北京54,西安80,wgs84坐标都是是大地坐标,也就是我们通常所说的经纬度坐标,但是它们基于的椭球体不同,我国当前的基本比例尺地形图都是基于北京54和西安80的,而GPS接受的定位数据是基于WGS84的。
UTM是一种投影坐标,是将球面经纬度坐标经过投影算法转换成的平面坐标,即通常所说的XY坐标.
WGS-84坐标系(World Geodetic System)是一种国际上采用的地心坐标系。坐标原点为地球质心,其地心空间直角坐标系的Z轴指向国际时间局(BIH)1984.0定义的协议地极(CTP)方向,X轴指向BIH1984.0的协议子午面和CTP赤道的交点,Y轴与Z轴、X轴垂直构成右手坐标系,称为1984年世界大地坐标系。这是一个国际协议地球参考 系统 (ITRS),是目前国际上统一采用的大地坐标系。 GPS 广播星历是以WGS-84坐标系为根据的。
WGS84坐标系,长轴6378137.000m,短轴6356752.314,扁率1/298.257223563。
由于采用的椭球基准不一样,并且由于投影的局限性,使的全国各地并不存在一至的转换参数。对于这种转换由于量较大,有条件的话,一般都采用GPS联测已知点,应用GPS 软件 自动完成坐标的转换。当然若条件不许可,且有足够的重合点,也可以进行人工解算。
利用Matlab进行地理坐标和直角坐标相互转换
这里需要用到的命令有:maps, defaultm, projfwd, projinv
运行maps查看有哪些投影方式
>> maps
MapTools Projections
地图工具投影
类名ID字符串
圆柱形巴尔萨沙特圆柱壳
圆柱形贝尔曼圆柱贝尔曼
柱状大黄阿特拉斯MiRA*BSAM
柱面布劳恩透视圆柱*布劳恩
圆柱形卡西尼圆柱标准筒
圆柱形卡西尼圆柱卡西尼
圆柱形中心圆柱
圆柱形等面积圆柱壳
圆柱等距圆柱形EQDCILIN
圆柱形五边形等值线
圆柱形正投影GOORO
圆柱形全景立体图
圆柱形朗伯圆柱拉姆克林
圆柱墨卡托圆柱墨卡托
圆柱形铣床圆柱铣床
圆柱形板
圆柱横墨卡托
Cylindrical Trystan Edwards柱形三角形
圆柱形通用横向墨卡托(UTM)UTM
圆柱形润湿圆柱
假瓢虫
伪圆柱形夹心碰撞
假圆柱形岩纹抛物线岩
Pseudocylindrical Eckert I*ECKTT1
Pseudocylindrical Eckert II EcKTT2
伪圆柱埃克特Ⅲ*ECKTT3
伪圆柱埃克特ⅣECKTT4
伪圆柱埃克特V*ECKTT5
伪圆柱埃克特ⅥECKTT6
伪圆柱形平极抛物线扁钢
伪圆心平极四次平坦
伪圆柱平极极正弦平片
伪圆柱形富尼尔四倍体
假柱状古鳕
假圆柱哈塔诺对称等面积哈塔诺
伪圆柱形KavaRISKY V KAVRSky5
伪圆柱形KavaRISKY VI KAVRSky6
Pseudocylindrical Loximuthal *洛西姆
Pseudocylindrical Modified Sinusoidal(蒂索)*莫迪辛
Pseudocylindrical Mollweide莫尔维德
假柱状紫杉醇P5*PtTNS5
伪圆柱四次自反四次方
伪圆柱鲁滨孙*鲁滨孙
伪圆柱正弦正弦曲线
伪圆柱瓦格纳ⅣWAGELN4
Pseudocylindrical Winkel·I·温克尔
圆锥等面积圆锥(阿尔伯斯)-标准EQACONICSTD
圆锥等面积圆锥(阿尔伯斯)方程
圆锥等距圆锥标准EQDCONICSTD
圆锥等距圆锥曲线
圆锥-朗伯共形圆锥标准LabBurtSTD
圆锥型朗伯共形圆锥朗伯
圆锥默多克I圆锥
圆锥默多克Ⅲ最小误差二次曲线MurdoCH3
多圆锥多圆锥标准多面体
多圆锥多圆锥聚变
多圆锥Van Dr.GruttNⅠVGRIT1
假性圆锥骨
伪圆锥沃纳沃纳
方位共振谐波平均值
方位等面积方位角
方位等距方位角
方位地球仪
方位角
方位正投影仪
CLASS NAME ID STRING
Cylindrical Balthasart Cylindrical balthsrt
Cylindrical Behrmann Cylindrical behrmann
Cylindrical Bolshoi Sovietskii Atlas Mira* bsam
Cylindrical Braun Perspective Cylindrical* braun
Cylindrical Cassini Cylindrical-Standard cassinistd
Cylindrical Cassini Cylindrical cassini
Cylindrical Central Cylindrical* ccylin
Cylindrical Equal Area Cylindrical eqacylin
Cylindrical Equidistant Cylindrical eqdcylin
Cylindrical Gall Isographic giso
Cylindrical Gall Orthographic gortho
Cylindrical Gall Stereographic* gstereo
Cylindrical Lambert Cylindrical lambcyln
Cylindrical Mercator Cylindrical mercator
Cylindrical Miller Cylindrical* miller
Cylindrical Plate Carree pcarree
Cylindrical Transverse Mercator tranmerc
Cylindrical Trystan Edwards Cylindrical trystan
Cylindrical Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) utm
Cylindrical Wetch Cylindrical* wetch
Pseudocylindrical Apianus II* apianus
Pseudocylindrical Collignon collig
Pseudocylindrical Craster Parabolic craster
Pseudocylindrical Eckert I* eckert1
Pseudocylindrical Eckert II eckert2
Pseudocylindrical Eckert III* eckert3
Pseudocylindrical Eckert IV eckert4
