Linux之系统分区管理
系统分区管理
/sda 系统第一块串口硬盘，a代表第一块
/cdrom，/dev/sr0 代表光驱
/hd0 系统闭口硬盘
/mapper/ 软件虚拟的设备
硬盘的分区：MBR、扩展分区、逻辑分区
设备的管理
查询设备的几种方式：
fdisk -l # 发现磁盘，查看系统当中真实存在的设备，检测硬件信息，不一定被系统识别
df #默认显示大小k，查看系统中正在使用的
cat /proc/partitions #查看系统识别的设备，不一定可以用
blkid #系统中正在用或可以用的设备
下面是用上述方法查看设备的测试：
1、fdisk -l #发现磁盘，查看系统当中真实存在的设备，检测硬件信息，不一定被系统识别
[root@foundation69 Desktop]# fdisk -l
WARNING: fdisk GPT support is currently new, and therefore in an experimental phase. Use at your own discretion.
Disk /dev/sda: 1000.2 GB, 1000204886016 bytes, 1953525168 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes
Disk label type: gpt
# Start End Size Type Name
1 2048 534527 260M EFI System EFI System Partition
2 534528 567295 16M Microsoft reser Microsoft reserved partition
3 567296 210282495 100G Microsoft basic Basic data partition
4 210282496 783722495 273.4G Microsoft basic Basic data partition
5 783722496 1357162495 273.4G Microsoft basic Basic data partition
6 1566877696 1923518463 170.1G Microsoft basic Basic data partition
7 1923520512 1925568511 1000M Windows recover Basic data partition
8 1925568512 1951475711 12.4G Windows recover Basic data partition
9 1951475712 1953523711 1000M unknown Basic data partition
10 1357162496 1358186495 500M Microsoft basic
11 1358186496 1374441471 7.8G Linux swap
12 1374441472 1566877695 91.8G Microsoft basic
Disk /dev/sdb: 15.5 GB, 15500574720 bytes, 30274560 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x491e3623
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdb1 63 30274271 15137104+ b W95 FAT32
2、cat /proc/partitions #查看系统识别的设备，不一定可以用
[root@foundation69 Desktop]# cat /proc/partitions
major minor #blocks name
8 0 976762584 sda
8 1 266240 sda1
8 2 16384 sda2
8 3 104857600 sda3
8 4 286720000 sda4
8 5 286720000 sda5
8 6 178320384 sda6
8 7 1024000 sda7
8 8 12953600 sda8
8 9 1024000 sda9
8 10 512000 sda10
8 11 8127488 sda11
8 12 96218112 sda12
7 0 3655680 loop0
7 1 3948544 loop1
8 16 15137280 sdb
8 17 15137104 sdb1
3、blkid #系统中正在用或可以用的设备
[root@foundation69 Desktop]# blkid
/dev/sda1: LABEL="SYSTEM_DRV" UUID="2C9D-3FF5" TYPE="vfat" PARTLABEL="EFI System Partition" PARTUUID="42ff9e47-dded-464d-821a-f5a0c208241e"
/dev/sda2: PARTLABEL="Microsoft reserved partition" PARTUUID="39b1cdff-4bcd-4698-8692-0b869eadf047"
/dev/sda3: LABEL="Windows" UUID="D69CA0BA9CA09691" TYPE="ntfs" PARTLABEL="Basic data partition" PARTUUID="11d14992-fa38-4605-bbab-7e4fb1ad591a"
/dev/sda4: UUID="C2762FEE762FE241" TYPE="ntfs" PARTLABEL="Basic data partition" PARTUUID="c4432fec-f9d7-4bd6-ac98-2a5bfc44fd7f"
/dev/sda5: UUID="A8FE5AD7FE5A9CFE" TYPE="ntfs" PARTLABEL="Basic data partition" PARTUUID="da859020-9702-4ab6-8c89-ab9d0d30bb9a"
/dev/sda6: LABEL="M-fM-^\M-,M-eM-^\M-0M-gM-#M-^AM-gM-^[M-^X" UUID="FCCC321DCC31D31E" TYPE="ntfs" PARTLABEL="Basic data partition" PARTUUID="adf65f15-1033-4d6d-8433-7bb2dbc0f313"
/dev/sda7: LABEL="WINRE_DRV" UUID="4A389058389044BB" TYPE="ntfs" PARTLABEL="Basic data partition" PARTUUID="bf76e1f5-4e25-4e4d-abe8-e7b69b5281ac"
/dev/sda8: LABEL="LENOVO_PART" UUID="9EF894D0F894A7D3" TYPE="ntfs" PARTLABEL="Basic data partition" PARTUUID="a907a59f-84aa-4e45-bf6d-00f711474db0"
/dev/sda9: LABEL="LRS_ESP" UUID="76AA-2F71" TYPE="vfat" PARTLABEL="Basic data partition" PARTUUID="32751b55-dc09-4c92-9991-c96c0fb4577c"
