如何查看 Linux 中所有正在运行的服务

有许多方法和工具可以查看 Linux 中所有正在运行的服务。大多数管理员会在 System V（SysV）初始化系统中使用 service service-name status 或 /etc/init.d/service-name status，而在 systemd 初始化系统中使用 systemctl status service-name。

以上命令可以清楚地显示该服务是否在服务器上运行，这也是每个 Linux 管理员都该知道的非常简单和基础的命令。

如果你对系统环境并不熟悉，也不清楚系统在运行哪些服务，你会如何检查？

是的，我们的确有必要这样检查一下。这将有助于我们了解系统上运行了什么服务，以及哪些是必要的、哪些需要被禁用。

init（初始化initialization的简称）是在系统启动期间运行的第一个进程。init 是一个守护进程，它将持续运行直至关机。

大多数 Linux 发行版都使用如下的初始化系统之一：

• System V 是更老的初始化系统
• Upstart 是一个基于事件的传统的初始化系统的替代品
• systemd 是新的初始化系统，它已经被大多数最新的 Linux 发行版所采用

什么是 System V（SysV）

SysV（意即 System V） 初始化系统是早期传统的初始化系统和系统管理器。由于 sysVinit 系统上一些长期悬而未决的问题，大多数最新的发行版都适用于 systemd 系统。

什么是 Upstart 初始化系统

Upstart 是一个基于事件的 /sbin/init 的替代品，它控制在启动时的任务和服务的开始，在关机时停止它们，并在系统运行时监控它们。

它最初是为 Ubuntu 发行版开发的，但其是以适合所有 Linux 发行版的开发为目标的，以替换过时的 System-V 初始化系统。

什么是 systemd

systemd 是一个新的初始化系统以及系统管理器，它已成为大多数 Linux 发行版中非常流行且广泛适应的新的标准初始化系统。systemctl 是一个 systemd 管理工具，它可以帮助我们管理 systemd 系统。

方法一：如何在 System V（SysV）系统中查看运行的服务

以下命令可以帮助我们列出 System V（SysV） 系统中所有正在运行的服务。

如果服务很多，我建议使用文件查看命令，如 less、more 等，以便得到清晰的结果。

1. # service --status-all
2. 或
3. # service --status-all | more
4. 或
5. # service --status-all | less

1. abrt-ccpp hook is installed
2. abrtd (pid 2131) is running...
3. abrt-dump-oops is stopped
4. acpid (pid 1958) is running...
5. atd (pid 2164) is running...
6. auditd (pid 1731) is running...
7. Frequency scaling enabled using ondemand governor
8. crond (pid 2153) is running...
9. hald (pid 1967) is running...
10. htcacheclean is stopped
11. httpd is stopped
12. Table: filter
13. Chain INPUT (policy ACCEPT)
14. num target prot opt source destination
15. 1 ACCEPT all ::/0 ::/0 state RELATED,ESTABLISHED
16. 2 ACCEPT icmpv6 ::/0 ::/0
17. 3 ACCEPT all ::/0 ::/0
18. 4 ACCEPT tcp ::/0 ::/0 state NEW tcp dpt:80
19. 5 ACCEPT tcp ::/0 ::/0 state NEW tcp dpt:21
20. 6 ACCEPT tcp ::/0 ::/0 state NEW tcp dpt:22
21. 7 ACCEPT tcp ::/0 ::/0 state NEW tcp dpt:25
22. 8 ACCEPT tcp ::/0 ::/0 state NEW tcp dpt:2082
23. 9 ACCEPT tcp ::/0 ::/0 state NEW tcp dpt:2086
24. 10 ACCEPT tcp ::/0 ::/0 state NEW tcp dpt:2083
25. 11 ACCEPT tcp ::/0 ::/0 state NEW tcp dpt:2087
26. 12 ACCEPT tcp ::/0 ::/0 state NEW tcp dpt:10000
27. 13 REJECT all ::/0 ::/0 reject-with icmp6-adm-prohibited
28.  
29. Chain FORWARD (policy ACCEPT)
30. num target prot opt source destination
31. 1 REJECT all ::/0 ::/0 reject-with icmp6-adm-prohibited
32.  
33. Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT)
34. num target prot opt source destination
35.  
36. iptables: Firewall is not running.
37. irqbalance (pid 1826) is running...
38. Kdump is operational
39. lvmetad is stopped
40. mdmonitor is stopped
41. messagebus (pid 1929) is running...
42. SUCCESS! MySQL running (24376)
43. rndc: neither /etc/rndc.conf nor /etc/rndc.key was found
44. named is stopped
45. netconsole module not loaded
46. Usage: startup.sh { start | stop }
47. Configured devices:
48. lo eth0 eth1
49. Currently active devices:
50. lo eth0
51. ntpd is stopped
52. portreserve (pid 1749) is running...
53. master (pid 2107) is running...
54. Process accounting is disabled.
55. quota_nld is stopped
56. rdisc is stopped
57. rngd is stopped
58. rpcbind (pid 1840) is running...
59. rsyslogd (pid 1756) is running...
60. sandbox is stopped
61. saslauthd is stopped
62. smartd is stopped
63. openssh-daemon (pid 9859) is running...
64. svnserve is stopped
65. vsftpd (pid 4008) is running...
66. xinetd (pid 2031) is running...
67. zabbix_agentd (pid 2150 2149 2148 2147 2146 2140) is running...

