1.磁盘分区(fdisk)

 

命令:

fdisk

常用参数:

     -l:查看分区详细信息

 

例:把/dev/sda进行分区,划分出一个/dev/sda3

[root@freeit ~]# fdisk /dev/sda

Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).

 

Changes will remain in memory only, until  you decide to write them.

Be careful before using the write  command.

 

 

Command (m for help):

//此处可以根据参数的不同,查看相应的信息。常用参数如下:

------------------------------------------常用参数-----------------------------------------------------

m:帮助

p: 显示分区表

n:添加新分区

t: 改变分区文件系统类型

d: 删除分区

w: 保存分区并退出

q: 不保存退出

-------------------------------------------分区操作------------------------------------------------------------

Command (m for help): p

 

Disk /dev/sda: 107.4 GB, 107374182400  bytes, 209715200 sectors

Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes

Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes  / 512 bytes

I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes /  512 bytes

Disk label type: dos

Disk identifier: 0x000b2b59

 

    Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks    Id  System

/dev/sda1   *         2048      411647      204800    83  Linux

/dev/sda2          411648   127502335    63545344    8e  Linux LVM

//查看/dev/sda现有的分区信息

Command (m for help): n

//输入n进行分区

Partition type:

    p   primary (2 primary, 0  extended, 2 free)

    e   extended

//分区类型,p为主分区,最多4个。e为逻辑分区。

Select (default p): p

Partition number (3,4, default 3): 3

//划分第三个主分区

First sector (127502336-209715199,  default 127502336):

Using default value 127502336

Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G}  (127502336-209715199, default 209715199): +200M

//大小为200M

Partition 3 of type Linux and of size 200  MiB is set

 

Command (m for help): p

 

Disk /dev/sda: 107.4 GB, 107374182400  bytes, 209715200 sectors

Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes

Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes  / 512 bytes

I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes /  512 bytes

Disk label type: dos

Disk identifier: 0x000b2b59

 

    Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks    Id  System

/dev/sda1   *         2048      411647      204800    83  Linux

/dev/sda2          411648   127502335    63545344    8e  Linux LVM

/dev/sda3       127502336   127911935      204800    83  Linux

Command (m for help): w

//保存退出

The partition table has been altered!

 

Calling ioctl() to re-read partition  table.

 

WARNING: Re-reading the partition table  failed with error 16: Device or resource busy.

The kernel still uses the old table. The  new table will be used at

the next reboot or after you run  partprobe(8) or kpartx(8)

Syncing disks.

划分完毕后,使用参数再次查看划分的分区

[root@freeit ~]# fdisk -l

 

Disk /dev/sda: 107.4 GB, 107374182400  bytes, 209715200 sectors

Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes

Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes  / 512 bytes

I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes /  512 bytes

Disk label type: dos

Disk identifier: 0x000b2b59

 

    Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks    Id  System

/dev/sda1   *         2048      411647      204800    83  Linux

/dev/sda2          411648   127502335    63545344    8e  Linux LVM

/dev/sda3       127502336   127911935      204800    83  Linux

格式化分区/dev/sda3

[root@freeit ~]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/sda3

mke2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)

Could not stat /dev/sda3 --- No such file  or directory

 

The  device apparently does not exist; did you specify it correctly?

----------------------------------------------查看分区是否成功-------------------------------------------------

[root@freeit ~]# cat /proc/partitions

major minor  #blocks   name

 

    2        0          4 fd0

   11        0    4139008 sr0

    8        0  104857600 sda

    8        1     204800 sda1

    8        2   63545344 sda2

如上:进行格式化时,提示设备分区不存在。查看分区表,也没有此分区信息。这是为什么呢?

