Ansible配置

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Ansible执行流程

Ansible执行流程如图所示:

Ansible配置_第1张图片

简单理解就是Ansible在运行时, 首先读取ansible.cfg中的配置, 根据规则获取Inventory中的管理主机列表, 并行的在这些主机中执行配置的任务, 最后等待执行返回的结果。


Ansible命令执行过程

  1. 加载自己的配置文件,默认/etc/ansible/ansible.cfg
  2. 查找对应的主机配置文件,找到要执行的主机或者组;
  3. 加载自己对应的模块文件,如command;
  4. 通过ansible将模块或命令生成对应的临时py文件(python脚本), 并将该文件传输至远程服务器;
  5. 对应执行用户的家目录的.ansible/tmp/XXX/XXX.PY文件;
  6. 给文件 +x 执行权限;
  7. 执行并返回结果;
  8. 删除临时py文件,sleep 0退出;

Ansible配置详解

Ansible程序结构

安装目录如下(yum安装):

  配置文件目录:/etc/ansible

  执行文件目录:/uar/bin

  Lib库依赖目录:/usr/lib/pythonX.X/site-packages/ansible/

  Help文档目录:/usr/share/doc/ansible-X.X.X/

  Man文档目录:/usr/share/man/man1/


Ansible配置文件

Ansible的默认配置文件为/etc/ansible/ansible.cfg,Ansible有许多参数:

inventory = /etc/ansible/hosts      #这个参数表示资源清单inventory文件的位置
library = /usr/share/ansible        #指向存放Ansible模块的目录,支持多个目录方式,只要用冒号(:)隔开就可以
forks = 5                           #并发连接数,默认为5
sudo_user = root                    #设置默认执行命令的用户
remote_port = 22                    #指定连接被管节点的管理端口,默认为22端口,建议修改,能够更加安全
host_key_checking = False           #设置是否检查SSH主机的密钥,值为True/False。关闭后第一次连接不会提示配置实例
timeout = 60                        #设置SSH连接的超时时间,单位为秒
log_path = /var/log/ansible.log     #指定一个存储ansible日志的文件(默认不记录日志)

Ansible主机清单

在配置文件中,提到了资源清单(/etc/ansible/hosts),这个就是ansible的主机清单,里面保存的是一些ansible需要连接管理的主机列表,其定义方式如下:

  1. 直接指定主机地址或主机名:
    ## green.example.com#
    # blue.example.com#
    # 192.168.100.1
    # 192.168.100.10
  1. 定义一组主机组[组名]把地址或主机名加进去
    [web]
    192.168.50.153
    192.168.50.154

    [test]
    192.168.50.154

需要注意的是,组成员可以使用通配符来匹配


Ansible常用命令

Ansible命令集

/usr/bin/ansible  Ansibe AD-Hoc 临时命令执行工具,常用于临时命令的执行;

/usr/bin/ansible-doc  Ansible 模块功能查看工具;

/usr/bin/ansible-galaxy  下载/上传优秀代码或Roles模块 的官网平台,基于网络的;

/usr/bin/ansible-playbook  Ansible 定制自动化的任务集编排工具;

/usr/bin/ansible-pull  Ansible远程执行命令的工具,拉取配置而非推送配置(使用较少,海量机器时使用,对运维的架构能力要求较高);

/usr/bin/ansible-vault  Ansible 文件加密工具;

/usr/bin/ansible-console  Ansible基于Linux Consoble界面可与用户交互的命令执行工具;

其中,比较常用的是/usr/bin/ansible/usr/bin/ansible-playbook

ansible-doc命令

ansible-doc 命令常用于获取模块信息及其使用帮助,一般用法如下:

ansible-doc -l              #获取全部模块的信息
ansible-doc -s MOD_NAME     #获取指定模块的使用帮助

ansible命令详解

命令的具体格式如下:

ansible  [-f forks] [-m module_name] [-a args]

也可以通过ansible -h来查看帮助,下面是一些比较常用的选项:

-a MODULE_ARGS      #模块的参数,如果执行默认COMMAND的模块,即是命令参数,如: “date”,“pwd”等等;
-k,--ask-pass      #ask for SSH password。登录密码,提示输入SSH密码而不是假设基于密钥的验证;
--ask-su-pass       #ask for su password。su切换密码;
-K,--ask-sudo-pass #ask for sudo password。提示密码使用sudo,sudo表示提权操作;
--ask-vault-pass    #ask for vault password。假设我们设定了加密的密码,则用该选项进行访问;
-B SECONDS          #后台运行超时时间;
-C                  #模拟运行环境并进行预运行,可以进行查错测试;
-c                  #CONNECTION #连接类型使用;
-f FORKS            #并行任务数,默认为5;
-i INVENTORY        #指定主机清单的路径,默认为/etc/ansible/hosts;
--list-hosts        #查看有哪些主机组;
-m MODULE_NAME      #执行模块的名字,默认使用 command 模块,所以如果是只执行单一命令可以不用 -m参数;
-o                  #压缩输出,尝试将所有结果在一行输出,一般针对收集工具使用;
-S                  #用 su 命令;
-R SU_USER          #指定 su 的用户,默认为 root 用户;
-s                  #用 sudo 命令;
-U SUDO_USER        #指定 sudo 到哪个用户,默认为 root 用户;
-T TIMEOUT          #指定 ssh 默认超时时间,默认为10s,也可在配置文件中修改;
-u REMOTE_USER      #远程用户,默认为 root 用户;
-v                  #查看详细信息,同时支持-vvv,-vvvv可查看更详细信息;