执行以下命令，可以只查看正在运行的服务：

1. # service --status-all | grep running

1. crond (pid 535) is running...
2. httpd (pid 627) is running...
3. mysqld (pid 911) is running...
4. rndc: neither /etc/rndc.conf nor /etc/rndc.key was found
5. rsyslogd (pid 449) is running...
6. saslauthd (pid 492) is running...
7. sendmail (pid 509) is running...
8. sm-client (pid 519) is running...
9. openssh-daemon (pid 478) is running...
10. xinetd (pid 485) is running...

运行以下命令以查看指定服务的状态：

1. # service --status-all | grep httpd
2. httpd (pid 627) is running...

或者，使用以下命令也可以查看指定服务的状态：

1. # service httpd status
2. httpd (pid 627) is running...

使用以下命令查看系统启动时哪些服务会被启用：

1. # chkconfig --list

1. crond 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off
2. htcacheclean 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off
3. httpd 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:on 4:off 5:off 6:off
4. ip6tables 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:off 4:on 5:on 6:off
5. iptables 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off
6. modules_dep 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off
7. mysqld 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off
8. named 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off
9. netconsole 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off
10. netfs 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:on 5:on 6:off
11. network 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off
12. nmb 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off
13. nscd 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off
14. portreserve 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:off 4:on 5:on 6:off
15. quota_nld 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off
16. rdisc 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off
17. restorecond 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off
18. rpcbind 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:off 4:on 5:on 6:off
19. rsyslog 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off
20. saslauthd 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:on 4:off 5:off 6:off
21. sendmail 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off
22. smb 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off
23. snmpd 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off
24. snmptrapd 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off
25. sshd 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off
26. udev-post 0:off 1:on 2:on 3:off 4:on 5:on 6:off
27. winbind 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off
28. xinetd 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off
29.  
30. xinetd based services:
31. chargen-dgram: off
32. chargen-stream: off
33. daytime-dgram: off
34. daytime-stream: off
35. discard-dgram: off
36. discard-stream: off
37. echo-dgram: off
38. echo-stream: off
39. finger: off
40. ntalk: off
41. rsync: off
42. talk: off
43. tcpmux-server: off
44. time-dgram: off
45. time-stream: off

