多线程(英语:multithreading),是指从软件或者硬件上实现多个线程并发执行的技术。具有多线程能力的计算机因有硬件支持而能够在同一时间执行多于一个线程,进而提升整体处理性能
class Demo extends Thread {
public void run() {
for(int x = 0; x < 10; x++)
System.out.println("demo run----" + x);
}
}
class ThreadTest {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Demo d = new Demo(); //创建好一个线程
d.start(); //开启线程并执行该线程的run方法
//d.run(); //仅仅是对象调用方法。而线程创建了,并没有运行
for(int x = 0; x < 10; x++)
System.out.println("Test!--"+x);
}
}
发现运行结果每一次都不同
因为多个线程都获取cpu的执行权。cpu执行到谁,谁就运行
明确一点,在某一个时刻,只能有一个程序在运行。(多核除外)
cpu在做着快速的切换,以达到看上去是同时运行的效果
我们可以形象把多线程的运行行为在互相抢夺cpu的执行权
这就是多线程的一个特性:随机性。谁抢到谁执行,至于执行多长,cpu说的算
为什么要覆盖run方法呢?
Thread类用于描述线程
该类就定义了一个功能,用于存储线程要运行的代码。该存储功能就是run方法
也就是说Thread类中的run方法,用于存储线程要运行的代码
sleep方法需要指定睡眠时间,单位是毫秒
一个特殊的状态:就绪。具备了执行资格,但是还没有获取资源
class Demo implements Runnable {
public void run() {
···
}
}
class Test {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Demo d = new Demo();
Thread t1 = new Thread(d);//创建了一个线程;
Thread t2 = new Thread(d);//创建了一个线程;
Thread t3 = new Thread(d);//创建了一个线程;
Thread t4 = new Thread(d);//创建了一个线程;
t1.start();
t2.start();
t3.start();
t4.start();
}
}
注:线程安全问题在理想状态下,不容易出现,但一旦出现对软件的影响是非常大
对多条操作共享数据的语句,只能让一个线程都执行完。在执行过程中,其他线程不可以参与执行
格式:
同步代码块
synchronized(对象) {
需要同步的代码;
}
同步可以解决安全问题的根本原因就在那个对象上
该对象如同锁的功能
同步的前提:
未满足这两个条件,不能称其为同步
好处:解决了多线程的安全问题
弊端:当线程相当多时,因为每个线程都会去判断同步上的锁,这是很耗费资源的,无形中会降低程序的运行效率
格式:
在函数上加上synchronized
修饰符即可
函数需要被对象调用,那么函数都有一个所属对象引用,就是this
所以同步函数使用的锁是this
class Ticket implements Runnable {
private int tick = 100;
boolean flag = true;
public void run() {
if(flag) {
while(true) {
synchronized(this) {
if(tick>0) {
try{Thread.sleep(10);}catch(Exception e){}
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()+"...code... : "+ tick--);
}
}
}
}
else
while(true)
show();
}
public synchronized void show() {
if(tick > 0) {
try{Thread.sleep(10);}catch(Exception e){}
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()+"....show.... : " + tick--);
}
}
}
class ThisLockDemo {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Ticket t = new Ticket();
Thread t1 = new Thread(t);
Thread t2 = new Thread(t);
t1.start();
try{Thread.sleep(10);}catch(Exception e){}
t.flag = false;
t2.start();
}
}
如果同步函数被静态修饰后,使用的锁是什么呢?