Ansible配置公私钥

ansible是基于ssh协议实现的,配置公私钥的方式与ssh协议的方式相同,操作步骤如下:

# ssh-keygen

# ssh-copy-id [email protected]

# ssh-copy-id [email protected]

Ansible常用模块

1.主机连通性测试

使用ansible test -m ping命令来进行主机连通性测试:

# ansible test -m ping
192.168.50.154 | SUCCESS => {
    "ansible_facts": {
        "discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"
    }, 
    "changed": false, 
    "ping": "pong"
}

这样就说明主机是连通状态的。接下来的操作才可以正常进行。


2.command模块

该模块可以直接在远程主机上执行命令,并将结果返回至主机。

# ansible web -m command -a 'ss -ntl'
192.168.50.153 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
State      Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port               Peer Address:Port              
LISTEN     0      128          *:22                       *:*                 
LISTEN     0      100    127.0.0.1:25                       *:*               
LISTEN     0      128         :::22                      :::*               
LISTEN     0      100        ::1:25                      :::*               

192.168.50.154 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
State      Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port               Peer Address:Port              
LISTEN     0      128          *:22                       *:*                  
LISTEN     0      100    127.0.0.1:25                       *:*                 
LISTEN     0      128         :::22                      :::*                
LISTEN     0      100        ::1:25                      :::*

命令模块接受命令名称,后面是空格分隔的列表参数。给定的命令将在所有选定的节点上执行。它不会通过shell进行处理,比如$HOME和操作如">","<","|",";","&"工作(需要使用shell模块实现这些功能)。
该命令不支持管道命令"|".

该模块下常用的几个命令:

chdir       #在执行命令之前,先切换至该目录;
executable  #切换shell来执行命令,需要使用命令的绝对路径;
free_form   #要执行的Linux命令,一般使用Ansible的-a参数代替;
creates     #一个文件名,当这个文件存在,则该命令不执行,可以用来判断;
removes     #一个文件名,当这个文件不存在,则该命令不执行;
# ansible web -m command -a 'chdir=/usr/share/nginx/ ls' #先切换至/usr/share/nginx/,再执行ls命令
192.168.50.153 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
html
modules

192.168.50.154 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
html
modules

3.shell模块

shell模块可以在远程主机上调用shell解释器运行命令,支持shell的各种功能,例如管道等。

# ansible web -m shell -a 'cat /etc/passwd |grep "root"'
192.168.50.153 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
operator:x:11:0:operator:/root:/sbin/nologin

192.168.50.154 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
operator:x:11:0:operator:/root:/sbin/nologin

4.copy模块

该模块用于将文件复制到远程主机,同时支持给定内容生成文件和修改权限等。
其相关选项如下:

src             #被复制到远程主机的本地文件。可以是绝对路径,也可以是相对路径。如果路径是一个目录,则会递归复制,用法类似于`rsync`;
content         #用于替换`src`,可以直接指定文件的值;
dest            #必选项,将源文件复制到的远程主机的绝对路径;
backup          #当文件内容发生改变后,在覆盖之前把源文件备份,备份文件包含时间信息;
directory_mode  #递归设定目录的权限,默认为系统默认权限;
force           #当目标主机包含该文件,但内容不同时,设为"yes",表示强制覆盖;设为"no",表示目标主机的目标位置不存在该文件才复制。默认为"yes";
others          #所有的 file 模块中的选项可以在这里使用;
  1. 复制文件
# ansible web -m copy -a "src=~/hello dest=/opt/hello"
192.168.50.153 | CHANGED => {
    "ansible_facts": {
        "discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"
    }, 
    "changed": true, 
    "checksum": "da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709", 
    "dest": "/opt/hello", 
    "gid": 0, 
    "group": "root", 
    "md5sum": "d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e", 
    "mode": "0644", 
    "owner": "root", 
    "secontext": "system_u:object_r:usr_t:s0", 
    "size": 0, 
    "src": "/root/.ansible/tmp/ansible-tmp-1560850165.84-176650353793278/source", 
    "state": "file", 
    "uid": 0
}
192.168.50.154 | CHANGED => {
    "ansible_facts": {
        "discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"
    }, 
    "changed": true, 
    "checksum": "da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709", 
    "dest": "/opt/hello", 
    "gid": 0, 
    "group": "root", 
    "md5sum": "d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e", 
    "mode": "0644", 
    "owner": "root", 
    "secontext": "system_u:object_r:usr_t:s0", 
    "size": 0, 
    "src": "/root/.ansible/tmp/ansible-tmp-1560850165.84-231759056515823/source", 
    "state": "file", 
    "uid": 0
}
  1. 给定内容生成文件,并制定权限
# ansible web -m copy -a 'content="I am keer\n" dest=/opt/name mode=666'
192.168.50.154 | CHANGED => {
    "ansible_facts": {
        "discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"
    }, 
    "changed": true, 
    "checksum": "0421570938940ea784f9d8598dab87f07685b968", 
    "dest": "/opt/name", 
    "gid": 0, 
    "group": "root", 
    "md5sum": "497fa8386590a5fc89090725b07f175c", 
    "mode": "0666", 
    "owner": "root", 
    "secontext": "system_u:object_r:usr_t:s0", 
    "size": 10, 
    "src": "/root/.ansible/tmp/ansible-tmp-1560850477.79-94922536424769/source", 
    "state": "file", 
    "uid": 0
}
192.168.50.153 | CHANGED => {
    "ansible_facts": {
        "discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"
    }, 
    "changed": true, 
    "checksum": "0421570938940ea784f9d8598dab87f07685b968", 
    "dest": "/opt/name", 
    "gid": 0, 
    "group": "root", 
    "md5sum": "497fa8386590a5fc89090725b07f175c", 
    "mode": "0666", 
    "owner": "root", 
    "secontext": "system_u:object_r:usr_t:s0", 
    "size": 10, 
    "src": "/root/.ansible/tmp/ansible-tmp-1560850477.77-220007163533908/source", 
    "state": "file", 
    "uid": 0
}

可以去查看一下生成的文件权限:

# ansible web -m shell -a 'ls -l /opt/'
192.168.50.153 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
总用量 4
-rw-rw-rw-. 1 root root 10 6月  18 17:34 name

192.168.50.154 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
总用量 4
-rw-rw-rw-. 1 root root 10 6月  18 17:34 name
  1. 覆盖

把文件的内容修改一下,然后选择覆盖备份:

# ansible web -m copy -a 'content="I am csdnic"\n backup=yes dest=/opt/name mode=666'
192.168.50.153 | CHANGED => {
    "ansible_facts": {
        "discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"
    }, 
    "backup_file": "/opt/name.9505.2019-06-18@17:40:11~", 
    "changed": true, 
    "checksum": "acfe3e8431c695412dc0a4d1d8170983bb672641", 
    "dest": "/opt/name", 
    "gid": 0, 
    "group": "root", 
    "md5sum": "4dcb2e56d9a3353b7cf1aa0af33450cc", 
    "mode": "0666", 
    "owner": "root", 
    "secontext": "system_u:object_r:usr_t:s0", 
    "size": 11, 
    "src": "/root/.ansible/tmp/ansible-tmp-1560850810.29-21696054337299/source", 
    "state": "file", 
    "uid": 0
}
192.168.50.154 | CHANGED => {
    "ansible_facts": {
        "discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"
    }, 
    "backup_file": "/opt/name.40184.2019-06-18@17:40:11~", 
    "changed": true, 
    "checksum": "acfe3e8431c695412dc0a4d1d8170983bb672641", 
    "dest": "/opt/name", 
    "gid": 0, 
    "group": "root", 
    "md5sum": "4dcb2e56d9a3353b7cf1aa0af33450cc", 
    "mode": "0666", 
    "owner": "root", 
    "secontext": "system_u:object_r:usr_t:s0", 
    "size": 11, 
    "src": "/root/.ansible/tmp/ansible-tmp-1560850810.31-201361505040102/source", 
    "state": "file", 
    "uid": 0
}

查看一下:

# ansible web -m shell -a 'ls -l /opt/'
192.168.50.153 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
总用量 8
-rw-rw-rw-. 1 root root 11 6月  18 17:40 name
-rw-rw-rw-. 1 root root 10 6月  18 17:34 name.9505.2019-06-18@17:40:11~

192.168.50.154 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
总用量 8
-rw-rw-rw-. 1 root root 11 6月  18 17:40 name
-rw-rw-rw-. 1 root root 10 6月  18 17:34 name.40184.2019-06-18@17:40:11~

可以看出,源文件已经被备份,我们还可以查看一下name文件的内容:

# ansible web -m shell -a 'cat /opt/name'
192.168.50.153 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
I am csdnic