方法二：如何在 System V（SysV）系统中查看运行的服务

另外一种在 Linux 系统上列出运行的服务的方法是使用 initctl 命令：

1. # initctl list
2. rc stop/waiting
3. tty (/dev/tty3) start/running, process 1740
4. tty (/dev/tty2) start/running, process 1738
5. tty (/dev/tty1) start/running, process 1736
6. tty (/dev/tty6) start/running, process 1746
7. tty (/dev/tty5) start/running, process 1744
8. tty (/dev/tty4) start/running, process 1742
9. plymouth-shutdown stop/waiting
10. control-alt-delete stop/waiting
11. rcS-emergency stop/waiting
12. readahead-collector stop/waiting
13. kexec-disable stop/waiting
14. quit-plymouth stop/waiting
15. rcS stop/waiting
16. prefdm stop/waiting
17. init-system-dbus stop/waiting
18. ck-log-system-restart stop/waiting
19. readahead stop/waiting
20. ck-log-system-start stop/waiting
21. splash-manager stop/waiting
22. start-ttys stop/waiting
23. readahead-disable-services stop/waiting
24. ck-log-system-stop stop/waiting
25. rcS-sulogin stop/waiting
26. serial stop/waiting

方法三：如何在 systemd 系统中查看运行的服务

以下命令帮助我们列出 systemd 系统中所有服务：

1. # systemctl
2. UNIT LOAD ACTIVE SUB DESCRIPTION
3. sys-devices-virtual-block-loop0.device loaded active plugged /sys/devices/virtual/block/loop0
4. sys-devices-virtual-block-loop1.device loaded active plugged /sys/devices/virtual/block/loop1
5. sys-devices-virtual-block-loop2.device loaded active plugged /sys/devices/virtual/block/loop2
6. sys-devices-virtual-block-loop3.device loaded active plugged /sys/devices/virtual/block/loop3
7. sys-devices-virtual-block-loop4.device loaded active plugged /sys/devices/virtual/block/loop4
8. sys-devices-virtual-misc-rfkill.device loaded active plugged /sys/devices/virtual/misc/rfkill
9. sys-devices-virtual-tty-ttyprintk.device loaded active plugged /sys/devices/virtual/tty/ttyprintk
10. sys-module-fuse.device loaded active plugged /sys/module/fuse
11. sys-subsystem-net-devices-enp0s3.device loaded active plugged 82540EM Gigabit Ethernet Controller (PRO/1000 MT Desktop Adapter)
12. -.mount loaded active mounted Root Mount
13. dev-hugepages.mount loaded active mounted Huge Pages File System
14. dev-mqueue.mount loaded active mounted POSIX Message Queue File System
15. run-user-1000-gvfs.mount loaded active mounted /run/user/1000/gvfs
16. run-user-1000.mount loaded active mounted /run/user/1000
17. snap-core-3887.mount loaded active mounted Mount unit for core
18. snap-core-4017.mount loaded active mounted Mount unit for core
19. snap-core-4110.mount loaded active mounted Mount unit for core
20. snap-gping-13.mount loaded active mounted Mount unit for gping
21. snap-termius\x2dapp-8.mount loaded active mounted Mount unit for termius-app
22. sys-fs-fuse-connections.mount loaded active mounted FUSE Control File System
23. sys-kernel-debug.mount loaded active mounted Debug File System
24. acpid.path loaded active running ACPI Events Check
25. cups.path loaded active running CUPS Scheduler
26. systemd-ask-password-plymouth.path loaded active waiting Forward Password Requests to Plymouth Directory Watch
27. systemd-ask-password-wall.path loaded active waiting Forward Password Requests to Wall Directory Watch
28. init.scope loaded active running System and Service Manager
29. session-c2.scope loaded active running Session c2 of user magi
30. accounts-daemon.service loaded active running Accounts Service
31. acpid.service loaded active running ACPI event daemon
32. anacron.service loaded active running Run anacron jobs
33. apache2.service loaded active running The Apache HTTP Server
34. apparmor.service loaded active exited AppArmor initialization
35. apport.service loaded active exited LSB: automatic crash report generation
36. aptik-battery-monitor.service loaded active running LSB: start/stop the aptik battery monitor daemon
37. atop.service loaded active running Atop advanced performance monitor
38. atopacct.service loaded active running Atop process accounting daemon
39. avahi-daemon.service loaded active running Avahi mDNS/DNS-SD Stack
40. colord.service loaded active running Manage, Install and Generate Color Profiles
41. console-setup.service loaded active exited Set console font and keymap
42. cron.service loaded active running Regular background program processing daemon
43. cups-browsed.service loaded active running Make remote CUPS printers available locally
44. cups.service loaded active running CUPS Scheduler
45. dbus.service loaded active running D-Bus System Message Bus
46. postfix.service loaded active exited Postfix Mail Transport Agent