/dev/sda10: UUID="e2951939-b44d-461c-aa97-61451d314755" TYPE="xfs" PARTUUID="24e182f5-e5c0-4677-ba99-3cc5bfed71b0"
/dev/sda11: UUID="78167bd6-fb99-4b6b-93b4-34e8dca06c82" TYPE="swap" PARTUUID="93964b3e-a068-4a32-8c69-5a82b5c0fe63"
/dev/sda12: UUID="ae1be246-09c6-4293-b590-89f8356a422f" TYPE="xfs" PARTUUID="e0144b46-05cc-417e-912d-11240366c076"
/dev/loop0: UUID="2014-05-07-03-58-46-00" LABEL="RHEL-7.0 Server.x86_64" TYPE="iso9660" PTTYPE="dos"
/dev/loop1: UUID="2015-10-30-11-11-49-00" LABEL="RHEL-7.2 Server.x86_64" TYPE="iso9660" PTTYPE="dos"
/dev/sdb1: LABEL="KINGSTON" UUID="08E4-2A63" TYPE="vfat"
4、
df #默认显示大小k，查看系统中正在使用的
df -H #10的n次方，1兆为1000k
df -h #2的n次方，1兆为1024k,更精确
[root@foundation69 Desktop]# df
Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda12 96171132 19536600 76634532 21% /
devtmpfs 3910380 0 3910380 0% /dev
tmpfs 3925144 552 3924592 1% /dev/shm
tmpfs 3925144 9308 3915836 1% /run
tmpfs 3925144 0 3925144 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sda10 505580 150328 355252 30% /boot
/dev/sda1 262144 37276 224868 15% /boot/efi
/dev/loop0 3654720 3654720 0 100% /var/www/html/source7.0
/dev/loop1 3947824 3947824 0 100% /var/www/html/source7.2
tmpfs 785032 24 785008 1% /run/user/1000
/dev/sdb1 15122312 7738320 7383992 52% /run/media/kiosk/KINGSTON
[root@foundation69 Desktop]# df -h
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda12 92G 19G 74G 21% /
devtmpfs 3.8G 0 3.8G 0% /dev
tmpfs 3.8G 552K 3.8G 1% /dev/shm
tmpfs 3.8G 9.1M 3.8G 1% /run
tmpfs 3.8G 0 3.8G 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sda10 494M 147M 347M 30% /boot
/dev/sda1 256M 37M 220M 15% /boot/efi
/dev/loop0 3.5G 3.5G 0 100% /var/www/html/source7.0
/dev/loop1 3.8G 3.8G 0 100% /var/www/html/source7.2
tmpfs 767M 24K 767M 1% /run/user/1000
/dev/sdb1 15G 7.4G 7.1G 52% /run/media/kiosk/KINGSTON
[root@foundation69 Desktop]# df -H
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda12 99G 21G 79G 21% /
devtmpfs 4.1G 0 4.1G 0% /dev
tmpfs 4.1G 566k 4.1G 1% /dev/shm
tmpfs 4.1G 9.6M 4.1G 1% /run
tmpfs 4.1G 0 4.1G 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sda10 518M 154M 364M 30% /boot
/dev/sda1 269M 39M 231M 15% /boot/efi
/dev/loop0 3.8G 3.8G 0 100% /var/www/html/source7.0
/dev/loop1 4.1G 4.1G 0 100% /var/www/html/source7.2
tmpfs 804M 25k 804M 1% /run/user/1000
/dev/sdb1 16G 8.0G 7.6G 52% /run/media/kiosk/KINGSTON
sdb1代表系统上的第一个分区
mount /dev/sdb1 /mnt #将设备挂载在mnt上，读写挂载
[root@foundation69 Desktop]# mount /dev/sdb1 /mnt #将设备vdb1挂载在mnt上
[root@foundation69 Desktop]# df #查看挂载情况
Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda12 96171132 19536604 76634528 21% /
devtmpfs 3910380 0 3910380 0% /dev
tmpfs 3925144 552 3924592 1% /dev/shm
tmpfs 3925144 9308 3915836 1% /run
tmpfs 3925144 0 3925144 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sda10 505580 150328 355252 30% /boot
/dev/sda1 262144 37276 224868 15% /boot/efi
/dev/loop0 3654720 3654720 0 100% /var/www/html/source7.0
/dev/loop1 3947824 3947824 0 100% /var/www/html/source7.2
tmpfs 785032 24 785008 1% /run/user/1000
/dev/sdb1 15122312 7738320 7383992 52% /mnt
umount /mnt|/dev/sdb1 #卸载设备，当设备有任务执行时不能卸载设备
[root@foundation69 Desktop]# umount /mnt
[root@foundation69 Desktop]# df
Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda12 96171132 19536604 76634528 21% /
devtmpfs 3910380 0 3910380 0% /dev
tmpfs 3925144 552 3924592 1% /dev/shm