192.168.50.154 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
I am csdnic

5.file模块

该模块主要用于设置文件的属性,比如创建文件、创建链接文件、删除文件等。
其相关选项如下:

force           #需要在两种情况下强制创建软链接,一种是源文件不存在,但之后会建立的情况下;另一种是目标软链接已存在,需要先取消之前的软链,然后创建新的软链,有两个选项:`yes|no`;
group           #定义文件/目录的属组。后面可以加上`mode`:定义文件/目录的权限;
owner           #定义文件/目录的属主。后面必须跟上`path`:定义文件/目录的路径;
recurse         #递归设置文件的属性,只对目录有效,后面跟上src:被链接的源文件路径,只应用于state=link的情况;
dest            #被链接到的路径,只应用于state=link的情况;

state           #状态,有以下选项:
    directory   #如果目录不存在,就创建目录;
    file        #即使文件不存在,也不会被创建;
    link        #创建软链接;
    hard        #创建硬链接;
    touch       #如果文件不存在,则会创建一个新的文件,如果文件或目录已存在,则更新其最后修改时间;
    absent      #删除目录、文件或者取消链接文件;
  1. 创建目录:
# ansible web -m file -a 'path=/data/app state=directory'
192.168.50.153 | CHANGED => {
    "ansible_facts": {
        "discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"
    }, 
    "changed": true, 
    "gid": 0, 
    "group": "root", 
    "mode": "0755", 
    "owner": "root", 
    "path": "/data/app", 
    "secontext": "unconfined_u:object_r:default_t:s0", 
    "size": 6, 
    "state": "directory", 
    "uid": 0
}
192.168.50.154 | CHANGED => {
    "ansible_facts": {
        "discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"
    }, 
    "changed": true, 
    "gid": 0, 
    "group": "root", 
    "mode": "0755", 
    "owner": "root", 
    "path": "/data/app", 
    "secontext": "unconfined_u:object_r:default_t:s0", 
    "size": 6, 
    "state": "directory", 
    "uid": 0
}

去查看一下是否创建成功:

# ansible web -m shell -a 'ls -l /data/'
192.168.50.154 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
总用量 0
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 6月  20 17:10 app

192.168.50.153 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
总用量 0
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 6月  20 17:10 app
  1. 创建链接文件:
# ansible web -m file -a 'path=/data/a1.gif src=a2.gif state=link'
192.168.50.153 | CHANGED => {
    "ansible_facts": {
        "discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"
    }, 
    "changed": true, 
    "dest": "/data/a1.gif", 
    "src": "a2.gif"
}
192.168.50.154 | CHANGED => {
    "ansible_facts": {
        "discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"
    }, 
    "changed": true, 
    "dest": "/data/a1.gif", 
    "src": "a2.gif"
}

去查看一下是否创建成功:

# ansible web -m shell -a 'ls -l /data/'
192.168.50.153 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
总用量 0
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 6 6月  20 17:18 a1.gif -> a2.gif
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 6月  20 17:10 app

192.168.50.154 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
总用量 0
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 6 6月  20 17:18 a1.gif -> a2.gif
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 6月  20 17:10 app
  1. 删除文件:
# ansible web -m file -a 'path=/data/app state=absent'
192.168.50.153 | CHANGED => {
    "ansible_facts": {
        "discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"
    }, 
    "changed": true, 
    "path": "/data/app", 
    "state": "absent"
}
192.168.50.154 | CHANGED => {
    "ansible_facts": {
        "discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"
    }, 
    "changed": true, 
    "path": "/data/app", 
    "state": "absent"
}

去查看一下是否删除成功:

# ansible web -m shell -a 'ls -l /data/'
192.168.50.153 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
总用量 0
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 6 6月  20 17:18 a1.gif -> a2.gif

192.168.50.154 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
总用量 0
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 6 6月  20 17:18 a1.gif -> a2.gif

6.fetch模块

该模块用于从远程某主机获取(复制)文件到本地。
有两个选项:

dest    #用来存放文件的目录;
src     #用来远程拉取的文件,并且必须是一个文件,不能是目录;

示例如下:

# ansible web -m fetch -a 'src=/opt/hello dest=/opt'
192.168.50.154 | CHANGED => {
    "changed": true, 
    "checksum": "da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709", 
    "dest": "/opt/192.168.50.154/opt/hello", 
    "md5sum": "d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e", 
    "remote_checksum": "da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709", 
    "remote_md5sum": null
}
192.168.50.153 | CHANGED => {
    "changed": true, 
    "checksum": "da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709", 
    "dest": "/opt/192.168.50.153/opt/hello", 
    "md5sum": "d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e", 
    "remote_checksum": "da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709", 
    "remote_md5sum": null
}