• UNIT 相应的 systemd 单元名称
• LOAD 相应的单元是否被加载到内存中
• ACTIVE 该单元是否处于活动状态
• SUB 该单元是否处于运行状态（LCTT 译注：是较于 ACTIVE 更加详细的状态描述，不同的单元类型有不同的状态。）
• DESCRIPTION 关于该单元的简短描述

以下选项可根据类型列出单元：

1. # systemctl list-units --type service
2. UNIT LOAD ACTIVE SUB DESCRIPTION
3. accounts-daemon.service loaded active running Accounts Service
4. acpid.service loaded active running ACPI event daemon
5. anacron.service loaded active running Run anacron jobs
6. apache2.service loaded active running The Apache HTTP Server
7. apparmor.service loaded active exited AppArmor initialization
8. apport.service loaded active exited LSB: automatic crash report generation
9. aptik-battery-monitor.service loaded active running LSB: start/stop the aptik battery monitor daemon
10. atop.service loaded active running Atop advanced performance monitor
11. atopacct.service loaded active running Atop process accounting daemon
12. avahi-daemon.service loaded active running Avahi mDNS/DNS-SD Stack
13. colord.service loaded active running Manage, Install and Generate Color Profiles
14. console-setup.service loaded active exited Set console font and keymap
15. cron.service loaded active running Regular background program processing daemon
16. cups-browsed.service loaded active running Make remote CUPS printers available locally
17. cups.service loaded active running CUPS Scheduler
18. dbus.service loaded active running D-Bus System Message Bus
19. fwupd.service loaded active running Firmware update daemon
20. [email protected] loaded active running Getty on tty1
21. grub-common.service loaded active exited LSB: Record successful boot for GRUB
22. irqbalance.service loaded active running LSB: daemon to balance interrupts for SMP systems
23. keyboard-setup.service loaded active exited Set the console keyboard layout
24. kmod-static-nodes.service loaded active exited Create list of required static device nodes for the current kernel

以下选项可帮助您根据状态列出单位，输出与前例类似但更直截了当：

1. # systemctl list-unit-files --type service
2.  
3. UNIT FILE STATE
4. accounts-daemon.service enabled
5. acpid.service disabled
6. alsa-restore.service static
7. alsa-state.service static
8. alsa-utils.service masked
9. anacron-resume.service enabled
10. anacron.service enabled
11. apache-htcacheclean.service disabled
12. [email protected] disabled
13. apache2.service enabled
14. [email protected] disabled
15. apparmor.service enabled
16. [email protected] static
17. apport.service generated
18. apt-daily-upgrade.service static
19. apt-daily.service static
20. aptik-battery-monitor.service generated
21. atop.service enabled
22. atopacct.service enabled
23. [email protected] enabled
24. avahi-daemon.service enabled
25. bluetooth.service enabled

运行以下命令以查看指定服务的状态：

1. # systemctl | grep apache2
2. apache2.service loaded active running The Apache HTTP Server