Pseudocylindrical Eckert V* eckert5
Pseudocylindrical Eckert VI eckert6
Pseudocylindrical Flat-Polar Parabolic flatplrp
Pseudocylindrical Flat-Polar Quartic flatplrq
Pseudocylindrical Flat-Polar Sinusoidal flatplrs
Pseudocylindrical Fournier fournier
Pseudocylindrical Goode Homolosine goode
Pseudocylindrical Hatano Assymmetrical Equal Area hatano
Pseudocylindrical Kavraisky V kavrsky5
Pseudocylindrical Kavraisky VI kavrsky6
Pseudocylindrical Loximuthal* loximuth
Pseudocylindrical Modified Sinusoidal (Tissot)* modsine
Pseudocylindrical Mollweide mollweid
Pseudocylindrical Putnins P5* putnins5
Pseudocylindrical Quartic Authalic quartic
Pseudocylindrical Robinson* robinson
Pseudocylindrical Sinusoidal sinusoid
Pseudocylindrical Wagner IV wagner4
Pseudocylindrical Winkel I* winkel
Conic Equal Area Conic (Albers)-Standard eqaconicstd
Conic Equal Area Conic (Albers) eqaconic
Conic Equidistant Conic-Standard eqdconicstd
Conic Equidistant Conic eqdconic
Conic Lambert Conformal Conic-Standard lambertstd
Conic Lambert Conformal Conic lambert
Conic Murdoch I Conic* murdoch1
Conic Murdoch III Minimum Error Conic* murdoch3
PolyConic Polyconic-Standard polyconstd
PolyConic Polyconic polycon
PolyConic Van Der Grinten I* vgrint1
PseudoConic Bonne bonne
PseudoConic Werner werner
Azimuthal Breusing Harmonic Mean* breusing
Azimuthal Equal Area Azimuthal (Lambert) eqaazim
Azimuthal Equidistant Azimuthal* eqdazim
Azimuthal Globe globe
Azimuthal Gnomonic* gnomonic
Azimuthal Orthographic* ortho
Azimuthal Stereographic stereo
Azimuthal Universal Polar Stereographic ups
Azimuthal Vertical Perspective* vperspec
Pseudoazimuthal Wiechel Equal Area* wiechel
Modified Azimuthal Aitoff* aitoff
Modified Azimuthal Briesemeister* bries
Modified Azimuthal Hammer* hammer
* Denotes availability for sphere only
这里对mercator投影结构进行定义,然后对mstruct进行补全
>>mstruct=defaultm('mercator');
%定义椭球体长轴,椭率,坐标原点
>>mstruct.geoid=[ 6378137 ,0.0818191908426215];
>>mstruct.origin=[0,0,0];
>>mstruct=defaultm(mstruct);
地理坐标投影到直角坐标:
>>[x,y] =projfwd(mstruct,lat,lon);
projfwd - Forward map projection using PROJ.4 map projection library
This MATLAB function returns the x and y map coordinates from the forward
projection transformation.
[x,y] = projfwd(proj,lat,lon)
直角坐标投影到地理坐标:
>>[lat,lon]=projinv(mstruct,x,y);
projinv - Inverse map projection using PROJ.4 map projection library
This MATLAB function returns the latitude and longitude values from the inverse
projection transformation.
[lat,lon] = projinv(proj,x,y)
projlist - Map projections supported by projfwd and projinv
This MATLAB function displays a table of projection names, IDs, and
availability.
projlist(listmode)
S = projlist(listmode)
GPS的输出一般为经纬度坐标,如:北纬(N)41度30分5秒, 东经(E)114度10分30秒。
UTM(Universal Transverse Mercator)坐标是一个投影坐标系,将地球分为60个区,单位为m。
二者的转换可以利用商业软件,如Global Mapper等。下面给出了经纬度转UTM的matlab程序。