从类视图可以看出,ArrayDeque实现了Deque接口,Deque接口继承了Queue接口,Queue接口继承自顶级接口集合类Collection。
Queue 也是 Java 集合框架中定义的一种接口,直接继承自 Collection 接口。除了基本的 Collection 接口规定测操作外,Queue 接口还定义一组针对队列的特殊操作。通常来说,Queue 是按照先进先出(FIFO)的方式来管理其中的元素的,但是优先队列是一个例外。
Deque 接口继承自 Queue接口,但 Deque 支持同时从两端添加或移除元素,因此又被成为双端队列。鉴于此,Deque 接口的实现可以被当作 FIFO队列使用,也可以当作LIFO队列(栈)来使用。官方也是推荐使用 Deque 的实现来替代 Stack。
ArrayDeque 是 Deque 接口的一种具体实现,是依赖于可变数组来实现的。ArrayDeque 没有容量限制,可根据需求自动进行扩容。ArrayDeque不支持值为 null 的元素。
public interface Queue extends Collection {
//Inserts the specified element into this queue,throwing an IllegalStateException if no space is currently available.
boolean add(E e);
//Inserts the specified element into this queue,return false if no space is currently available.
boolean offer(E e);
//removes the head of this queue,return the head of this queue, or NoSuchElementException if this queue is empty
E remove();
//removes the head of this queue,return the head of this queue, or null if this queue is empty
E poll();
//not remove,return the head of this queue,throws NoSuchElementException if this queue is empty
E element();
//not remove,return the head of this queue, or null if this queue is empty
E peek();
}
画成以下表格
操作 | 抛出异常 | 返回特殊值 |
---|---|---|
插入 | add() | offer() |
删除 | remove() | poll() |
查询 | element() | peek() |
public interface Deque extends Queue {
void addFirst(E e);//插入头部,异常会报错
boolean offerFirst(E e);//插入头部,异常返回false
E getFirst();//获取头部,异常会报错
E peekFirst();//获取头部,异常不报错
E removeFirst();//移除头部,异常会报错
E pollFirst();//移除头部,异常不报错
void addLast(E e);//插入尾部,异常会报错
boolean offerLast(E e);//插入尾部,异常返回false
E getLast();//获取尾部,异常会报错
E peekLast();//获取尾部,异常不报错
E removeLast();//移除尾部,异常会报错
E pollLast();//移除尾部,异常不报错
}
画成以下表格,只不过Deque是有头部和尾部的
操作 | 抛出异常 | 返回特殊值 |
---|---|---|
插入 | add() | offer() |
删除 | remove() | poll() |
查询 | element() | peek() |
public class ArrayDeque extends AbstractCollection
implements Deque, Cloneable, Serializable{}
/**
* The array in which the elements of the deque are stored.
* The capacity of the deque is the length of this array, which is
* always a power of two. The array is never allowed to become
* full, except transiently within an addX method where it is
* resized (see doubleCapacity) immediately upon becoming full,
* thus avoiding head and tail wrapping around to equal each
* other. We also guarantee that all array cells not holding
* deque elements are always null.
*/
transient Object[] elements; // non-private to simplify nested class access
/**
* The index of the element at the head of the deque (which is the
* element that would be removed by remove() or pop()); or an
* arbitrary number equal to tail if the deque is empty.
*/
transient int head;
/**
* The index at which the next element would be added to the tail
* of the deque (via addLast(E), add(E), or push(E)).
*/
transient int tail;
/**
* The minimum capacity that we'll use for a newly created deque.
* Must be a power of 2.
*/
private static final int MIN_INITIAL_CAPACITY = 8;
ArrayDeque底层使用数组存储元素,同时还使用head和tail来表示索引,但注意tail不是尾部元素的索引,而是尾部元素的下一位,即下一个将要被加入的元素的索引
/**
* Constructs an empty array deque with an initial capacity
* sufficient to hold 16 elements.
*/
public ArrayDeque() {
elements = new Object[16];
}
/**
* Constructs an empty array deque with an initial capacity
* sufficient to hold the specified number of elements.
*
* @param numElements lower bound on initial capacity of the deque
*/
public ArrayDeque(int numElements) {
allocateElements(numElements);
}
/**
* Constructs a deque containing the elements of the specified
* collection, in the order they are returned by the collection's
* iterator. (The first element returned by the collection's
* iterator becomes the first element, or front of the
* deque.)
*
* @param c the collection whose elements are to be placed into the deque
* @throws NullPointerException if the specified collection is null
*/
public ArrayDeque(Collection extends E> c) {
allocateElements(c.size());
addAll(c);
}
/**
* Allocates empty array to hold the given number of elements.
*
* @param numElements the number of elements to hold
*/
private void allocateElements(int numElements) {
elements = new Object[calculateSize(numElements)];
}
private static int calculateSize(int numElements) {
int initialCapacity = MIN_INITIAL_CAPACITY;
// Find the best power of two to hold elements.