或者，使用以下命令也可查看指定服务的状态：

1. # systemctl status apache2
2. ● apache2.service - The Apache HTTP Server
3. Loaded: loaded (/lib/systemd/system/apache2.service; enabled; vendor preset: enabled)
4. Drop-In: /lib/systemd/system/apache2.service.d
5. └─apache2-systemd.conf
6. Active: active (running) since Tue 2018-03-06 12:34:09 IST; 8min ago
7. Process: 2786 ExecReload=/usr/sbin/apachectl graceful (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
8. Main PID: 1171 (apache2)
9. Tasks: 55 (limit: 4915)
10. CGroup: /system.slice/apache2.service
11. ├─1171 /usr/sbin/apache2 -k start
12. ├─2790 /usr/sbin/apache2 -k start
13. └─2791 /usr/sbin/apache2 -k start
14.  
15. Mar 06 12:34:08 magi-VirtualBox systemd[1]: Starting The Apache HTTP Server...
16. Mar 06 12:34:09 magi-VirtualBox apachectl[1089]: AH00558: apache2: Could not reliably determine the server's fully qualified domain name, using 10.0.2.15. Set the 'ServerName' directive globally to suppre
17. Mar 06 12:34:09 magi-VirtualBox systemd[1]: Started The Apache HTTP Server.
18. Mar 06 12:39:10 magi-VirtualBox systemd[1]: Reloading The Apache HTTP Server.
19. Mar 06 12:39:10 magi-VirtualBox apachectl[2786]: AH00558: apache2: Could not reliably determine the server's fully qualified domain name, using fe80::7929:4ed1:279f:4d65. Set the 'ServerName' directive gl
20. Mar 06 12:39:10 magi-VirtualBox systemd[1]: Reloaded The Apache HTTP Server.

执行以下命令，只查看正在运行的服务：

1. # systemctl | grep running
2. acpid.path loaded active running ACPI Events Check
3. cups.path loaded active running CUPS Scheduler
4. init.scope loaded active running System and Service Manager
5. session-c2.scope loaded active running Session c2 of user magi
6. accounts-daemon.service loaded active running Accounts Service
7. acpid.service loaded active running ACPI event daemon
8. apache2.service loaded active running The Apache HTTP Server
9. aptik-battery-monitor.service loaded active running LSB: start/stop the aptik battery monitor daemon
10. atop.service loaded active running Atop advanced performance monitor
11. atopacct.service loaded active running Atop process accounting daemon
12. avahi-daemon.service loaded active running Avahi mDNS/DNS-SD Stack
13. colord.service loaded active running Manage, Install and Generate Color Profiles
14. cron.service loaded active running Regular background program processing daemon
15. cups-browsed.service loaded active running Make remote CUPS printers available locally
16. cups.service loaded active running CUPS Scheduler
17. dbus.service loaded active running D-Bus System Message Bus
18. fwupd.service loaded active running Firmware update daemon
19. [email protected] loaded active running Getty on tty1
20. irqbalance.service loaded active running LSB: daemon to balance interrupts for SMP systems
21. lightdm.service loaded active running Light Display Manager
22. ModemManager.service loaded active running Modem Manager
23. NetworkManager.service loaded active running Network Manager
24. polkit.service loaded active running Authorization Manager

使用以下命令查看系统启动时会被启用的服务列表：

1. # systemctl list-unit-files | grep enabled
2. acpid.path enabled
3. cups.path enabled
4. accounts-daemon.service enabled
5. anacron-resume.service enabled
6. anacron.service enabled
7. apache2.service enabled
8. apparmor.service enabled
9. atop.service enabled
10. atopacct.service enabled
11. [email protected] enabled
12. avahi-daemon.service enabled
13. bluetooth.service enabled
14. console-setup.service enabled
15. cron.service enabled
16. cups-browsed.service enabled
17. cups.service enabled
18. display-manager.service enabled
19. dns-clean.service enabled
20. friendly-recovery.service enabled
21. [email protected] enabled
22. gpu-manager.service enabled
23. keyboard-setup.service enabled
24. lightdm.service enabled
25. ModemManager.service enabled
26. network-manager.service enabled
27. networking.service enabled
28. NetworkManager-dispatcher.service enabled
29. NetworkManager-wait-online.service enabled
30. NetworkManager.service enabled