这是因为在Linux中,虽然分区已经划分完毕,但是新分区信息还没有写进内核,所以内核不能识别,也就不能使用。要让内核识别此分区,有两种办法:

  • 重启

  • 使用partprobe 命令

以上两种方法都能把分区信息写进系统内核,让系统识别。但是我们推荐使用第二种,不用重启系统。更快、更便捷,同时也迎合Linux的一大优势,做到基本不用重启系统。

[root@freeit ~]# partprobe  /dev/sda

[root@freeit ~]# cat /proc/partitions

major minor  #blocks   name

 

    2        0          4 fd0

   11        0    4139008 sr0

    8        0  104857600 sda

    8        1     204800 sda1

    8        2   63545344 sda2

   8         3     204800 sda3

//分区表中出现sda3

[root@freeit ~]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/sda3

mke2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)

Filesystem label=

OS type: Linux

Block size=1024 (log=0)

Fragment size=1024 (log=0)

Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks

51200 inodes, 204800 blocks

10240 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the  super user

First data block=1

Maximum filesystem blocks=33816576

25 block groups

8192 blocks per group, 8192 fragments per  group

2048 inodes per group

Superblock backups stored on blocks:

         8193, 24577, 40961, 57345, 73729

 

Allocating group tables: done                           

Writing inode tables: done                           

Creating journal (4096 blocks): done

Writing superblocks and filesystem  accounting information: done

分区完毕之后,如何使用呢?下个实验,将介绍到如何挂载使用。

 

 

 

2.文件系统的挂载

 

Linux中的文件使用与windows不同,文件(或设备)的使用要先挂载。所以,本章我们详细介绍文件的挂载。

 

 

2.1.mount直接挂载

 

这个是最简单的挂载,也是直接挂载,仅需简单的一条命令即可挂载使用。

例:把/dev/sda3挂载到/share

-----------------------------------------挂载前查看挂载信息----------------------------------------

[root@freeit ~]# df

Filesystem            1K-blocks    Used Available Use% Mounted on

/dev/mapper/rhel-root  61410000 3019196  58390804    5% /

devtmpfs                 496084       0     496084   0% /dev

tmpfs                    505392       0     505392   0% /dev/shm

tmpfs                    505392    7136     498256   2% /run

tmpfs                    505392       0     505392   0% /sys/fs/cgroup

/dev/sda1                201388  106044      95344  53% /boot

//   /dev/sda3没有挂载

-------------------------------------------挂载/dev/sda3/share------------------------------------

[root@freeit ~]# mkdir /share

//创建挂载点

[root@freeit ~]#  mount /dev/sda3 /share/

[root@freeit ~]#  df

Filesystem            1K-blocks    Used Available Use% Mounted on

/dev/mapper/rhel-root  61410000 3018988  58391012    5% /

devtmpfs                 496084       0     496084   0% /dev

tmpfs                    505392       0     505392   0% /dev/shm

tmpfs                    505392    7140     498252   2% /run

tmpfs                    505392       0     505392   0% /sys/fs/cgroup

/dev/sda1                201388  106044      95344  53% /boot

/dev/sda3                 95054    1550      86336   2% /share

注:

  • 此挂载只是暂时的,系统重启后失效

  • 如要卸载挂载的设备,用umount以同样的方法卸载。

 

 

2.2./etc/fstab自动挂载

 

鉴于mount命令的直接挂载为临时挂载,所以引进了/etc/fstab文件,/etc/fstab可以实现系统重启后自动挂载。系统在重启后,会检查此文件中需要挂载的设备,在重启过程中进行自动挂载,实现开机自动挂载功能。

此文件中默认有系统的几个必须挂载项,如下:

[root@freeit ~]# cat /etc/fstab

 

#

# /etc/fstab

# Created by anaconda on Thu Dec 11  14:38:57 2014

#

# Accessible filesystems, by reference,  are maintained under '/dev/disk'

# See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8),  mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info

#

/dev/mapper/rhel-root   /                       xfs     defaults        1 1

UUID=469e7785-f327-4d93-abd4-62d408e45b8a  /boot                   xfs     defaults        1 2

/dev/mapper/rhel-swap   swap                    swap    defaults        0 0

说明:

  • /dev/mapper/rhel-root:为物理挂载设备

  • /                  :挂载点   

  • xfs                :文件系统格式 

  • defaults            :缺省设置

  • 1:是否检测,1为检测,0为不检测.该选项被“dump”命令用来检查一个文件系统应该以多块频率进行转储,若不需要转储就设置该字段为0

  • 1:检测顺序,优先检测数字大的(0/1/2)。该字段被fsck命令用来决定在启动时需要被扫描的文件系统的顺序,根文件系统“/”对应该字段的值应该为1,其它文件系统应该为2.若该文件系统无需在启动时扫描,则设置该字段为0.

