K8S Dashboard是官方的一个基于WEB的用户界面，专门用来管理K8S集群，并可展示集群的状态。K8S集群安装好后默认没有包含Dashboard，需要额外创建它。如下操作：
1、下载Dashboard项目清单文件

[root@k8s-master-dev dashboard]# wget https://raw.githubusercontent.com/kubernetes/dashboard/be4f2813b7cc13f682f2af5025d42813c8e7fbd3/aio/deploy/recommended/kubernetes-dashboard.yaml
[root@k8s-master-dev dashboard]# ls
kubernetes-dashboard-amd64.tar  kubernetes-dashboard.yaml
[root@k8s-master-dev dashboard]# docker load < kubernetes-dashboard-amd64.tar
5f222ffea122: Loading layer [==================================================>]    123MB/123MB
Loaded image: k8s.gcr.io/kubernetes-dashboard-amd64:v1.10.1
[root@k8s-master-dev dashboard]# kubectl apply -f kubernetes-dashboard.yaml
secret/kubernetes-dashboard-certs created
serviceaccount/kubernetes-dashboard created
role.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/kubernetes-dashboard-minimal created
rolebinding.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/kubernetes-dashboard-minimal created
deployment.apps/kubernetes-dashboard created
service/kubernetes-dashboard created
[root@k8s-master-dev dashboard]#
[root@k8s-master-dev ~]# kubectl get pods -n kube-system
NAME                                     READY     STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
coredns-78fcdf6894-9t2x5                 1/1       Running   7          10d
coredns-78fcdf6894-tvbtd                 1/1       Running   6          10d
etcd-k8s-master-dev                      1/1       Running   6          10d
kube-apiserver-k8s-master-dev            1/1       Running   4          10d
kube-controller-manager-k8s-master-dev   1/1       Running   7          10d
kube-flannel-ds-amd64-9tmns              1/1       Running   1          10d
kube-flannel-ds-amd64-cn8v5              1/1       Running   7          10d
kube-flannel-ds-amd64-gwf76              1/1       Running   1          10d
kube-flannel-ds-amd64-v4g6w              1/1       Running   1          10d
kube-proxy-4ks89                         1/1       Running   1          10d
kube-proxy-b47qm                         1/1       Running   2          10d
kube-proxy-dz778                         1/1       Running   5          10d
kube-proxy-mg5rr                         1/1       Running   2          10d
kube-scheduler-k8s-master-dev            1/1       Running   7          10d
kubernetes-dashboard-5dd89b9875-9v7bm    1/1       Running   0          15h
[root@k8s-master-dev ~]#

2、由于Dashboard项目创建的service类型为ClusterIP，无法提供外部访问。为了让cluster外部用户访问Dashboard，需将service的类型修改为NodePort。如下所示：

[root@k8s-master-dev ~]# kubectl get svc -n kube-system
NAME                   TYPE        CLUSTER-IP       EXTERNAL-IP   PORT(S)         AGE
kube-dns               ClusterIP   10.96.0.10               53/UDP,53/TCP   10d
kubernetes-dashboard   ClusterIP   10.103.192.236           443/TCP         15h
[root@k8s-master-dev ~]#
[root@k8s-master-dev ~]# kubectl patch svc kubernetes-dashboard -p '{"spec":{"type":"NodePort"}}' -n kube-system
service/kubernetes-dashboard patched
[root@k8s-master-dev ~]#
[root@k8s-master-dev ~]# kubectl get svc -n kube-system
NAME                   TYPE        CLUSTER-IP       EXTERNAL-IP   PORT(S)         AGE
kube-dns               ClusterIP   10.96.0.10               53/UDP,53/TCP   10d
kubernetes-dashboard   NodePort    10.103.192.236           443:6774/TCP    15h
[root@k8s-master-dev ~]#

然后就可以在cluster 外部 访问集群中任何一个node的IP 的 6774端口(https方式访问)。如下图所示：
Kebernetes 学习总结(10) Dashboard_第1张图片

3、Dashboard 作为一个Pod运行，它自己不做认证。当client 以https的方式访问 dashboard pod时，必须提供一个ServiceAccount ，然后由 Dashboard 这个Pod 将该ServiceAccount 的info发送至 k8s cluser认证。
所以本例中创建serviceaccount，并绑定至cluster-admin role，如下所示：

