CopyOnWriteArrayList 简单的分析

写入时复制（英语：Copy-on-write，简称COW）是一种计算机程序设计领域的优化策略。其核心思想是，如果有多个调用者（callers）同时请求相同资源（如内存或磁盘上的数据存储），他们会共同获取相同的指针指向相同的资源，直到某个调用者试图修改资源的内容时，系统才会真正复制一份专用副本（private copy）给该调用者，而其他调用者所见到的最初的资源仍然保持不变。这过程对其他的调用者都是透明的（transparently）。此作法主要的优点是如果调用者没有修改该资源，就不会有副本（private copy）被创建，因此多个调用者只是读取操作时可以共享同一份资源。

类的主要成员变量及方法

	/** The lock protecting all mutators */
    final transient ReentrantLock lock = new ReentrantLock();

    /** The array, accessed only via getArray/setArray. */
    private transient volatile Object[] array;

    /**
     * Gets the array.  Non-private so as to also be accessible
     * from CopyOnWriteArraySet class.
     */
    final Object[] getArray() {
        return array;
    }

    /**
     * Sets the array.
     */
    final void setArray(Object[] a) {
        array = a;
    }

新增

/**
     * Appends the specified element to the end of this list.
     *
     * @param e element to be appended to this list
     * @return {@code true} (as specified by {@link Collection#add})
     */
    public boolean add(E e) {
        final ReentrantLock lock = this.lock;
        lock.lock();
        try {
        	// 获得数组的引用
            Object[] elements = getArray();
            int len = elements.length;
            // 拷贝数组
            Object[] newElements = Arrays.copyOf(elements, len + 1);
            newElements[len] = e;
            // 重新赋值
            setArray(newElements);
            return true;
        } finally {
            lock.unlock();
        }
    }

删除

/**
     * Removes the element at the specified position in this list.
     * Shifts any subsequent elements to the left (subtracts one from their
     * indices).  Returns the element that was removed from the list.
     *
     * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException {@inheritDoc}
     */
    public E remove(int index) {
        final ReentrantLock lock = this.lock;
        lock.lock();
        try {
            Object[] elements = getArray();
            int len = elements.length;
            E oldValue = get(elements, index);
            int numMoved = len - index - 1;
            // 移除最后一个元素
            if (numMoved == 0)
                setArray(Arrays.copyOf(elements, len - 1));
            else {
            	// 分两段拷贝
                Object[] newElements = new Object[len - 1];
                System.arraycopy(elements, 0, newElements, 0, index);
                System.arraycopy(elements, index + 1, newElements, index,
                                 numMoved);
                setArray(newElements);
            }
            return oldValue;
        } finally {
            lock.unlock();
        }
    }

遍历

public Iterator<E> iterator() {
        return new COWIterator<E>(getArray(), 0);
    }

static final class COWIterator<E> implements ListIterator<E> {
        /** Snapshot of the array */
        private final Object[] snapshot;
        /** Index of element to be returned by subsequent call to next.  */
        private int cursor;

        private COWIterator(Object[] elements, int initialCursor) {           
            cursor = initialCursor;
            // 拷贝了一个副本
            snapshot = elements;
        }

        public boolean hasNext() {
            return cursor < snapshot.length;
        }

        public boolean hasPrevious() {
            return cursor > 0;
        }

        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
        public E next() {
            if (! hasNext())
                throw new NoSuchElementException();
            return (E) snapshot[cursor++];
        }

• CopyOnWriteArrayList的缺点

1. 内存占用高。如果频繁的进行新增，删除等修改操作，因为每次都要复制一份数组，所以占用内存多。
2. 内存一致性：保证了最终一致性。因为在使用时是拷贝一份数据