1> Wrapper
1) Boxing, ==, and equals()
public class WrapperTest {
@Test
public void integerEqualsTest() {
assertFalse(new Integer(127) == new Integer(127));
assertTrue((new Integer(127)).equals(new Integer(127)));
Integer i = 127;
Integer j = 127;
assertTrue(i == j);
assertTrue(i.equals(j));
i = 128;
j = 128;
assertFalse(i == j);
assertTrue(i.equals(j));
}
@Test
public void booleanEqualsTest() {
assertFalse(new Boolean("true") == new Boolean("true"));
assertTrue((new Boolean("true")).equals(new Boolean("true")));
Boolean a = true;
Boolean b = true;
assertTrue(a == b);
}
}
* Boolean
* Byte
* Character from '\u0000' to '\u007f' (7f is 127 in decimal)
* Short and Integer from -128 to +127
2) Pay attention to null
@Test
public void nullTest() {
Person p = new Person();
assertNull(p.age);
}
public static class Person {
Integer age;
}
2> Wrapper with Overloading
1) In every case, when an exact match isn't found, the JVM uses the method with the smallest argument that is wider than the parameter.
public class WrapperTest2 {
@Test
public void integerEqualsTest() {
byte a = 123;
assertEquals("Go Int", go(a));
short b = 259;
assertEquals("Go Int", go(b));
long d = 12345L;
assertEquals("Go Long", go(d));
float e = 123.34F;
assertEquals("Go Double", go(e));
}
public String go(long a) {
return "Go Long";
}
public String go(int a) {
return "Go Int";
}
public String go(double a) {
return "Go Double";
}
}
2) Widening > Autoboxing > Var-args
@Test
public void wideningTest() {
assertEquals("Go Long", go(123)); // Widening beats Auto-Boxing
assertEquals("Go Int", go(new Integer(123)));
assertEquals("Go Auto-Boxing", go(1, 2)); // Auto-Boxing beats Var-Args
}
public String go(long a) {
return "Go Long";
}
public String go(Integer a) {
return "Go Int";
}
public String go(int... a) {
return "Go Var-args";
}
public String go(Integer a, Integer b) {
return "Go Auto-Boxing";
}
3) It is also legal to widening reference types to its parent types.
public class WrapperTest3 {
@Test
public void wideningTest() {
assertEquals("Hello Parent", sayHello(new Child()));
}
public String sayHello(Parent p) {
return "Hello Parent";
}
public static class Parent {
}
public static class Child extends Parent {
}
}
4) It is illegal to widening "Integer" to "Long" which may cause compilation error.
* You CANNOT widen from one wrapper type to another.
* You CANNOT widen and the box. (An int cannot become a Long)
* You can box then widen. (An int can become Object, via Integer)
* You can combine var-args with either widening or boxing.
3>
@Test
public void logicTest() {
boolean b = false;
assertFalse(b = false);
assertTrue(b = true);
}
4> Flow Control
1) The only legal expression in an if test is a boolean. In some languages, 0 == false, and 1 == true. Not so in Java!
@Test
public void conditionTest() {
int i = 0;
if (i) { // Compilation error!
}
}
2) A switch's expression must evaluate a 'char', 'byte', 'short', 'int', 'enum', or 'String'(as of Java 7).
@Test
public void switchTest() {
byte num = 123;
switch (num) {
case 127 :
break;
case 128 : // Compilation Error!
break;
case -128 :
break;
case -129 : // Compilation Error!
break;
}
}
@Test
public void switchTest() {
int num = 123;
switch (num) {
case 127 :
break;
case 127 : // Compilation Error!
break;
}
}
3) A case constant must be a compile time constant. It is not enough to be final, it must be a compile time constant.
@Test
public void caseTest() {
final int x = 2;
final int y;
y = 3;
final int z = getNumber();
int num = 1;
switch (num) {
case x :
System.out.println("Hello X");
break;
case y : // Compilation Error!
System.out.println("Hello Y");
break;
case z : // Compilation Error!
System.out.println("Hello Z");
break;
}
}
private int getNumber() {
return 0;
}
4) 'break' statement:
@Test
public void breakTest() {
switch (Color.GREEN) {
case BLUE :
System.out.println("BLUE");
case GREEN :
System.out.println("GREEN");
case YELLOW :
System.out.println("YELLOW");
default :
System.out.println("DEFAULT");
}
}
enum Color {
GREEN, BLUE, YELLOW;
}
// Output:
GREEN
YELLOW
DEFAULT
5) 'default' statement: The 'default' can be located at the end, middle, or top.