在本机上查看一下文件是否复制成功,需要注意的是,文件保存的路径是设置的接受目录下的被管制IP目录下

# tree /opt/
/opt/
├── 192.168.50.153
│   └── opt
│       └── hello
└── 192.168.50.154
    └── opt
        └── hello

4 directories, 2 files

7.cron模块

该模块是用于管理cron计划任务的。
其使用的语法跟我们的crontab文件中的语法一致,
其相关选项如下:

day             #日;
hour            #小时;
minute          #分钟;
month           #月;
weekday         #周;
job             #指明运行的命令是什么;
name            #定时任务描述;
reboot          #任务在重启时运行,不建议使用,建议使用special_time;
special_time    #特殊的时间范围,参数:reboot(重启时),annually(每年),monthly(每月),weekly(每周),daily(每天),hourly(每小时);
state           #指定状态,present表示添加定时任务,也是默认设置,absent表示删除定时任务;
user            #指定以哪个用户身份执行;
  1. 添加计划任务
# ansible web -m cron -a 'name="ntp update every 5 min" minute=*/5 job="/sbin/ntpdate 172.17.0.1 &> /dev/null"'
192.168.50.153 | CHANGED => {
    "ansible_facts": {
        "discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"
    }, 
    "changed": true, 
    "envs": [], 
    "jobs": [
        "ntp update every 5 min"
    ]
}
192.168.50.154 | CHANGED => {
    "ansible_facts": {
        "discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"
    }, 
    "changed": true, 
    "envs": [], 
    "jobs": [
        "ntp update every 5 min"
    ]
}

去查看一下是否创建成功:

# ansible web -m shell -a 'crontab -l'
192.168.50.153 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
#Ansible: ntp update every 5 min
*/5 * * * * /sbin/ntpdate 172.17.0.1 &> /dev/null

192.168.50.154 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
#Ansible: ntp update every 5 min
*/5 * * * * /sbin/ntpdate 172.17.0.1 &> /dev/null

可以看到,计划任务已经创建成功了。

  1. 删除计划任务

如果想要删除计划任务,想要删除的话,则执行以下操作:

首先去查看一下现有的计划任务:

# ansible web -m shell -a 'crontab -l'
192.168.50.153 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
#Ansible: ntp update every 5 min
*/5 * * * * /sbin/ntpdate 172.17.0.1 &> /dev/null

192.168.50.154 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
#Ansible: ntp update every 5 min
*/5 * * * * /sbin/ntpdate 172.17.0.1 &> /dev/null

然后执行删除操作:

]# ansible web -m cron -a 'name="ntp update every 5 min" minute=*/5 job="/sbin/ntpdate 172.17.0.1 &> /dev/null" state=absent'
192.168.50.153 | CHANGED => {
    "ansible_facts": {
        "discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"
    }, 
    "changed": true, 
    "envs": [], 
    "jobs": []
}
192.168.50.154 | CHANGED => {
    "ansible_facts": {
        "discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"
    }, 
    "changed": true, 
    "envs": [], 
    "jobs": []
}

删除完成后,查看一下现在的计划任务,确认是否删除:

# ansible web -m shell -a 'crontab -l'
192.168.50.153 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>


192.168.50.154 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>

8.yum模块

该模块主要用于软件的安装。

其相关选项如下:

name                #所安装的包的名称;
state               #`present`--->安装,`latest`--->安装最新的,`absent`---> 卸载软件;
update_cache        #强制更新yum的缓存;
conf_file           #指定远程yum安装时所依赖的配置文件(安装本地已有的包);
disable_pgp_check   #是否禁止`GPG checking`,只用于`presentor`或`latest`;
disablerepo         #临时禁止使用yum库,只用于安装或更新时;
enablerepo          #临时使用的yum库。只用于安装或更新时;

如下所示,安装htop包:

# ansible web -m yum -a 'name=htop state=present'
192.168.50.154 | CHANGED => {
    "ansible_facts": {
        "discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"
    }, 
    "changed": true, 
    "changes": {
        "installed": [
            "htop"
        ]
    }, 
    "msg": "", 
    "rc": 0, 
    "results": [
        "Loaded plugins: fastestmirror\nLoading mirror speeds from cached hostfile\n * base: mirrors.cn99.com\n * epel: mirror01.idc.hinet.net\n * extras: mirrors.163.com\n * updates: mirrors.aliyun.com\nResolving Dependencies\n--> Running transaction check\n---> Package htop.x86_64 0:2.2.0-3.el7 will be installed\n--> Finished Dependency Resolution\n\nDependencies Resolved\n\n================================================================================\n Package         Arch              Version                Repository       Size\n================================================================================\nInstalling:\n htop            x86_64            2.2.0-3.el7            epel            103 k\n\nTransaction Summary\n================================================================================\nInstall  1 Package\n\nTotal download size: 103 k\nInstalled size: 218 k\nDownloading packages:\nRunning transaction check\nRunning transaction test\nTransaction test succeeded\nRunning transaction\n  Installing : htop-2.2.0-3.el7.x86_64                                      1/1 \n  Verifying  : htop-2.2.0-3.el7.x86_64                                      1/1 \n\nInstalled:\n  htop.x86_64 0:2.2.0-3.el7                                                     \n\nComplete!\n"
    ]
}
192.168.50.153 | CHANGED => {
    "ansible_facts": {
        "discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"
    }, 
    "changed": true, 
    "changes": {
        "installed": [
            "htop"
        ]
    }, 
    "msg": "", 
    "rc": 0, 
    "results": [
        "Loaded plugins: fastestmirror\nLoading mirror speeds from cached hostfile\n * base: mirrors.cn99.com\n * epel: mirror01.idc.hinet.net\n * extras: mirrors.163.com\n * updates: mirrors.163.com\nResolving Dependencies\n--> Running transaction check\n---> Package htop.x86_64 0:2.2.0-3.el7 will be installed\n--> Finished Dependency Resolution\n\nDependencies Resolved\n\n================================================================================\n Package         Arch              Version                Repository       Size\n================================================================================\nInstalling:\n htop            x86_64            2.2.0-3.el7            epel            103 k\n\nTransaction Summary\n================================================================================\nInstall  1 Package\n\nTotal download size: 103 k\nInstalled size: 218 k\nDownloading packages:\nRunning transaction check\nRunning transaction test\nTransaction test succeeded\nRunning transaction\n  Installing : htop-2.2.0-3.el7.x86_64                                      1/1 \n  Verifying  : htop-2.2.0-3.el7.x86_64                                      1/1 \n\nInstalled:\n  htop.x86_64 0:2.2.0-3.el7                                                     \n\nComplete!\n"
    ]
}

安装成功。


9.service模块

该模块主要用于服务程序的管理。

其相关选项如下:

arguments       #命令行提供额外的参数;
enabled         #设置开机启动;
name            #服务名称;
runlevel        #开机启动的级别,一般不用指定;
sleep           #在重启服务的过程中,是否等待,如在服务关闭后等待2秒再启动(定义在剧本中);
state           #有四种状态,分别为:
    started     #启动服务;
    stopped     #停止服务;
    restarted   #重启服务;
    reloaded    #重新加载配置;
  1. 启动nginx服务并设置开机自启:
# ansible web -m service -a 'name=nginx state=started enabled=true'
192.168.50.153 | CHANGED => {
    "ansible_facts": {
        "discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"
    }, 
    "changed": true, 
    "enabled": true, 
    "name": "nginx", 
    "state": "started", 
    ···
}
192.168.50.154 | CHANGED => {
    "ansible_facts": {
        "discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"
    }, 
    "changed": true, 
    "enabled": true, 
    "name": "nginx", 
    "state": "started", 
    ···
}

去查看一下端口是否打开:

# ansible web -m shell -a 'ss -ntl'
192.168.50.153 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
State      Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port               Peer Address:Port              
LISTEN     0      128          *:80                       *:*                               

192.168.50.154 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
State      Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port               Peer Address:Port              
LISTEN     0      128          *:80                       *:*                                  

可以看到,80端口已经打开。

  1. 关闭服务
# ansible web -m service -a 'name=nginx state=stopped'
192.168.50.153 | CHANGED => {
    "ansible_facts": {
        "discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"
    }, 
    "changed": true, 
    "name": "nginx", 
    "state": "stopped", 
    ···
}
192.168.50.154 | CHANGED => {
    "ansible_facts": {
        "discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"
    }, 
    "changed": true, 
    "name": "nginx", 
    "state": "stopped", 
    ···
}

同样的,去查看一下端口:

# ansible web -m shell -a 'ss -ntl | grep 80'
192.168.50.153 | FAILED | rc=1 >>
non-zero return code

192.168.50.154 | FAILED | rc=1 >>
non-zero return code

10.user模块

该模块主要用于管理用户账号。

其相关选项如下:

comment         #用户的描述信息;
createhome      #是否创建家目录
force           #在使用state=absent时,行为与userdel -force一致;
group           #指定基本组
groups          #指定附加组,
home            #指定用户家目录;
move_home       #如果设置为home=时,试图将用户主目录移动到指定的目录;
name            #指定用户名;
non_unique      #该选项允许改变非唯一的用户ID值;
password        #指定用户密码;
remove          #在使用state=absent时,行为是与userdel -remove一致;
shell           #指定默认shell
state           #设置账号状态,不指定为创建,指定值为absent表示删除;
system          #当创建一个用户,设置这个用户是系统用户,这个设置不能更改现有用户;
uid             #指定用户的uid
  1. 创建一个用户,并指定其uid:
# ansible web -m user -a 'name=keer uid=11111'
192.168.50.154 | CHANGED => {
    "ansible_facts": {
        "discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"
    }, 
    "changed": true, 
    "comment": "", 
    "create_home": true, 
    "group": 11111, 
    "home": "/home/keer", 
    "name": "keer", 
    "shell": "/bin/bash", 
    "state": "present", 
    "system": false, 
    "uid": 11111
}
192.168.50.153 | CHANGED => {
    "ansible_facts": {
        "discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"
    }, 
    "changed": true, 
    "comment": "", 
    "create_home": true, 
    "group": 11111, 
    "home": "/home/keer", 
    "name": "keer", 
    "shell": "/bin/bash", 
    "state": "present", 
    "system": false, 
    "uid": 11111
}