[root@k8s-master-dev ~]# kubectl create serviceaccount dashboard-admin -n kube-system
serviceaccount/dashboard-admin created
[root@k8s-master-dev ~]# kubectl describe sa dashboard-admin -n kube-system
Name:                dashboard-admin
Namespace:           kube-system
Labels:              
Annotations:         
Image pull secrets:  
Mountable secrets:   dashboard-admin-token-7dx6b
Tokens:              dashboard-admin-token-7dx6b
Events:              
[root@k8s-master-dev ~]# kubectl create clusterrolebinding dashboard-cluster-admin-binding --clusterrole=cluster-admin --serviceaccount=kube-system:dashboard-admin
clusterrolebinding.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/dashboard-cluster-admin-binding created
[root@k8s-master-dev ~]# kubectl get secret -n kube-system | grep dashboard-admin
dashboard-admin-token-7dx6b                      kubernetes.io/service-account-token   3         2m
[root@k8s-master-dev ~]#
[root@k8s-master-dev ~]# kubectl describe secret dashboard-admin-token-7dx6b -n kube-system
Name:         dashboard-admin-token-7dx6b
Namespace:    kube-system
Labels:       
Annotations:  kubernetes.io/service-account.name=dashboard-admin
              kubernetes.io/service-account.uid=02237028-49e9-11e9-a017-000c295011ce

Type:  kubernetes.io/service-account-token

Data
====
ca.crt:     1025 bytes
namespace:  11 bytes
token:      eyJhbGciOiJSUzI1NiIsImtpZCI6IiJ9.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.KH3V6eLmBo1VvvrpO7qtCOObNadjWya-yA1ALoYgjQLWszg8ifOedzjUcqKJ13Gxh4AMcQyYQRrEffb8PlMsaTZhXcISja7PY3QounNmcj35aTgLwarDX6zJj4FN6wZrUAQ2K0SZz591tVNl2JO1SumKJk7tAqgn9KX9ZYERzHBLO8HXQ5hRQvpyuj73Djcp1UW--N_Meih8kmcV2x3lA0w28FZGJdqC7iniv2btCVOvk5brBd0z_qUc58E7DKII4QnJwD9zu1yfZ1vRRyv2Vz-K_5fkKs87TEo_sy7CsCnc5TtF8Cj9BjVUQ_wMb22i4CPY4VakXA05DNbCuOf9
[root@k8s-master-dev ~]#

使用该serviceAccount的token 即可以访问Dashboard，如下所示：
Kebernetes 学习总结(10) Dashboard_第2张图片

4、由于token过长，使用不方便，为此将配置kubeconfig 以方便用户访问，如下所示：

[root@k8s-master-dev ~]# kubectl config set-cluster kubernetes --certificate-authority=/etc/kubernetes/pki/ca.crt --server="http://192.168.20.79:6443" --embed-certs=true --kubeconfig=/root/cluster-admin.conf
Cluster "kubernetes" set.
[root@k8s-master-dev ~]# kubectl config view --kubeconfig=/root/cluster-admin.conf
apiVersion: v1
clusters:
- cluster:
    certificate-authority-data: REDACTED
    server: http://192.168.20.79:6443
  name: kubernetes
contexts: []
current-context: ""
kind: Config
preferences: {}
users: []
[root@k8s-master-dev ~]#

[root@k8s-master-dev ~]# DASHBOARD_ADMIN_TOKEN=$(kubectl describe secret dashboard-admin-token-7dx6b -n kube-system | tail -1|awk '{print $2}')
[root@k8s-master-dev ~]# kubectl config set-credentials dashboard-cluster-admin --token=$DASHBOARD_ADMIN_TOKEN --kubeconfig=/root/cluster-admin.conf
User "dashboard-cluster-admin" set.
[root@k8s-master-dev ~]# kubectl config view --kubeconfig=/root/cluster-admin.conf
apiVersion: v1
clusters:
- cluster:
    certificate-authority-data: REDACTED
    server: http://192.168.20.79:6443
  name: kubernetes
contexts: []
current-context: ""
kind: Config
preferences: {}
users:
- name: dashboard-cluster-admin
  user:
    token: eyJhbGciOiJSUzI1NiIsImtpZCI6IiJ9.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.KH3V6eLmBo1VvvrpO7qtCOObNadjWya-yA1ALoYgjQLWszg8ifOedzjUcqKJ13Gxh4AMcQyYQRrEffb8PlMsaTZhXcISja7PY3QounNmcj35aTgLwarDX6zJj4FN6wZrUAQ2K0SZz591tVNl2JO1SumKJk7tAqgn9KX9ZYERzHBLO8HXQp5hRQvpuj73Djcp1UW--N_Meih8kmcV2x3lA0w28FZGJdqC7iniv2btCVOvk5brBd0z_qUc58E7DKII4QnJwD9zu1yfZ1vRRyv2Vz-K_5fkKs87TEo_sy7CsCnc5TtF8Cj9BjVUQ_wMb22i4CPY4VakXA05DNbCuOf9
[root@k8s-master-dev ~]#

