utils.safestring import mark_safe
class Page:
def __init__(self, current_page, data_count, per_page_count=10, page_num=7):
self.current_page = current_page
self.data_count = data_count
self.per_page_count = per_page_count
self.page_num = page_num
@property
def start(self):
return (self.current_page - 1) * self.per_page_count
@property
def end(self):
return self.current_page * self.per_page_count
@property
def total_count(self):
x, y = divmod(self.data_count, self.per_page_count)
if y:
x += 1
return x
def page_str(self, base_url):
page_list = []
if self.total_count < self.page_num:
start_index = 1
end_index = self.total_count + 1
else:
if self.current_page <= (self.page_num + 1) / 2:
start_index = 1
end_index = self.page_num + 1
else:
start_index = self.current_page - (self.page_num - 1) / 2
end_index = self.current_page + (self.page_num + 1) / 2
if (self.current_page + (self.page_num - 1) / 2) > self.total_count:
start_index = self.total_count - self.page_num + 1
end_index = self.total_count + 1
if self.current_page == 1:
prev = '上一页'
else:
prev = '上一页' % (self.current_page - 1)
page_list.append(prev)
for k in range(int(start_index), int(end_index)):
### 判断加上active
if k == self.current_page:
str = '%s' % (k, k)
else:
str = '%s' % (k, k)
page_list.append(str)
if self.current_page == self.total_count:
next_page = '下一页'
else:
next_page = '下一页' % (self.current_page + 1)
page_list.append(next_page)
jump = """
GO
""" % (base_url,)
page_list.append(jump)
page_str = "".join(page_list)
page_str = mark_safe(page_str)
return page_str
（2）配置views.py
[root@python project1]# vim app/views.py
from django.shortcuts import render
from django.shortcuts import HttpResponse
from django.urls import reverse
from utils import pagination
...
def user(request):
li = []
for i in range(1009):
li.append(i)
current_page = int(request.GET.get('p', 1))
page_obj = pagination.Page(current_page, len(li))
data = li[page_obj.start:page_obj.end]
page_str = page_obj.page_str('/user/')
return render(request, 'user.html', {'li': data, 'page_str': page_str, })
五、Cookie操作
1、cookie登陆
（1）配置urls.py
[root@python project1]# vim project1/urls.py
from django.contrib import admin
from django.urls import path
from app import views
from django.urls import include
urlpatterns = [
path('tpl/', views.tpl),
path('tpl2/', views.tpl2),
path('user/', views.user),
path('login/', views.login),
path('index/', views.index),
]
（2）配置views.py
[root@python project1]# vim app/views.py
from django.shortcuts import render
from django.shortcuts import HttpResponse
from django.urls import reverse
from django.shortcuts import redirect
from django.utils.safestring import mark_safe
...
user_info = {
'dream': {'pwd': '123'},
'dreamya': {'pwd': '456'},
}
def login(request):
if request.method == "GET":
return render(request, 'login.html')
if request.method == "POST":
u = request.POST.get('username')
p = request.POST.get('pwd')
dic = user_info.get(u)
if not dic:
return render(request, 'login.html')
if dic['pwd'] == p:
res = redirect('/index/')
### 设置cookie，浏览器关闭后就会失效
res.set_cookie('username111', u)
return res
else:
return render(request, 'login.html')
def index(request):
### 获取当前用户
v = request.COOKIES.get('username111')
if not v:
return redirect('/login/')
else:
return render(request, 'index.html', {'current_user': v})
（3）配置HTML
<1> 配置login.html
[root@python project1]# vim templates/login.html
Title
<2> 配置index.html
[root@python project1]# vim templates/index.html
Title
欢迎登陆：{{ current_user }}
可以发现我们可以通过
http://10.10.10.111:8000/index/直接进行登陆的话不会成功，只能通过http://10.10.10.111:8000/login/，但是我们登陆后就可以直接登陆！！！
2、cookie设置
（1）介绍
set_cookie('key', 'value') ###设置cookie
max_age：
set_cookie('key', 'value'，max_age=10) ###10s后失效
expires：截止时间失效