@Test
public void defaultTest() {
switch (Color.BLACK) {
case BLUE :
System.out.println("BLUE");
default :
System.out.println("DEFAULT");
case GREEN :
System.out.println("GREEN");
case YELLOW :
System.out.println("YELLOW");
}
}
enum Color {
GREEN, BLUE, YELLOW, BLACK;
}
//output:
DEFAULT
GREEN
YELLOW
@Test
public void defaultTest() {
switch (Color.GREEN) {
case BLUE :
System.out.println("BLUE");
default :
System.out.println("DEFAULT");
case GREEN :
System.out.println("GREEN");
case YELLOW :
System.out.println("YELLOW");
}
}
enum Color {
GREEN, BLUE, YELLOW, BLACK;
}
//output:
GREEN
YELLOW
6) 'for' loop
@Test
public void forLoopTest() {
int i;
int[] array = {1, 2, 3, 4};
for(i : array){ // Compilation error! i already declared!
}
}
7) 'for' loop
// continue statement must be inside a loop; otherwise, you'll get a compiler error. // break statement must be inside either a loop or a switch statement.
8) 'continue' in 'for' loop
@Test
public void forTest() {
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
continue;
}
// for (int i = 0; i < 10;) {
// continue;
// i++; //compilation error! Will never reach here!
// }
for (int i = 0; i < 10;) {
if (i == 5) {
continue;
}
i++;
}
}
// the first for-loop will loop for 10 times.
// the second for-loop will loop forever.
9) Labeled Statements:
@Test
public void labeledTest1() {
System.out.println("A");
boolean isTrue = true;
for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
System.out.println("B");
while (isTrue) {
break;
}
System.out.println("C");
}
System.out.println("D");
}
//output:
A
B
C
B
C
D
@Test
public void labeledTest2() {
System.out.println("A");
boolean isTrue = true;
outer : for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
System.out.println("B");
while (isTrue) {
break outer;
}
System.out.println("C");
}
System.out.println("D");
}
//output:
A
B
D
@Test
public void labeledTest3() {
System.out.println("A");
for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
System.out.println("B");
for (int j = 0; j < 2; j++) {
System.out.println("C");
continue;
}
System.out.println("D");
}
System.out.println("E");
}
//output:
A
B
C
C
D
B
C
C
D
E
@Test
public void labeledTest4() {
System.out.println("A");
outer : for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
System.out.println("B");
for (int j = 0; j < 2; j++) { // j++ is dead code
System.out.println("C");
continue outer;
}
System.out.println("D"); // never executed
}
System.out.println("E");
}
//output:
A
B
C
B
C
E
10) Assertion
// Assertions are not guaranteed to actually run. 1. Do Not Use Assertions to Validate Arguments to a Public Method. use Exception Mechanism to enforce them. 2. Do Use Assertions to Validate Arguments to a Private Method 3. Do Not Use Assertions to Validate Command-Line Arguments, use Exception Mechanism to enforce them. 4. Do Use Assertions, Even in Public Methods, to Check for Cases You Know are Never, Ever Supposed to Happen. 5. Do Not Use Assert Expressions that Can Cause Side Effects!
6> Strings, I/O, Formatting, and Parsing
1) Strings Are Immutable Objects
@Test
public void immutableTest() {
String s = new String("Hello");
String s2 = s;
s2 = s2.concat(" World"); // Will return a new Object, instead of appending on the original str
assertEquals("Hello", s);
}
@Test
public void immutableTest2() {
String s = new String("Hello");
s.toUpperCase(); // A new object will be returned
assertEquals("Hello", s);
}
2) StringBuffer & StringBuilder
StringBuffer is thread safe, whereas StringBuilder is NOT.
3) File Navigation and I/O
* File: Isn't used to actually read or write data. When you make a new instance of File, you're NOT yet making an actual file, you're just creating a filename.
* Stream classes are used to read/write bytes, and Reader & Writers are used to read and write characters.
boolean exists(); // Return true is it can find the actual file on DISK. boolean createNewFile();// Create a new file if it doesn't exist.
@Test
public void ioTest() {
char[] in = new char[128];
StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
File file = new File("src/test/resources/ioTest.txt");
FileWriter writer = null;
FileReader reader = null;
try {
writer = new FileWriter(file);
writer.write("Hello, world");
writer.flush();
writer.close();
reader = new FileReader(file);
int c = 0;
while (-1 != (c = reader.read(in))) {
sb.append(in, 0, c);
}
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} finally {
if (null != writer)
IOUtils.closeQuietly(writer);
if (null != reader)
IOUtils.closeQuietly(reader);
}
assertEquals("Hello, world", sb.toString());
} 4) java.io.Console
* It's possible for your Java program to be running in an env that doesn't have access to a console object, so be sure that your invocation of System.console() actual returns a valid console ref and not null.
@Test
public void consoleIOTest() {
Console console = System.console();
char[] pwd = console.readPassword("%s", "PWD: ");
console.format("%s", pwd);
} 5) Serialization: ObjectInputStream & ObjectOutputStream /* Stream means it is byte based */
* Object Graphs: In Java, it wouldn't make any sense to save the actual value of a reference variable, such as: "0X234E", its value is useless in another JVM.