注：以下两种方法都可以获取serviceAccount的token

[root@k8s-master-dev ~]# kubectl get secret dashboard-admin-token-7dx6b -o jsonpath={.data.token} -n kube-system | base64 -d
eyJhbGciOiJSUzI1NiIsImtpZCI6IiJ9.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.KH3V6eLmBo1VvvrpO7qtCOObNadjWya-yA1ALoYgjQLWszg8ifOedzjUcqKJ13Gxh4AMcQyYQRrEffb8PlMsaTZhXcISja7PY3QounNmcj35aTgLwarDX6zJj4FN6wrUAQ2K0SZz591tVNl2JO1SumKJk7tAqgn9KX9ZYERzHBLO8HXQp5hRQvpyuj73Djcp1UW--N_Meih8kmcV2x3lA0w28FZGJdqC7iniv2btCVOvk5brBd0z_qUc58E7DKII4QnJwD9zu1yfZ1vRRyv2Vz-K_5fkKs87TEso_sy7CsCnc5TtF8Cj9BjVUQ_wMb22i4CPY4VakXA05DNbCuOf9
[root@k8s-master-dev ~]#
[root@k8s-master-dev ~]# kubectl describe secret dashboard-admin-token-7dx6b -n kube-system | tail -1|awk '{print $2}'
eyJhbGciOiJSUzI1NiIsImtpZCI6IiJ9.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.KH3V6eLmBo1VvvrpO7qtCOObNadjWya-yA1ALoYgjQLWszg8ifOedzjUcqKJ13Gxh4AMcQyYQRrEffb8PlMsaTZhXcISja7PY3QounNmcj35aTgLwarDX6zJj4FN6wZrUAQ2K0SZz591tVNl2JO1SumKJk7tAqgn9KX9ZYERzHBLO8HXQp5hRvpyuj73Djcp1UW--N_Meih8kmcV2x3lA0w28FZGJdqC7iniv2btCVOvk5brBd0z_qUc58E7DKII4QnJwD9zu1yfZ1vbRyv2Vz-K_5fkKs87TEo_sy7CsCnc5TtF8Cj9BjVUQ_wMb22i4CPY4VakXA05DNbCuOf9
[root@k8s-master-dev ~]#