 

现在,继续1.1实验的后续,设置开机自动挂载

 

#

# /etc/fstab

# Created by anaconda on Thu Dec 11  14:38:57 2014

#

# Accessible filesystems, by reference,  are maintained under '/dev/disk'

# See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8),  mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more in

fo

#

/dev/mapper/rhel-root   /                       xfs     defaults        1

 1

UUID=469e7785-f327-4d93-abd4-62d408e45b8a  /boot                   xfs

 defaults        1 2

/dev/mapper/rhel-swap   swap                    swap    defaults        0

 0

/dev/sda3/      /share          ext4  defaults   0 0

如上,写进文件之后就可以实现开机自动挂载了。

 

 

2.3.autofs挂载

 

Autofsmount/Umount的不同之处在于,它是一种看守程序。如果它检测到用户正试图访问一个尚未挂载的文件系统,它就会自动检测该文件系统,如果存在,那么Autofs会自动将其挂载。另一方面,如果它检测到某个已挂载的文件系统在一段时间内没有被使用,那么Autofs会自动将其卸载。因此一旦运行了Autofs后,用户就不再需要手动完成文件系统的挂载和卸载。

 

 

2.3.1.autofs的安装

 

RHEL7之前的系统,缺省已安装autofs服务的,但是RHEL7缺省未安装。

[root@freeit  ~]# rpm -q autofs

package autofs  is not installed

---------------------------------------------yum安装autofs----------------------------------------

仓库的配置见【软件包的安装与管理章节】>

[root@freeit  ~]# yum -y install autofs

Loaded plugins:  langpacks, product-id, subscription-manager

This system is  not registered to Red Hat Subscription Management. You can use  subscription-manager to register.

base                                               | 4.1 kB     00:00    

(1/2):  base/group_gz                                 | 134 kB   00:00    

(2/2):  base/primary_db                               | 3.4 MB   00:00    

Resolving  Dependencies

--> Running  transaction check

---> Package  autofs.x86_64 1:5.0.7-40.el7 will be installed

-->  Processing Dependency: libhesiod.so.0()(64bit) for package:  1:autofs-5.0.7-40.el7.x86_64

--> Running  transaction check

---> Package  hesiod.x86_64 0:3.2.1-3.el7 will be installed

--> Finished  Dependency Resolution

 

Dependencies  Resolved

 

=========================================================================

 Package        Arch           Version                Repository    Size

=========================================================================

Installing:

 autofs         x86_64         1:5.0.7-40.el7         base         550 k

Installing for  dependencies:

 hesiod         x86_64         3.2.1-3.el7            base          30 k

 

Transaction  Summary

=========================================================================

Install  1 Package (+1 Dependent package)

 

Total download  size: 579 k

Installed size:  3.6 M

Downloading  packages:

-------------------------------------------------------------------------

Total                                       7.7  MB/s | 579 kB  00:00    

Running transaction  check

Running  transaction test

Transaction  test succeeded

Running  transaction

  Installing : hesiod-3.2.1-3.el7.x86_64                             1/2

  Installing :  1:autofs-5.0.7-40.el7.x86_64                          2/2

base/productid                                    | 1.6 kB     00:00      

  Verifying   : hesiod-3.2.1-3.el7.x86_64                             1/2

  Verifying   : 1:autofs-5.0.7-40.el7.x86_64                          2/2

 

Installed:

  autofs.x86_64 1:5.0.7-40.el7                                           

 

Dependency  Installed:

  hesiod.x86_64 0:3.2.1-3.el7                                           

 

Complete!

