Linux.分区、格式化、挂载
- 双系统 + 小硬盘 = ubuntu空间不够用
- 于是用win10自带的分区工具（右键计算机-管理-磁盘管理器）删掉了一个卷，大约24G，决定将这块空间挂载到ubuntu上
- 如今一块500G的SSD要一千块，实在买不起
系统与硬盘
niugen@niugenen:~$ uname -a
Linux niugenen 4.4.0-64-generic #85-Ubuntu SMP Mon Feb 20 11:50:30 UTC 2017 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux
niugen@niugenen:~$ sudo fdisk -l
[sudo] niugen 的密码：
Disk /dev/ram0: 64 MiB, 67108864 bytes, 131072 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes
Disk /dev/ram1: 64 MiB, 67108864 bytes, 131072 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes
Disk /dev/ram2: 64 MiB, 67108864 bytes, 131072 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes
Disk /dev/ram3: 64 MiB, 67108864 bytes, 131072 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes
Disk /dev/ram4: 64 MiB, 67108864 bytes, 131072 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes
Disk /dev/ram5: 64 MiB, 67108864 bytes, 131072 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes
Disk /dev/ram6: 64 MiB, 67108864 bytes, 131072 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes
Disk /dev/ram7: 64 MiB, 67108864 bytes, 131072 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes
Disk /dev/ram8: 64 MiB, 67108864 bytes, 131072 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes
Disk /dev/ram9: 64 MiB, 67108864 bytes, 131072 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes
Disk /dev/ram10: 64 MiB, 67108864 bytes, 131072 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes
Disk /dev/ram11: 64 MiB, 67108864 bytes, 131072 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes
Disk /dev/ram12: 64 MiB, 67108864 bytes, 131072 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes
Disk /dev/ram13: 64 MiB, 67108864 bytes, 131072 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes
Disk /dev/ram14: 64 MiB, 67108864 bytes, 131072 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes
Disk /dev/ram15: 64 MiB, 67108864 bytes, 131072 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes
Disk /dev/sda: 232.9 GiB, 250059350016 bytes, 488397168 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x6d2d0206
设备 启动 Start 末尾 扇区 Size Id 类型
/dev/sda1 * 2048 169934847 169932800 81G 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT
/dev/sda2 169934848 394025327 224090480 106.9G 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT
/dev/sda3 394027006 435970047 41943042 20G 5 扩展
/dev/sda5 394027008 404025343 9998336 4.8G 83 Linux
/dev/sda6 404027392 405002239 974848 476M 83 Linux
/dev/sda7 405004288 407003135 1998848 976M 82 Linux 交换 / Solaris
/dev/sda8 407005184 411002879 3997696 1.9G 83 Linux
/dev/sda9 411004928 435970047 24965120 11.9G 83 Linux
Disk /dev/sdb: 931.5 GiB, 1000170586112 bytes, 1953458176 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: gpt
Disk identifier: 55333591-6989-44CA-9841-239B250B344E
设备 Start 末尾 扇区 Size 类型
/dev/sdb1 2048 1953456127 1953454080 931.5G Microsoft basic data
- 关于/dev/ram1这类设备的一篇博客
分区
- 从上文可见/dev/sda3是一个扩展分区，衍生出了/dev/sda56789这五个分区，目前我整个ubuntu也就是在这五个分区上
niugen@niugenen:~$ df
文件系统 1K-块 已用 可用 已用% 挂载点
udev 4010356 0 4010356 0% /dev
tmpfs 805972 9644 796328 2% /run
/dev/sda5 4789564 1675264 2847960 38% /
/dev/sda9 12155568 8783780 2731276 77% /usr
tmpfs 4029844 21112 4008732 1% /dev/shm
tmpfs 5120 4 5116 1% /run/lock
tmpfs 4029844 0 4029844 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sda6 463844 105084 330293 25% /boot
/dev/sda8 1934672 1560648 257700 86% /home
tmpfs 805972 68 805904 1% /run/user/1000
也可见到，整块硬盘大小为232.9 GiB，但是所有的分区加起来才207GiB，也就是还有25G空间，那也就是我在win10上删掉的那个卷
给这25G分个区，过程根据提示输入command就好
- n：add a new partition
分好后长这样
niugen@niugenen:~$ sudo fdisk /dev/sda
[sudo] niugen 的密码：
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.27.1).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.