添加完成,去查看一下是否添加成功:

# ansible web -m shell -a 'cat /etc/passwd |grep keer'
192.168.50.154 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
keer:x:11111:11111::/home/keer:/bin/bash

192.168.50.153 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
keer:x:11111:11111::/home/keer:/bin/bash
  1. 删除用户:
# ansible web -m user -a 'name=keer state=absent'
192.168.50.154 | CHANGED => {
    "ansible_facts": {
        "discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"
    }, 
    "changed": true, 
    "force": false, 
    "name": "keer", 
    "remove": false, 
    "state": "absent"
}
192.168.50.153 | CHANGED => {
    "ansible_facts": {
        "discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"
    }, 
    "changed": true, 
    "force": false, 
    "name": "keer", 
    "remove": false, 
    "state": "absent"
}

同样的,去查看一下:

# ansible web -m shell -a 'cat /etc/passwd |grep keer'
192.168.50.154 | FAILED | rc=1 >>
non-zero return code

192.168.50.153 | FAILED | rc=1 >>
non-zero return code

可以看到,已经没有该用户了。


11.group 模块

该模块主要用于添加或删除组。

其相关选项如下:

gid=        #设置组的GID号;
name=       #指定组的名称;
state=      #指定组的状态,默认为创建,设置值为absent为删除;
system=     #设置值为yes时,表示创建为系统组。
  1. 创建组:
# ansible web -m group -a 'name=sanguo gid=12222'
192.168.50.154 | CHANGED => {
    "ansible_facts": {
        "discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"
    }, 
    "changed": true, 
    "gid": 12222, 
    "name": "sanguo", 
    "state": "present", 
    "system": false
}
192.168.50.153 | CHANGED => {
    "ansible_facts": {
        "discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"
    }, 
    "changed": true, 
    "gid": 12222, 
    "name": "sanguo", 
    "state": "present", 
    "system": false
}

创建完成后,去查看一下:

# ansible web -m shell -a 'cat /etc/group | grep 12222'
192.168.50.153 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
sanguo:x:12222:

192.168.50.154 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
sanguo:x:12222:
  1. 删除组:
# ansible web -m group -a 'name=sanguo state=absent'
192.168.50.153 | CHANGED => {
    "ansible_facts": {
        "discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"
    }, 
    "changed": true, 
    "name": "sanguo", 
    "state": "absent"
}
192.168.50.154 | CHANGED => {
    "ansible_facts": {
        "discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"
    }, 
    "changed": true, 
    "name": "sanguo", 
    "state": "absent"
}

同样的,去查看一下:

# ansible web -m shell -a 'cat /etc/group | grep 12222'
192.168.50.153 | FAILED | rc=1 >>
non-zero return code

192.168.50.154 | FAILED | rc=1 >>
non-zero return code

已经没有这个组的相关信息了。


12.script模块

该模块主要用于将本机的脚本在被管理端的机器上运行,使用时直接指定脚本的路径即可。

首先,编写一个脚本,并给其加上执行权限:

cat > /tmp/df.sh <<EOF
#!/bin/bash
date >> /tmp/disk_total.log
df -lh >> /tmp/disk_total.log
EOF

# chmod +x /tmp/df.sh

然后,直接运行命令在被管理端执行该脚本:

# ansible web -m script -a '/tmp/df.sh'
192.168.50.153 | CHANGED => {
    "changed": true, 
    "rc": 0, 
    "stderr": "Shared connection to 192.168.50.153 closed.\r\n", 
    "stderr_lines": [
        "Shared connection to 192.168.50.153 closed."
    ], 
    "stdout": "", 
    "stdout_lines": []
}
192.168.50.154 | CHANGED => {
    "changed": true, 
    "rc": 0, 
    "stderr": "Shared connection to 192.168.50.154 closed.\r\n", 
    "stderr_lines": [
        "Shared connection to 192.168.50.154 closed."
    ], 
    "stdout": "", 
    "stdout_lines": []
}

查看一下文件内容:

# ansible web -m shell -a 'cat /tmp/disk_total.log'
192.168.50.153 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
2019年 07月 22日 星期一 20:54:44 CST
文件系统                 容量  已用  可用 已用% 挂载点
/dev/mapper/centos-root   17G  1.7G   16G   10% /
devtmpfs                 476M     0  476M    0% /dev
tmpfs                    488M     0  488M    0% /dev/shm
tmpfs                    488M  7.7M  480M    2% /run
tmpfs                    488M     0  488M    0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sda1               1014M  160M  855M   16% /boot
tmpfs                     98M     0   98M    0% /run/user/0