 

Autofs是一个服务,有两个配置文件,都在/etc下,分别为auto.masterauto.misc

[root@freeit ~]# ls /etc/auto

autofs_ldap_auth.conf  auto.master.d/         auto.net

auto.master             auto.misc              auto.smb

 

 

2.3.2.RHEL7之前系统的autofs挂载

 

首先查看第一个配置文件auto.master

#

# Sample auto.master file

# This is an automounter map and it has  the following format

# key [ -mount-options-separated-by-comma  ] location

# For details of the format look at  autofs(5).

#

/misc          /etc/auto.misc

   |               |

挂载点主目录     挂载点的配置文件

/share        /etc/auto.share

#

# NOTE: mounts done from a hosts map will  be mounted with the

#        "nosuid" and "nodev" options unless the  "suid" and "dev"

#        options are explicitly given.

#

/net     -hosts

#

+dir:/etc/auto.master.d

#

# Include central master map if it can be  found using

# nsswitch sources.

#

# Note that if there are entries for /net  or /misc (as

# above) in the included master map any  keys that are the

# same will not be seen as the first read  key seen takes

# precedence.

#

+auto.master

如上:挂载点主目录可以自己手动创建,也可以不创建,重启autofs服务后会自动创建。挂载点配置文件可以与默认的一样,也可以自己创建。如下,为我们自己创建的第二个配置文件auto.share

[root@freeit ~]# cp -p /etc/auto.misc  /etc/auto.share

//直接复制默认的配置文件即可,然后根据自己的需要更改

[root@freeit ~]# vim /etc/auto.share

#

# This is an automounter map and it has  the following format

# key [ -mount-options-separated-by-comma  ] location

# Details may be found in the autofs(5)  manpage

 

 

# the following entries are samples to  pique your imagination

#linux          -ro,soft,intr           ftp.example.org:/pub/linux

#boot           -fstype=ext2            :/dev/hda1

#floppy         -fstype=auto            :/dev/fd0

#floppy         -fstype=ext2            :/dev/fd0

#e2floppy       -fstype=ext2            :/dev/fd0

#jaz            -fstype=ext2            :/dev/sdc1

#removable      -fstype=ext2            :/dev/hdd

<下面一行为自己添加的>

server          -fstype=ext4,rw         :/dev/sda3

  |                |       |            |

真实挂载点    文件系统类型 权限       要挂载的物理设备

<真实挂载点不需要自己手动创建,当需要用到时系统会自动创建>

------------------------------------------重启服务并验证挂载------------------------------------------

[root@ns ~]# service autofs restart

Stopping automount:                                         [  OK  ]

Starting automount:                                         [  OK  ]

[root@freeit ~]# ls /share/

[root@freeit ~]#

//查看挂载主目录,什么也没有,接下来查看挂载信息

[root@freeit ~]# df

Filesystem            1K-blocks    Used Available Use% Mounted on

/dev/mapper/rhel-root  61410000 3049104  58360896    5% /

devtmpfs                 496084       0     496084   0% /dev

tmpfs                    505392       0     505392   0% /dev/shm

tmpfs                    505392    7148     498244   2% /run

tmpfs                    505392       0     505392   0% /sys/fs/cgroup

/dev/sda1                201388  106044      95344  53% /boot

/dev/sr0                4138442 4138442         0 100% /mnt

//此时设备没有挂载。接下来直接查看真实挂载点目录

[root@freeit ~]# ls /share/server

lost+found

//查看真实挂载点,此时,有内容显示,再查看挂载设备信息

[root@freeit ~]# df

Filesystem            1K-blocks    Used Available Use% Mounted on

/dev/mapper/rhel-root  61410000 3049104  58360896    5% /

devtmpfs                 496084       0     496084   0% /dev

tmpfs                    505392       0     505392   0% /dev/shm

tmpfs                    505392    7148     498244   2% /run

tmpfs                    505392       0     505392   0% /sys/fs/cgroup

/dev/sda1                201388  106044      95344  53% /boot

/dev/sr0                4138442 4138442         0 100% /mnt

/dev/sda3                 95054    1550      86336   2% /share/server

//设备已经挂载

 

注:autofs的挂载,当需要的时候才会挂载,不需要时,默认300s自动卸载。

 

 

2.3.3.RHEL7系统的autofs挂载

 

RHEL7autofs的挂载,方法可以与之前系统的挂载方法一样,但是也有另一种方法,那就是第一个配置文件的不同,如下:

------------------------------------------------查看auto.master文件--------------------------------------