创建context 上下文，并切换当前上下文件。如下所示：


[root@k8s-master-dev ~]# kubectl config set-context dashboard-cluster-admin@kubernetes --cluster=kubernetes --user=dashboard-cluster-admin --kubeconfig=/root/cluster-admin.conf
Context "dashboard-cluster-admin@kubernetes" created.
[root@k8s-master-dev ~]# kubectl config view --kubeconfig=/root/cluster-admin.conf
apiVersion: v1
clusters:
- cluster:
    certificate-authority-data: REDACTED
    server: http://192.168.20.79:6443
  name: kubernetes
contexts:
- context:
    cluster: kubernetes
    user: dashboard-cluster-admin
  name: dashboard-cluster-admin@kubernetes
current-context: ""
kind: Config
preferences: {}
users:
- name: dashboard-cluster-admin
  user:
    token: eyJhbGciOiJSUzI1NiIsImtpZCI6IiJ9.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.KH3V6eLmBo1VvvrpO7qtCOObNadjWya-yA1ALoYgjQLWszg8ifOedzjUcqKJ13Gxh4AMcQyYQRrEffb8PlMsaTZhXcISja7PY3QounNmcj35aTgLwarDX6zJj4FN6wZrUAQ2K0SZz591tVNl2JO1SumKJk7tAqgn9KX9ZYERzHBLO8XQp5hRQvpyuj73Djcp1UW--N_Meih8kmcV2x3lA0w28FZGJdqC7iniv2btCVOvk5brBd0z_qUc58E7DKII4QnJwD9zu1yfZ1vRRyv2Vz-K_5fkKs87TEo_sy7CsCnc5TtF8Cj9BjVUQ_wMb22i4CPY4VakXA05DNbCuOf9
[root@k8s-master-dev ~]#
[root@k8s-master-dev ~]# kubectl config use-context dashboard-cluster-admin@kubernetes --kubeconfig=/root/cluster-admin.conf
Switched to context "dashboard-cluster-admin@kubernetes".
[root@k8s-master-dev ~]# kubectl config view --kubeconfig=/root/cluster-admin.conf
apiVersion: v1
clusters:
- cluster:
    certificate-authority-data: REDACTED
    server: http://192.168.20.79:6443
  name: kubernetes
contexts:
- context:
    cluster: kubernetes
    user: dashboard-cluster-admin
  name: dashboard-cluster-admin@kubernetes
current-context: dashboard-cluster-admin@kubernetes
kind: Config
preferences: {}
users:
- name: dashboard-cluster-admin
  user:
    token: eyJhbGciOiJSUzI1NiIsImtpZCI6IiJ9.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.KH3V6eLmBo1VvvrpO7qtCOObNadjWya-yA1ALoYgjQLWszg8ifOedzjUcqKJ13Gxh4AMcQyYQRrEffb8PlMsaTZhXcISja7PY3QounNmcj35aTwLwarDX6zJj4FN6wZrUAQ2K0SZz591tVNl2JO1SumKJk7tAqgn9KX9ZYERzHBLO8HXQp5hRQvpyuj73Djcp1UW--N_Meih8kmcV2x3lA0w28FZGJdqC7iniv2btCVOvk5brBd0z_qUc58E7DKII4QnJwD9zu1yfZ1vRRyv2Vz-K_5fkKs87TEo_sy7CsCnc5TtF8Cj9BjgVUQ_wMb22i4CPY4VakXA05DNbCuOf9
[root@k8s-master-dev ~]#

5、至此kubeconfig 配置完毕，将配置完成的文件复制到用户所在的计算机上即可使用。如下所示：

yuandeMacBook-Pro:~ yuanjicai$ scp [email protected]:/root/cluster-admin.conf Desktop/
cluster-admin.conf                                                                                              100% 2640   867.5KB/s   00:00
yuandeMacBook-Pro:~ yuanjicai$

Kebernetes 学习总结(10) Dashboard_第3张图片
Kebernetes 学习总结(10) Dashboard_第4张图片

6、如果希望创建 default 名称空间的管理员，而不是整个集群的管理员，可参考如下命令：

kubectl create serviceaccount def-ns-admin -n default
kubectl create rolebinding def-ns-bingding-admin --clusterrole=admin --serviceaccount=default:def-ns-admin
kubectl get secret
kubectl describe secret def-ns-admin-token-nlq7c
cd /etc/kubernetes/pki/
kubectl config set-cluster kubernetes --certificate-authority=ca.crt --server="http://192.168.20.79:6443" --embed-certs=true  --kubeconfig=/root/default-ns-admin.conf
DEF_NS_ADMIN_TOKEN=$(kubectl get secret def-ns-admin-token-nlq7c -o jsonpath={.data.token} | base64 -d)
kubectl config set-credentials def-ns-admin --token=$DEF_NS_ADMIN_TOKEN --kubeconfig=/root/default-ns-admin.conf
kubectl config set-context def-ns-admin@kubernetes --cluster=kubernetes --user=def-ns-admin --kubeconfig=/root/default-ns-admin.conf
kubectl config use-context def-ns-admin@kubernetes --kubeconfig=/root/default-ns-admin.conf

补充：使用ingress 代理dashboard

# cat ingress-rule-dashboard-svc.yaml
---
apiVersion: extensions/v1beta1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
  name: ingress-rule-k8sdashd
  namespace: kube-system
  annotations:
    kubernetes.io/ingress.class: "nginx"
    nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/ssl-redirect: "true"
    nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/rewrite-target: /
    nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/backend-protocol: "HTTPS"
spec:
  tls:
  - hosts:
    - k8sdashd-devel.domain.cn
    secretName: domain.cn-kubesystem-crt
  rules:
  - host: k8sdashd-devel.domain.cn
    http:
      paths:
      - path:
        backend:
          serviceName: kubernetes-dashboard
          servicePort: 443
# kubectl  apply  -f  ingress-rule-dashboard-svc.yaml

注：需要提前在kube-system名称空间中创建domain.cn-kubesystem-crt的secret