考研英语之语法知识点整理——2.简单句的拓展

本系列博客汇总在这里：考研英语知识点汇总系列博客

二、简单句的拓展

1 词性的拓展

1.1 限定词

用于限定名词，包括冠词(a,an,the)、数词、名词所有格

The roughly 20 million in habitants of these nations looked hopefully to the future.
More than two dozen companies sell DNA tests directly to the public,ranging in price from a few hundred dollers to more than $2500.

1.2 形容词、副词

1.2.1 形容词、副词作修饰成分

• 1.形容词修饰名词

The idea seems promising,and Rosenbery is a perceptive observer.
Their thinking often had a traditional superstitions quality.

• 2.副词修饰动词、句子、其他的形容词副词

Similary,the physical act of laughter could improve mood.
The tourist streams are not entirely separate.

1.2.2 形容词、副词的三种比较级别

• 1.原级比较
  as + adj/adv原形(比较的内容) + as + 比较的对象
  和 … 相比一样的 …

Few people are as fertile as in the past.

• 2.比较级
  adj/adv比较(比较的内容) + (than 比较的对象)
  (和 … 相比) 更 …
  通常用作两者之间的比较

Rich economies are also less dependent on oil than they were,and so less sensitive to swing in the oil price.

• 3.最高级
  adj/adv最高级(比较的内容) + (介词短语 表示比较的范围)
  (… 范围内) 最 …
  通常用于三者或三者以上的比较

Some of the biggest developments will be in medicine…

1.3 介词短语

介词短语 = 介词 + 名词、代词、动名词
作用：作为连接词，连接名词、代词、动名词
介词短语是句子的拓展部分，属于非核心成分，分析长难句时一般先去掉

1.3.1 表示时间的介词

介词	表达含义
at/on/in	在…时间点/时间上/时间内
before/after	在…时间之前/之后
from/since	自从…时间
by/until	截止到/直到…时间
for	持续…时间
during	在…期间

Journalistic tastes had changed long before his death.
Since the days of Aristotle,a search for universal principles has characterized the scientific enterprise.
For years,executives and headhunters have adhered to the rule.

1.3.2 表示地点的介词

介词	表达含义
at/in	在…地点/在…里面
on,above,over/under,below	在…上面/下面
in front of/behind	在…之前/之后
near,by	在…旁边
between,among	在…之间
around	在…周围
into/out of	进入…里面/从…出去
onto/off	到…上面/脱离
across,through/past	穿过/经过
along	沿着
from/to	来自…/朝着…去

Behind the scenes, they have been taking aim at someone else:the accounting standard-setters.
The link between dreams and emotions show up among the patients in Cartwright’s clinic.

1.3.3 其他用法的介词

介词	表达含义
of	…的…(表示属性)
about	关于…
with/with out	伴随着有…/没有…
for	为了…(表目的)
for	因为…(表原因)
for	对于…(表对象)
by	通过…方式，方法
by	被…做(被动语态+by+动作发出者)
by	相差了…(表示变化的差额)
as	作为…
as	像…一样，如同…
like	像…一样
despite	尽管

They perpetuate the myth of the lone genius
It also sent a clear message to the outside world about his aspirations.
Despite these factors,many social scientists seem reluctant to tackle such problems.

2 成分的拓展

2.1 非谓语动词作定语、状语

非谓语动词：
1.不作谓语的动词
2.主语+谓语+非谓语
3.doing/done/to do(单独出现)
doing 表示主动、done 表示被动、to do表示目的

2.1.1 非谓语动词作定语

修饰限定名词，逻辑主语为名词

It also raises questions concerning “values”.
The networked computer is an amazing devices.
Permission to run a unclear plant is a public trust.

2.1.2 非谓语动词作状语

修饰限定句子，逻辑主语为句子主语

In just one generation,millions of mothers have gone to work, transforming basic family economics.
Enraged by Entergy’s behavior,the Vermont Senate voted 26 to 4 last year against allowing an extension.
To promote this idea,he turned to the university-admissions process.

2.2 同位语插入语

2.2.1 同位语

解释说明前面名词(同一件事)

Its current leader,Ed Miliband,owes his position to votes from public-sector unions.
Brendon Lynch,Microsoft’s chief privacy officer,blogged:“We believe consumers should have more control.”

2.2.2 插入语

补充信息的插入

• 1.主谓结构作插入语
  表示观点

No one,he submits,could have written it without processing some power of reasoning.

• 2.副词作插入语

These facts,however,have previously been thought unrelated.

• 3.介词短语作插入语

Justice Antonin Scalia,for example,appeared at political event.