[root@freeit ~]# vim /etc/auto.master

# Sample auto.master file

# This is an automounter map and it has  the following format

# key [ -mount-options-separated-by-comma  ] location

# For details of the format look at  autofs(5).

#

/misc    /etc/auto.misc

#

# NOTE: mounts done from a hosts map will  be mounted with the

#        "nosuid" and "nodev" options unless the "suid"  and "dev"

#        options are explicitly given.

#

/net     -hosts

#

#  Include /etc/auto.master.d/*.autofs

#

+dir:/etc/auto.master.d

#

# Include central master map if it can be  found using

# nsswitch sources.

#

# Note that if there are entries for /net  or /misc (as

# above) in the included master map any  keys that are the

# same will not be seen as the first read  key seen takes

# precedence.

#

+auto.master

注意到上面的加粗字体。第一个配置文件的设置也可以是/etc/ auto.master.d下以.autofs结尾的文件。那么/etc/ auto.master.d到底有什么呢?

[root@freeit ~]# cd /etc/auto.master.d/

[root@freeit auto.master.d]# ls

[root@freeit auto.master.d]#

如上,此文件下什么也没有,也就是说,如果要使用这种方式,需自己创建。

 

创建所需配置文件

[root@freeit auto.master.d]# pwd

/etc/auto.master.d

[root@freeit auto.master.d]# vim  share.autofs

/share         /etc/auto.share

   |               |

挂载主目录      挂载点配置文件

~                                                                         

~                                                                         

~                                                                         

//wq!保存退出

 

接下来创建另一个配置文件/etc/auto.share

[root@freeit etc]# cp -p auto.misc  auto.share

[root@freeit etc]# vim auto.share

#

# This is an automounter map and it has  the following format

# key [ -mount-options-separated-by-comma  ] location

# Details may be found in the autofs(5)  manpage

 

 

# the following entries are samples to  pique your imagination

#linux          -ro,soft,intr           ftp.example.org:/pub/linux

#boot           -fstype=ext2            :/dev/hda1

#floppy         -fstype=auto            :/dev/fd0

#floppy         -fstype=ext2            :/dev/fd0

#e2floppy       -fstype=ext2            :/dev/fd0

#jaz            -fstype=ext2            :/dev/sdc1

#removable      -fstype=ext2            :/dev/hdd

server          -fstype=ext4,rw         :/dev/sda3

接下来,重启服务,验证挂载

[root@freeit etc]# systemctl restart  autofs.service

[root@freeit etc]#

[root@freeit etc]# ls /share/server

lost+found

[root@freeit etc]# df

Filesystem            1K-blocks    Used Available Use% Mounted on

/dev/mapper/rhel-root  61410000 3049376  58360624    5% /

devtmpfs                 496084       0     496084   0% /dev

tmpfs                    505392       0     505392   0% /dev/shm

tmpfs                    505392    7148     498244   2% /run

tmpfs                    505392       0     505392   0% /sys/fs/cgroup

/dev/sda1                201388  106044      95344  53% /boot

/dev/sr0                4138442 4138442         0 100% /mnt

/dev/sda3                 95054    1550      86336   2% /share/server

//挂载成功。

 

 

3.文件系统的acl设置

 

Linux系统中,不仅文件可以设置acl权限,而且分区也可以acl权限。但是,缺省情况下,分区的acl功能是没有开启的(RHEL7之前的系统),如果要设置acl权限,需要为分区开启acl功能。开启方式如下:

[root@ns ~]# vim /etc/fstab

/dev/sda3              /mnt                    iso9660 defaults,acl     0 0

//defaults后加上”+”acl“

[root@ns ~]# mount -o remount /dev/cdrom

//重新挂载文件系统

这样,文件系统的acl权限就打开了,可以通过以下命令查看

[root@freeit etc]# tune2fs -l /dev/sda3

//查看分区详细信息

tune2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)

Filesystem volume name:  

Last mounted on:         

Filesystem UUID:          3fa9fa6b-e967-4748-9229-206a3ae590f2

Filesystem magic number:  0xEF53

Filesystem revision #:    1 (dynamic)

Filesystem features:      has_journal ext_attr resize_inode  dir_index filetype needs_recovery extent 64bit flex_bg sparse_super huge_file  uninit_bg dir_nlink extra_isize

Filesystem flags:         signed_directory_hash

Default  mount options:    user_xattr acl

//acl功能打开

Filesystem state:         clean

…………………..