通过验证,发现不在是this。因为静态方法中也不可以定义this
静态进内存是,内存中没有本类对象,但是一定有该类对应的字节码文件对象
类名.class
该对象的类型是Class
静态的同步方法:使用的锁是该方法所在类的字节码文件对象。 类名.class
class Ticket implements Runnable {
private static int tick = 100;
boolean flag = true;
public void run() {
if(flag) {
while(true) {
synchronized(Ticket.class) {
if(tick > 0) {
try{Thread.sleep(10);}catch(Exception e){}
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()+"...code... : " + tick--);
}
}
}
}
else
while(true)
show();
}
public static synchronized void show() {
if(tick > 0) {
try{Thread.sleep(10);}catch(Exception e){}
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()+"....show.... : "+ tick--);
}
}
}
class StaticMethodDemo {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Ticket t = new Ticket();
Thread t1 = new Thread(t);
Thread t2 = new Thread(t);
t1.start();
try{Thread.sleep(10);}catch(Exception e){}
t.flag = false;
t2.start();
}
}
同步中嵌套同步
class Test implements Runnable {
private boolean flag;
Test(boolean flag) {
this.flag = flag;
}
public void run() {
if(flag) {
synchronized(MyLock.locka) {
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()+"...if locka ");
synchronized(MyLock.lockb) {
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()+"...if lockb");
}
}
} else {
synchronized(MyLock.lockb) {
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()+"..else lockb");
synchronized(MyLock.locka) {
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()+".....else locka");
}
}
}
}
}
class MyLock {
static Object locka = new Object();
static Object lockb = new Object();
}
class DeadLockTest {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Thread t1 = new Thread(new Test(true));
Thread t2 = new Thread(new Test(false));
t1.start();
t2.start();
}
}
线程间的通讯,涉及到有读写的时候,那么此时可能会差生问题
在写入操作未完成便执行写操作会造成读取到的数据不匹配
这时候需要对写入和读取加入同步锁,使得写入完毕才能读取,读取完毕才能写
wait
,notify()
,notifyAll()
wait()
:等待notify()
:唤醒notifyAll()
:唤醒全部class Res {
String name;
String sex;
boolean flag = false;
}
class Input implements Runnable {
private Res r;
Input(Res r) {
this.r = r;
}
public void run() {
int x = 0;
while(true) {
synchronized(r) {
if(r.flag)
try{r.wait();}catch(Exception e){}
if(x == 0) {
r.name="jack";
r.sex="man";
}
else {
r.name="alen";
r.sex = "woman";
}
x = (x + 1) % 2;
r.flag = true;
r.notify();
}
}
}
}
class Output implements Runnable {
private Res r ;
Output(Res r) {
this.r = r;
}
public void run() {
while(true) {
synchronized(r) {
if(!r.flag)
try{r.wait();}catch(Exception e){}
System.out.println(r.name+"...."+r.sex);
r.flag = false;
r.notify();
}
}
}
}
class InputOutputDemo {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Res r = new Res();
Input in = new Input(r);
Output out = new Output(r);
Thread t1 = new Thread(in);
Thread t2 = new Thread(out);
t1.start();
t2.start();
}
}
优化以上代码(封装Res类)
class Res {
private String name;
private String sex;
private boolean flag = false;
public synchronized void set(String name, String sex) {
if(flag)
try{this.wait();}catch(Exception e){}
this.name = name;
this.sex = sex;
flag = true;
this.notify();
}
public synchronized void out() {
if(!flag)
try{this.wait();}catch(Exception e){}
System.out.println(name+"........"+sex);
flag = false;
this.notify();
}
}
class Input implements Runnable {
private Res r ;
Input(Res r) {
this.r = r;
}
public void run() {
int x = 0;
while(true) {
if(x == 0)
r.set("jack","man");
else
r.set("alen","women");
x = (x + 1) % 2;
}
}
}
class Output implements Runnable {
private Res r ;
Output(Res r) {
this.r = r;
}
public void run() {
while(true) {
r.out();
}
}
}
class InputOutputDemo {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Res r = new Res();
new Thread(new Input(r)).start();
new Thread(new Output(r)).start();
}
}
当存在多个输入以及多个输出时候,可能导致一个输入被多次输出,多次输入值输出一个
此时需要对代码进行改进
主要思路是:
解决办法:
class ProducerConsumerDemo {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Resource r = new Resource();
Producer pro = new Producer(r);
Consumer con = new Consumer(r);
Thread t1 = new Thread(pro);
Thread t2 = new Thread(pro);
Thread t3 = new Thread(con);
Thread t4 = new Thread(con);
t1.start();
t2.start();
t3.start();
t4.start();
}
}
class Resource {
private String name;
private int count = 1;
private boolean flag = false;
public synchronized void set(String name) {
while(flag)
try{this.wait();}catch(Exception e){}
this.name = name+"--"+count++;