命令(输入 m 获取帮助)： p
Disk /dev/sda: 232.9 GiB, 250059350016 bytes, 488397168 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x6d2d0206
设备 启动 Start 末尾 扇区 Size Id 类型
/dev/sda1 * 2048 169934847 169932800 81G 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT
/dev/sda2 169934848 394025327 224090480 106.9G 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT
/dev/sda3 394027006 435970047 41943042 20G 5 扩展
/dev/sda4 435970048 488397167 52427120 25G 83 Linux
/dev/sda5 394027008 404025343 9998336 4.8G 83 Linux
/dev/sda6 404027392 405002239 974848 476M 83 Linux
/dev/sda7 405004288 407003135 1998848 976M 82 Linux 交换 / Solaris
/dev/sda8 407005184 411002879 3997696 1.9G 83 Linux
/dev/sda9 411004928 435970047 24965120 11.9G 83 Linux
Partition table entries are not in disk order.
命令(输入 m 获取帮助)： q
- 出现了/dev/sda4，大小为25G
格式化
$ mkfs -t ext4 /dev/sda4挂载
$ mount /dev/sda4 /home/niugen/disk- 之后就这样了
niugen@niugenen:~$ df -lhT
文件系统 类型 容量 已用 可用 已用% 挂载点
udev devtmpfs 3.9G 0 3.9G 0% /dev
tmpfs tmpfs 788M 9.5M 778M 2% /run
/dev/sda5 ext4 4.6G 1.6G 2.8G 38% /
/dev/sda9 ext4 12G 8.4G 2.7G 77% /usr
tmpfs tmpfs 3.9G 14M 3.9G 1% /dev/shm
tmpfs tmpfs 5.0M 4.0K 5.0M 1% /run/lock
tmpfs tmpfs 3.9G 0 3.9G 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sda6 ext4 453M 103M 323M 25% /boot
/dev/sda8 ext4 1.9G 1.5G 251M 86% /home
/dev/sda4 ext4 25G 44M 24G 1% /home/niugen/disk
tmpfs tmpfs 788M 88K 787M 1% /run/user/1000
/dev/sdb1 fuseblk 932G 758G 175G 82% /media/niugen/Elements
/dev/sda2 fuseblk 107G 57G 51G 54% /media/niugen/0006FC6000004495- 设置为开机自动挂载
$ sudo gedit /etc/fstab加上我这里的最后一行
niugen@niugenen:~$ cat /etc/fstab
# /etc/fstab: static file system information.
#
# Use 'blkid' to print the universally unique identifier for a
# device; this may be used with UUID= as a more robust way to name devices
# that works even if disks are added and removed. See fstab(5).
#
#
# / was on /dev/sda5 during installation
UUID=b5816071-6ad8-4676-bfd6-a3a780e2b574 / ext4 errors=remount-ro 0 1
# /boot was on /dev/sda6 during installation
UUID=5fd70596-6fc0-4f4c-8b0e-3fe9eae8b605 /boot ext4 defaults 0 2
# /home was on /dev/sda8 during installation
UUID=607b284d-802a-4a0e-bcab-efb2f1065fa6 /home ext4 defaults 0 2
# /usr was on /dev/sda9 during installation
UUID=d7f6f351-05f5-454e-b63e-88cbdf0e440d /usr ext4 defaults 0 2
# swap was on /dev/sda7 during installation
UUID=3354a04d-6019-43eb-be82-20de08126d9d none swap sw 0 0
/dev/sda4 /home/niugen/disk ext4 defaults 0 2- 每行的格式在已有的注释里已经说出来了
# <file system> <mount point> <type> <options> <dump> <pass>- <源文件系统><挂载点><文件系统类型><选项>\< dump>\< pass>
- dump：设置是否让备份程序dump备份文件系统，0为忽略，1为备份。
- pass：告诉fsck程序以什么顺序检查文件系统，0为忽略。
- 我看其他的都是 0 2 ，于是我也写了0 2
- 搞定
- 关键还在于理解主分区、扩展分区、逻辑分区的概念，和他们之间的关系，才能搞清楚自己到底在干什么