 

Acl权限打开之后,即可以通过setacl命令设置(设置方式见权限管理--ACL)

 

 

 

4.用户迁移

 

现实生产环境中,可能遇到这样的情况:一台Linux上存储着公司的员工账户(有可能上万个甚至更多)。现在,由于发展需要,要升级硬件。此时问题就来了,上万个用户在新的机器上重新创建,显然是个体力活,不太可能,那么有什么方式来实现简单快捷的迁移呢?

下面就来介绍一个命令:newusers,通过此命令来实现用户迁移功能

 

假设现在有两台机子,192.168.10.10&192.168.10.250,前者为升级的硬件(新设备),后者为需要迁移的设备(待升级设备,即旧设备),如何实现呢?如下:

-------------------------------------先在250设备上创建几个实验用户---------------------------------

[root@ns ~]# useradd user1

[root@ns ~]# useradd user2

[root@ns ~]# useradd user3

[root@ns ~]# id user1

uid=501(user1) gid=501(user1)  groups=501(user1)

[root@ns ~]# id user2

uid=502(user2) gid=502(user2)  groups=502(user2)

[root@ns ~]# id user3

uid=503(user3) gid=503(user3)  groups=503(user3)

-----------------------------------250设备复制用户配置文件到10设备------------------------------

[root@freeit ~]# scp  [email protected]:/etc/passwd   /tmp/

//使用scp命令,在10设备上把250上的用户配置文件“拉过来

The authenticity of host '192.168.10.250  (192.168.10.250)' can't be established.

RSA key fingerprint is  af:63:d5:cf:76:af:71:02:22:3f:0d:7c:7e:eb:73:5e.

Are you sure you want to continue  connecting (yes/no)? yes

Warning: Permanently added  '192.168.10.250' (RSA) to the list of known hosts.

[email protected]'s password:

passwd                                 100%  2029     2.0KB/s   00:00     

[root@freeit ~]# scp  [email protected]:/etc/shadow /tmp/

[email protected]'s password:

shadow                                 100%  1131     1.1KB/s   00:00     

[root@freeit ~]# scp  [email protected]:/etc/gshadow /tmp/

[email protected]'s password:

gshadow                                100%  769      0.8KB/s   00:00   

[root@freeit ~]# scp  [email protected]:/etc/group /tmp/ 

[email protected]'s password:

group                                  100%  941      0.9KB/s   00:00 

[root@freeit ~]# ls /tmp/

group   gshadow  passwd  shadow

---------------------------------------验证此时能够使用迁移过来的用户-----------------------------

[root@freeit ~]# id user1

id: user1: no such user

[root@freeit ~]# id user2

id: user2: no such user

[root@freeit ~]# id user3

id: user3: no such user

//很明显,不能使用

--------------------------------------------使用newusers命令---------------------------------------

[root@freeit ~]# cd /tmp/

[root@freeit tmp]# newusers passwd

[root@freeit tmp]# id user1

uid=501(user1) gid=501(user1)  groups=501(user1)

[root@freeit tmp]# id user2

uid=502(user2) gid=502(user2)  groups=502(user2)

[root@freeit tmp]# id user3

uid=503(user3) gid=503(user3)  groups=503(user3)

//如上,现在用户可以使用了

-----------------------------------------登录用户验证--------------------------------------------------

[root@freeit tmp]# su - user1

-bash-4.2$

//虽然可以使用,但是很明显,此时的用户没有shell环境

--------------------------------------为用户提供本地shell环境------------------------------------

-bash-4.2$ cp -p /etc/skel/.*   .

cp: omitting directory ‘/etc/skel/.’

cp: omitting directory ‘/etc/skel/..’

cp: omitting directory  ‘/etc/skel/.mozilla’

//复制本地的用户shell环境到新用户的家目录

-------------------------------------退出,重登验证----------------------------------------------------------

[root@freeit tmp]# su - user1

Last login: Tue May  5 19:16:34 CST 2015 on pts/0

[user1@freeit ~]$

//shell环境调用成功。