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + "生产者:" + this.name);
flag = true;
this.notifyAll();
}
public synchronized void out() {
while(!flag)
try{wait();}catch(Exception e){}
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + "消费者:" + this.name);
flag = false;
this.notifyAll();
}
}
class Producer implements Runnable {
private Resource res;
Producer(Resource res) {
this.res = res;
}
public void run() {
while(true) {
res.set("+商品+");
}
}
}
class Consumer implements Runnable {
private Resource res;
Consumer(Resource res) {
this.res = res;
}
public void run() {
while(true) {
res.out();
}
}
}
从JDK1.5开始提供了多线程升级解决方案
将同步Synchronized
替换成现实Lock
操作
将Object中的wait
,notify
,notifyAll
,替换了Condition
对象
该对象可以Lock
锁进行获取
该示例中,实现了本方只唤醒对方操作
Lock
:替代了Synchronized
lock
unlock
newCondition()
Condition
:替代了Object:``wait
notify
notifyAll
await();
signal();
signalAll();
import java.util.concurrent.locks.*;
class ProducerConsumerDemo {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Resource r = new Resource();
Producer pro = new Producer(r);
Consumer con = new Consumer(r);
Thread t1 = new Thread(pro);
Thread t2 = new Thread(pro);
Thread t3 = new Thread(con);
Thread t4 = new Thread(con);
t1.start();
t2.start();
t3.start();
t4.start();
}
}
class Resource {
private String name;
private int count = 1;
private boolean flag = false;
private Lock lock = new ReentrantLock();
private Condition condition_pro = lock.newCondition();
private Condition condition_con = lock.newCondition();
public void set(String name) throws InterruptedException {
lock.lock();
try{
while(flag)
condition_pro.await();
this.name = name+"--"+count++;
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()+"...生产者.."+this.name);
flag = true;
condition_con.signal();
} finally {
lock.unlock();//释放锁的动作一定要执行
}
}
public void out() throws InterruptedException {
lock.lock();
try{
while(!flag)
condition_con.await();
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()+"...消费者........."+this.name);
flag = false;
condition_pro.signal();
} finally {
lock.unlock();
}
}
}
class Producer implements Runnable {
private Resource res;
Producer(Resource res) {
this.res = res;
}
public void run() {
while(true) {
try {
res.set("+商品+");
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
}
}
}
}
class Consumer implements Runnable {
private Resource res;
Consumer(Resource res) {
this.res = res;
}
public void run() {
while(true) {
try {
res.out();
}
catch (InterruptedException e) {
}
}
}
}
注:stop方法已经过时不再使用
如何停止线程?
只有一种,run方法结束
开启多线程运行,运行代码通常是循环结构
只要控制住循环,就可以让run方法结束,也就是线程结束
特殊情况:
当线程处于了冻结状态
就不会读取到标记。那么线程就不会结束
当没有指定的方式让冻结的线程恢复到运行状态是,这时需要对冻结进行清除
强制让线程恢复到运行状态中来。这样就可以操作标记让线程结束
Thread类提供该方法 interrupt();
可以将冻结状态的线程唤醒
e.g.
class StopThread implements Runnable {
private boolean flag = true;
public synchronized void run() {
while(flag) {
try {
wait();
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()+"....Exception");
flag = false;
}
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()+"....run");
}
}
}
class StopThreadDemo {
public static void main(String[] args) {
StopThread st = new StopThread();
Thread t1 = new Thread(st);
Thread t2 = new Thread(st);
t1.start();
t2.start();
int num = 0;
while(true) {
if(num++ == 60) {
t1.interrupt();
t2.interrupt();
break;
}
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + "..." + num);
}
System.out.println("over");
}
}
运行在后台的一种线程,其生命周期随着主线程的结束而结束
之前的代码可以通过利用守护线程轻松解决
当正在运行的线程都是守护线程时,java虚拟机退出
该方法必须在启动线程前调用
class StopThread implements Runnable {
private boolean flag = true;
public void run() {
while(flag)
{
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()+"...run");
}
}
}
class ThreadDemo {
public static void main(String[] args) {
StopThread st = new StopThread();
Thread t1 = new Thread(st);
Thread t2 = new Thread(st);
t1.setDaemon(true); //定义为守护线程
t2.setDaemon(true);
t1.start();
t2.start();
int num = 0;
while(true) {
if(num++ == 60) {
break;
}
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()+"..."+num);
}
System.out.println("over");
}
}
当A线程执行到了B线程的join()方法时,A就会等待。等B线程都执行完,A才会执行
join可以用来临时加入线程执行
Demo d = new Demo();
Thread t1 = new Thread(d);
Thread t2 = new Thread(d);
t1.start();
t1.join();
t2.start();
县城默认的优先级为5
使用setPriority()方法设置线程优先级
t1.setPriority(Thread.MAX_PRIORITY);
暂停当前正在执行的线程对象,并执行其他线程
Thread.yield();