import datetime
current_date = datetime.datetime.utcnow()
current_date = current_date + datetime.timedelta(seconds=10)
set_cookie('key', 'value'，expires=current_date) ###10s后消失
path='/', ###cookie生效的路径，/表示根路径，可以修改为指定路径
domain=None, ###cookie生效的域名
secure=False， ###https传输（True）
httponly=False, ###js中不能直接获取（True）,document.cookie
3、基于cookie设置显示数目
（1）插件下载
官网链接：http://plugins.jquery.com/cookie/
github下载链接：https://github.com/carhartl/jquery-cookie/releases
### 下载好放入static目录
[root@python ~]# wget https://github.com/carhartl/jquery-cookie/releases/download/v1.4.1/jquery.cookie-1.4.1.min.js
注意：这样我们设置的cookie是全局的，我们可以加入
path设置，从而设置为某个页面！！！
（2）配置views.py
[root@python project1]# vim app/views.py
from django.shortcuts import render
from django.shortcuts import HttpResponse
from django.urls import reverse
from django.shortcuts import redirect
from django.utils.safestring import mark_safe
from utils import pagination
...
def user(request):
li = []
for i in range(1009):
li.append(i)
current_page = int(request.GET.get('p', 1))
val = int(request.COOKIES.get('per_page_count'))
page_obj = pagination.Page(current_page, len(li),val)
data = li[page_obj.start:page_obj.end]
page_str = page_obj.page_str('/user/')
return render(request, 'user.html', {'li': data, 'page_str': page_str, })
（3）配置HTML
[root@python project1]# vim templates/user.html
Title
{% for i in li %}
- {{ i }}
{% endfor%}
{{ page_str }}
（4）访问
http://10.10.10.111:8000/user/
4、带签名的cookie
设置cookie为密文的！！！
obj = HttpResponse('s')
obj.set_signed_cookie('username', 'signCookie', salt='dreamya')
obj.get_signed_cookie('username', salt='dreamya')
六、FBV和CBV用户认证
1、FBV
[root@python project1]# vim app/views.py
def auth(func):
def fun(request, *args, **kwargs):
v = request.COOKIES.get('username111')
if not v:
return redirect('/login/')
return func(request, *args, **kwargs)
return fun
@auth
def index(request):
v = request.COOKIES.get('username111')
return render(request, 'index.html', {'current_user': v})
2、CSV
（1）普通写法
<1> 配置urls.py
[root@python project1]# vim project1/urls.py
from django.contrib import admin
from django.urls import path
from app import views
from django.urls import include
urlpatterns = [
path('tpl/', views.tpl),
path('tpl2/', views.tpl2),
path('user/', views.user),
path('login/', views.login),
path('index/', views.index),
path('order/', views.Order.as_view()),
]
<2> 配置views.py
[root@python project1]# vim app/views.py
from django.shortcuts import render
from django.shortcuts import HttpResponse
from django.urls import reverse
from django.shortcuts import redirect
from django.utils.safestring import mark_safe
def tpl(request):
user_list = [1, 2, 3, 4]
return render(request, 'tpl.html', {'user_list': user_list, })
def tpl2(request):
return render(request, 'tpl2.html', {'name': "DREAMya"})
from utils import pagination
def user(request):
li = []
for i in range(1009):
li.append(i)
current_page = int(request.GET.get('p', 1))
val = int(request.COOKIES.get('per_page_count'))
print (val)
page_obj = pagination.Page(current_page, len(li), val)
data = li[page_obj.start:page_obj.end]
page_str = page_obj.page_str('/user/')
return render(request, 'user.html', {'li': data, 'page_str': page_str, })
user_info = {
'dream': {'pwd': '123'},
'dreamya': {'pwd': '456'},
}
def login(request):
if request.method == "GET":
return render(request, 'login.html')
if request.method == "POST":
u = request.POST.get('username')
p = request.POST.get('pwd')
dic = user_info.get(u)
if not dic:
return render(request, 'login.html')
if dic['pwd'] == p:
res = redirect('/index/')
### 设置cookie，浏览器关闭后就会失效
res.set_cookie('username111', u)
return res
else:
return render(request, 'login.html')
def auth(func):
def fun(request, *args, **kwargs):