// Tests "<=" because arrays aren't kept full.
if (numElements >= initialCapacity) {
initialCapacity = numElements;
initialCapacity |= (initialCapacity >>> 1);
initialCapacity |= (initialCapacity >>> 2);
initialCapacity |= (initialCapacity >>> 4);
initialCapacity |= (initialCapacity >>> 8);
initialCapacity |= (initialCapacity >>> 16);
initialCapacity++;
if (initialCapacity < 0) // Too many elements, must back off
initialCapacity >>>= 1;// Good luck allocating 2 ^ 30 elements
}
return initialCapacity;
}
在初始化中,数组要求的大小必须为2^n,所以有这么一个算法,如果当前的大小大于默认规定的大小时,就会去计算出新的大小,那么这个计算过程是怎么样的呢?>>>
是无符号右移操作,|
是位或操作,经过五次右移和位或操作可以保证得到大小为2^k-1的数。举例子进行分析
如果initialCapacity为10的时候,那么二进制为 1010
经过initialCapacity |= (initialCapacity >>> 1)时,那么二进制为 1010 | 0101 = 1111
经过initialCapacity |= (initialCapacity >>> 2)时,那么二进制为 1111 | 0011 = 1111
后面计算的结果都是1111,可以理解为将二进制的低位数都补上1,这样出来的结果都是2^n-1
最后initialCapacity++,2^n-1+1出来的结果就是2^n
这里又有人会有疑问了,为什么initialCapacity>>>16,右移到5位就可以结束呢?那是因为用的是|=符号,从右移1位到5位累加,其实就是整体右移了15位,刚好int值是16位的数,这就刚好满足16位二进制的低位都被补上了1。在进行5次位移操作和位或操作后就可以得到2^k-1,最后加1即可。这个实现还是很巧妙的。
public void addFirst(E e) {
if (e == null)
throw new NullPointerException();
elements[head = (head - 1) & (elements.length - 1)] = e;
if (head == tail)
doubleCapacity();
}
public void addLast(E e) {
if (e == null)
throw new NullPointerException();
//tail中保存的是即将加入末尾的元素的索引
elements[tail] = e;
//tail向后移动一位
if ( (tail = (tail + 1) & (elements.length - 1)) == head)
//tail和head相遇,空间用尽,需要扩容
doubleCapacity();
}
在存储的过程中,这里有个有趣的算法,就是tail的计算公式(tail = (tail + 1) & (elements.length - 1))
,注意这里的存储采用的是环形队列的形式,也就是当tail到达容量最后一个的时候,tail就为等于0,否则tail的值tail+1
(tail = (tail + 1) & (elements.length - 1))
证明:(elements.length - 1) = 2^n-1 即二进制的所有低位都为1,假设为 11111111
假设:tail为最后一个元素,则(tail + 1)为 (11111111 + 1) = 100000000
结果:(tail + 1) & (elements.length - 1) = 000000000,tail下一个要添加的索引为0
其插入过程中,如果刚好是最后一个元素时,示例如下图
那么为什么(tail + 1) & (elements.length - 1)
就能保证按照环形取得正确的下一个索引值呢?这就和前面说到的 ArrayDeque 对容量的特殊要求有关了。下面对其正确性加以验证:
1 2 3 4 5 |
length = 2^n,二进制表示为: 第 n 位为1,低位 (n-1位) 全为0 length - 1 = 2^n-1,二进制表示为:低位(n-1位)全为1 如果 tail + 1 <= length - 1,则位与后低 (n-1) 位保持不变,高位全为0 如果 tail + 1 = length,则位与后低 n 全为0,高位也全为0,结果为 0 |
可见,在容量保证为 2^n 的情况下,仅仅通过位与操作就可以完成环形索引的计算,而不需要进行边界的判断,在实现上更为高效。
private void doubleCapacity() {
assert head == tail; //扩容时头部索引和尾部索引肯定相等
int p = head;
int n = elements.length;
//头部索引到数组末端(length-1处)共有多少元素
int r = n - p; // number of elements to the right of p
//容量翻倍
int newCapacity = n << 1;
//容量过大,溢出了
if (newCapacity < 0)
throw new IllegalStateException("Sorry, deque too big");
//分配新空间
Object[] a = new Object[newCapacity];
//复制头部索引到数组末端的元素到新数组的头部
System.arraycopy(elements, p, a, 0, r);
//复制其余元素
System.arraycopy(elements, 0, a, r, p);
elements = a;
//重置头尾索引
head = 0;
tail = n;
}
其扩容的过程如下图
ArrayDeque支持从头尾两端移除元素,remove方法是通过poll来实现的。因为是基于数组的,在了解了环的原理后这段代码就比较容易理解了
public E pollFirst() {
int h = head;
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
E result = (E) elements[h];
// Element is null if deque empty
if (result == null)
return null;
elements[h] = null; // Must null out slot
head = (h + 1) & (elements.length - 1);
return result;
}
public E pollLast() {
int t = (tail - 1) & (elements.length - 1);
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
E result = (E) elements[t];
if (result == null)
return null;
elements[t] = null;
tail = t;
return result;
}
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
public E peekFirst() {
// elements[head] is null if deque empty
return (E) elements[head];
}
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
public E peekLast() {
return (E) elements[(tail - 1) & (elements.length - 1)];
}
总结
ArrayDeque是Deque 接口的一种具体实现,是依赖于可变数组来实现的。ArrayDeque 没有容量限制,可根据需求自动进行扩容。ArrayDeque 可以作为栈来使用,效率要高于Stack;ArrayDeque 也可以作为队列来使用,效率相较于基于双向链表的LinkedList也要更好一些
参考:
1,https://blog.csdn.net/qq_30379689/article/details/80558771
2,https://www.cnblogs.com/wxd0108/p/7366234.html