* If a class is Serializable, then all its properties should also be Serializable, except those who are marked as "transient".
@Test
public void objectOutputStreamTest() throws ClassNotFoundException {
ObjectOutputStream oos = null;
ObjectInputStream ooi = null;
try {
oos = new ObjectOutputStream(new FileOutputStream(
"src/test/resources/dog.ser"));
oos.writeObject(new Dog(new Collar("Yellow"), "Woofee", 12));
oos.close();
ooi = new ObjectInputStream(new FileInputStream(
"src/test/resources/dog.ser"));
Dog d = (Dog) ooi.readObject();
ooi.close();
assertEquals("Woofee", d.name);
assertEquals(12, d.age);
assertNull(d.collar); // transient prop will be give its default value, 0 for int, false for boolean, null for reference, etc.
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} finally {
IOUtils.closeQuietly(oos);
}
}
static class Dog implements Serializable {
public Dog(Collar collar, String name, int age) {
this.collar = collar;
this.name = name;
this.age = age;
}
transient Collar collar; // If it is not "transient", checked exception "java.io.NotSerializableException" will be thrown.
String name;
int age;
}
static class Collar {
String color;
public Collar(String color) {
this.color = color;
}
}
* Serializable class's constructor is NOT invoked during the course of deserialization, but its parent's non-args constructor will be invoked not implement Serializable.
@Test
public void objectOutputStreamTest() throws ClassNotFoundException {
ObjectOutputStream oos = null;
ObjectInputStream ooi = null;
try {
oos = new ObjectOutputStream(new FileOutputStream(
"src/test/resources/dog.ser"));
oos.writeObject(new Dog("Woofee", 12));
oos.close();
ooi = new ObjectInputStream(new FileInputStream(
"src/test/resources/dog.ser"));
Dog d = (Dog) ooi.readObject();
ooi.close();
assertEquals("Doggy", d.name);
assertEquals(12, d.age);
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} finally {
IOUtils.closeQuietly(oos);
}
}
static class Animal {
String name;
public Animal() { // Invoked when Dog are being deserialized.
name = "Doggy";
} // If we do not have a no-args constructor, checked exception "java.io.InvalidClassException" will be thrown.
public Animal(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
}
static class Dog extends Animal implements Serializable {
public Dog(String name, int age) {
super(name);
this.age = age;
}
int age;
}
* Serializable & Inheritence: 1) If super implements Serializable, all its subclasses are Serializable too, because they implements Serializable implicitly. 2) What happens if a superclass is not marked Serializable, but the subclass is? - See example above.
* If you serialize a collection or an array, every element in it must be serializable!
@Test(expected = java.io.NotSerializableException.class)
public void serTest() throws FileNotFoundException, IOException {
ObjectOutputStream oos = null;
try {
oos = new ObjectOutputStream(new FileOutputStream(
"src/test/resources/b.ser"));
oos.writeObject(new B(Lists.newArrayList(new A(), new A())));
oos.close();
} finally {
IOUtils.closeQuietly(oos);
}
}
static class A {
}
static class B implements Serializable {
List values;
public B(List values) {
this.values = values;
}
}
* Serialization Is NOT for Statics. Static variables are NEVER saved as part of the object's state.
4) Dates, Numbers, and Currency
* Calendar.roll() & Calendar.add()
@Test
public void addTest() {
Calendar c = Calendar.getInstance();
System.out.println(c.getTime());
c.roll(Calendar.MONTH, 10);
System.out.println(c.getTime());
c.add(Calendar.MONTH, 3);
System.out.println(c.getTime());
}
// Output:
Mon Dec 29 17:23:11 CST 2014
Wed Oct 29 17:23:11 CST 2014
Thu Jan 29 17:23:11 CST 2015
* DateFormat & NumberFormat: Can both have their locales set ONLY at the time of instantiation.
@Test
public void dateFormatTest() throws ParseException {
Date d = Calendar.getInstance().getTime();
DateFormat formatter = DateFormat.getDateInstance(DateFormat.MEDIUM);
System.out.println(formatter.format(d));
d = formatter.parse("Dec 29, 2014");
System.out.println(d);
}
//output:
Dec 29, 2014
Mon Dec 29 00:00:00 CST 2014 // Time information are missing
@Test
public void formatTest() {
float f1 = 123.4567f;
System.out.println(NumberFormat.getInstance(Locale.FRENCH).format(f1));
System.out.println(NumberFormat.getInstance(Locale.CHINESE).format(f1));
System.out.println(NumberFormat.getCurrencyInstance(Locale.FRENCH)
.format(f1));
System.out.println(NumberFormat.getCurrencyInstance(Locale.CHINESE)
.format(f1));
}