v = request.COOKIES.get('username111')
if not v:
return redirect('/login/')
return func(request, *args, **kwargs)
return fun
@auth
def index(request):
v = request.COOKIES.get('username111')
return render(request, 'index.html', {'current_user': v})
def cookie(request):
obj = HttpResponse('s')
obj.set_signed_cookie('username', 'signCookie', salt='dreamya')
obj.get_signed_cookie('username', salt='dreamya')
return render(request, 'index.html')
from django import views
class Order(views.View):
def get(self,request):
v = request.COOKIES.get('username111')
if not v:
return redirect('/index')
return render(request, 'index.html', {'current_user': v})
def post(self,request):
v = request.COOKIES.get('username111')
return render(request,'index.html', {'current_user': v})
访问：http://10.10.10.111:8000/order/
（2）优化
<1> 介绍
from django import views
from django.utils.decorators import method_decorator
@method_decorator(auth,name='dispatch')
class Order(views.View):
###所有都加上
# @method_decorator(auth)
# def dispatch(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
# return super(Order,self).dispatch(request, *args, **kwargs)
### 单个：@method_decorator(auth)
def get(self,request):
v = request.COOKIES.get('username111')
if not v:
return redirect('/index')
return render(request, 'index.html', {'current_user': v})
def post(self,request):
v = request.COOKIES.get('username111')
return render(request,'index.html', {'current_user': v})
<2> 配置views.py
[root@python project1]# vim app/views.py
from django.shortcuts import render
from django.shortcuts import HttpResponse
from django.urls import reverse
from django.shortcuts import redirect
from django.utils.safestring import mark_safe
from utils import pagination
...
def user(request):
li = []
for i in range(1009):
li.append(i)
current_page = int(request.GET.get('p', 1))
val = int(request.COOKIES.get('per_page_count'))
print (val)
page_obj = pagination.Page(current_page, len(li), val)
data = li[page_obj.start:page_obj.end]
page_str = page_obj.page_str('/user/')
return render(request, 'user.html', {'li': data, 'page_str': page_str, })
user_info = {
'dream': {'pwd': '123'},
'dreamya': {'pwd': '456'},
}
def login(request):
if request.method == "GET":
return render(request, 'login.html')
if request.method == "POST":
u = request.POST.get('username')
p = request.POST.get('pwd')
dic = user_info.get(u)
if not dic:
return render(request, 'login.html')
if dic['pwd'] == p:
res = redirect('/index/')
### 设置cookie，浏览器关闭后就会失效
res.set_cookie('username111', u)
return res
else:
return render(request, 'login.html')
def auth(func):
def fun(request, *args, **kwargs):
v = request.COOKIES.get('username111')
if not v:
return redirect('/login/')
return func(request, *args, **kwargs)
return fun
@auth
def index(request):
v = request.COOKIES.get('username111')
return render(request, 'index.html', {'current_user': v})
def cookie(request):
obj = HttpResponse('s')
obj.set_signed_cookie('username', 'signCookie', salt='dreamya')
obj.get_signed_cookie('username', salt='dreamya')
return render(request, 'index.html')
from django import views
from django.utils.decorators import method_decorator
@method_decorator(auth,name='dispatch')
class Order(views.View):
###所有都加上
# @method_decorator(auth)
# def dispatch(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
# return super(Order,self).dispatch(request, *args, **kwargs)
### 单个：@method_decorator(auth)
def get(self,request):
v = request.COOKIES.get('username111')
if not v:
return redirect('/index')
return render(request, 'index.html', {'current_user': v})
def post(self,request):
v = request.COOKIES.get('username111')
return render(request,'index.html', {'current_user': v})
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