192.168.50.154 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
2019年 07月 22日 星期一 20:54:44 CST
文件系统                 容量  已用  可用 已用% 挂载点
/dev/mapper/centos-root   17G  1.7G   16G   10% /
devtmpfs                 476M     0  476M    0% /dev
tmpfs                    488M     0  488M    0% /dev/shm
tmpfs                    488M  7.7M  480M    2% /run
tmpfs                    488M     0  488M    0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sda1               1014M  160M  855M   16% /boot
tmpfs                     98M     0   98M    0% /run/user/0

可以看出脚本已经执行成功了。


13.setup模块

该模块主要用于收集信息,是通过调用facts组件来实现的。

facts组件是Ansible用于采集被管机器设备的一个功能,可以使用setup模块查看机器的所有facts信息,可以使用filter来查看指定信息。
整个facts信息被包装在一个JSON格式的数据结构中,ansible_facts是最上层的值。

facts就是变量,内建变量。每个主机的各种信息,cpu颗数、内存大小等。会存在facts的某个变量中,调用后返回很多主机的信息,在后面的操作中可以根据不同的信息来做不同的操作。如Debian系列用apt安装软件,Redhat系列用yum安装。

  1. 查看信息:

可以直接用命令获取到变量的值:

# ansible web -m setup -a 'filter="*mem*"'      #查看内存
192.168.50.154 | SUCCESS => {
    "ansible_facts": {
        "ansible_memfree_mb": 168, 
        "ansible_memory_mb": {
            "nocache": {
                "free": 689, 
                "used": 285
            }, 
            "real": {
                "free": 168, 
                "total": 974, 
                "used": 806
            }, 
            "swap": {
                "cached": 0, 
                "free": 2047, 
                "total": 2047, 
                "used": 0
            }
        }, 
        "ansible_memtotal_mb": 974, 
        "discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"
    }, 
    "changed": false
}
192.168.50.153 | SUCCESS => {
    "ansible_facts": {
        "ansible_memfree_mb": 162, 
        "ansible_memory_mb": {
            "nocache": {
                "free": 693, 
                "used": 281
            }, 
            "real": {
                "free": 162, 
                "total": 974, 
                "used": 812
            }, 
            "swap": {
                "cached": 0, 
                "free": 2047, 
                "total": 2047, 
                "used": 0
            }
        }, 
        "ansible_memtotal_mb": 974, 
        "discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"
    }, 
    "changed": false
}

可以通过命令查看一下内存的大小以确认一下是否一致:

# ansible web -m shell -a 'free -m'
192.168.50.153 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
              total        used        free      shared  buff/cache   available
Mem:            974         148         162           7         663         596
Swap:          2047           0        2047

192.168.50.154 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
              total        used        free      shared  buff/cache   available
Mem:            974         152         169           7         653         593
Swap:          2047           0        2047

可以看出,信息是一致的。

  1. 保存信息:

setup模块还有一个很好用的功能就是可以保存所筛选的信息至主机上,同时,文件名为被管制主机的IP,这样就方便查找是哪台机器出现问题。

# ansible web -m setup -a 'filter="*mem*"' --tree /tmp/facts
192.168.50.153 | SUCCESS => {
    "ansible_facts": {
        "ansible_memfree_mb": 160, 
        "ansible_memory_mb": {
            "nocache": {
                "free": 693, 
                "used": 281
            }, 
            "real": {
                "free": 160, 
                "total": 974, 
                "used": 814
            }, 
            "swap": {
                "cached": 0, 
                "free": 2047, 
                "total": 2047, 
                "used": 0
            }
        }, 
        "ansible_memtotal_mb": 974, 
        "discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"
    }, 
    "changed": false
}
192.168.50.154 | SUCCESS => {
    "ansible_facts": {
        "ansible_memfree_mb": 166, 
        "ansible_memory_mb": {
            "nocache": {
                "free": 689, 
                "used": 285
            }, 
            "real": {
                "free": 166, 
                "total": 974, 
                "used": 808
            }, 
            "swap": {
                "cached": 0, 
                "free": 2047, 
                "total": 2047, 
                "used": 0
            }
        }, 
        "ansible_memtotal_mb": 974, 
        "discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"
    }, 
    "changed": false
}

然后,去查看一下:

# cd /tmp/facts/
# ls
192.168.50.153  192.168.50.154
# cat 192.168.50.153 
{"ansible_facts": {"ansible_memfree_mb": 160, "ansible_memory_mb": {"nocache": {"free": 693, "used": 281}, "real": {"free": 160, "total": 974, "used": 814}, "swap": {"cached": 0, "free": 2047, "total": 2047, "used": 0}}, "ansible_memtotal_mb": 974, "discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"}, "changed": false}

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