systemd-cgtop 按资源使用情况（任务、CPU、内存、输入和输出）列出控制组：

1. # systemd-cgtop
2.  
3. Control Group Tasks %CPU Memory Input/s Output/s
4. / - - 1.5G - -
5. /init.scope 1 - - - -
6. /system.slice 153 - - - -
7. /system.slice/ModemManager.service 3 - - - -
8. /system.slice/NetworkManager.service 4 - - - -
9. /system.slice/accounts-daemon.service 3 - - - -
10. /system.slice/acpid.service 1 - - - -
11. /system.slice/apache2.service 55 - - - -
12. /system.slice/aptik-battery-monitor.service 1 - - - -
13. /system.slice/atop.service 1 - - - -
14. /system.slice/atopacct.service 1 - - - -
15. /system.slice/avahi-daemon.service 2 - - - -
16. /system.slice/colord.service 3 - - - -
17. /system.slice/cron.service 1 - - - -
18. /system.slice/cups-browsed.service 3 - - - -
19. /system.slice/cups.service 2 - - - -
20. /system.slice/dbus.service 6 - - - -
21. /system.slice/fwupd.service 5 - - - -
22. /system.slice/irqbalance.service 1 - - - -
23. /system.slice/lightdm.service 7 - - - -
24. /system.slice/polkit.service 3 - - - -
25. /system.slice/repowerd.service 14 - - - -
26. /system.slice/rsyslog.service 4 - - - -
27. /system.slice/rtkit-daemon.service 3 - - - -
28. /system.slice/snapd.service 8 - - - -
29. /system.slice/system-getty.slice 1 - - - -

同时，我们可以使用 pstree 命令（输出来自 SysVinit 系统）查看正在运行的服务：

1. # pstree
2. init-+-crond
3. |-httpd---2*[httpd]
4. |-kthreadd/99149---khelper/99149
5. |-2*[mingetty]
6. |-mysqld_safe---mysqld---9*[{mysqld}]
7. |-rsyslogd---3*[{rsyslogd}]
8. |-saslauthd---saslauthd
9. |-2*[sendmail]
10. |-sshd---sshd---bash---pstree
11. |-udevd
12. `-xinetd

我们还可以使用 pstree 命令（输出来自 systemd 系统）查看正在运行的服务：

1. # pstree
2. systemd─┬─ModemManager─┬─{gdbus}
3. │ └─{gmain}
4. ├─NetworkManager─┬─dhclient
5. │ ├─{gdbus}
6. │ └─{gmain}
7. ├─accounts-daemon─┬─{gdbus}
8. │ └─{gmain}
9. ├─acpid
10. ├─agetty
11. ├─anacron
12. ├─apache2───2*[apache2───26*[{apache2}]]
13. ├─aptd───{gmain}
14. ├─aptik-battery-m
15. ├─atop
16. ├─atopacctd
17. ├─avahi-daemon───avahi-daemon
18. ├─colord─┬─{gdbus}
19. │ └─{gmain}
20. ├─cron
21. ├─cups-browsed─┬─{gdbus}
22. │ └─{gmain}
23. ├─cupsd
24. ├─dbus-daemon
25. ├─fwupd─┬─{GUsbEventThread}
26. │ ├─{fwupd}
27. │ ├─{gdbus}
28. │ └─{gmain}
29. ├─gnome-keyring-d─┬─{gdbus}
30. │ ├─{gmain}
31. │ └─{timer}

方法四：如何使用 chkservice 在 systemd 系统中查看正在运行的服务

chkservice 是一个管理系统单元的终端工具，需要超级用户权限。

1. # chkservice

要查看帮助页面，请按下 ? ，它将显示管理 systemd 服务的可用选项。

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via: https://www.2daygeek.com/how-to-check-all-running-services-in-linux/

作者：Magesh Maruthamuthu 译者：jessie-pang 校对：wxy

本文由 LCTT 原创编译，Linux中国 荣誉推出

LCTT 译者