tmpfs 3925144 9308 3915836 1% /run
tmpfs 3925144 0 3925144 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sda10 505580 150328 355252 30% /boot
/dev/sda1 262144 37276 224868 15% /boot/efi
/dev/loop0 3654720 3654720 0 100% /var/www/html/source7.0
/dev/loop1 3947824 3947824 0 100% /var/www/html/source7.2
tmpfs 785032 24 785008 1% /run/user/1000
/dev/sdb1 15122312 7738320 7383992 52% /run/media/kiosk/KINGSTON
lsof /dev/sdb1|/mnt #执行时，底下会显示任务号，然后 kill -9 任务号，就可以结束该任务
fuser -kvm /dev/sdb1|/mnt #结束这个任务
fuser -vm /dev/sdb1|/mnt #查看这个任务的进程
mount -o ro /dev/sdb1 /mnt #只读挂载
注意：当只读挂载时，可能会提示设备正在忙或着已经挂载，这时我们卸载设备然后进行只读挂载就会成功
[root@foundation69 ~]# mount -o ro /dev/sdb1 /mnt
[root@foundation69 ~]# df
Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda12 96171132 19538040 76633092 21% /
devtmpfs 3910380 0 3910380 0% /dev
tmpfs 3925144 160 3924984 1% /dev/shm
tmpfs 3925144 9248 3915896 1% /run
tmpfs 3925144 0 3925144 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sda10 505580 150328 355252 30% /boot
/dev/sda1 262144 37276 224868 15% /boot/efi
/dev/loop0 3654720 3654720 0 100% /var/www/html/source7.0
/dev/loop1 3947824 3947824 0 100% /var/www/html/source7.2
tmpfs 785032 24 785008 1% /run/user/1000
/dev/sdb1 15122312 7769376 7352936 52% /mnt
[root@foundation69 ~]# cd /mnt #可以进入到挂载的目录里面
[root@foundation69 mnt]# touch file
touch: cannot touch ‘file’: Read-only file system #提示是只读形式，不能创建文件
mount -o remount,rw /dev/sdb1 #重新读写挂载
[root@foundation69 mnt]# mount -o remount,rw /dev/sdb1
[root@foundation69 mnt]# touch file
[root@foundation69 mnt]# ls #查看文件是否建立
?? linux python-3.6.5-amd64 (1).exe rhel-server-7.0-x86_64-dvd.iso
file ??.py software
man mount #查看参数
划分分区
分区是硬件信息，在分区表里面
硬盘引导最少可写446，最接近的共有512字节，其中
mbr 主引导，最少可写446字节
mpt 主分区表，64字节
55aa 硬盘的有效性标识，2字节
一个分区用16个字节记录
分区有主分区p和扩展分区e，主分区有4个
扩展分区e里面的分区为逻辑分区
分区步骤：
1、fdisk -l #查看设备，fdisk是用于管理磁盘分区的实用程序
2、fdisk /dev/vdb #给vdb划分分区
3、cat /proc/partitions #查看系统识别的分区信息
4、如果没有分区信息：partprobe #手动同步分区表到内核
分区时的一些参数：
a toggle a bootable flag
b edit bsd disklabel
c toggle the dos compatibility flag
d delete a partition #删除分区
g create a new empty GPT partition table
G create an IRIX (SGI) partition table
l list known partition types #列出系统可用的分区类型
m print this menu
n add a new partition #新建分区
o create a new empty DOS partition table
p print the partition table #显示分区
q quit without saving changes #推出
s create a new empty Sun disklabel
t change a partition’s system id #修改分区功能id
u change display/entry units
v verify the partition table
w write table to disk and exit #保存更改到分区表中
x extra functionality (experts only)
具体步骤如下：
[root@localhost ~]# fdisk -l
Disk /dev/vda: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x00013f3e
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/vda1 * 2048 20970332 10484142+ 83 Linux
Disk /dev/vdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
[root@localhost ~]# fdisk /dev/vdb
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.
Device does not contain a recognized partition table
Building a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0x630ec371.
Command (m for help): n #新建分区
Partition type: #创建分区类型
p primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free) #分区类型位主分区
e extended #分区类型位扩展分区
Select (default p): p #选择分区类型
Partition number (1-4, default 1): 1 #主分区id
First sector (2048-20971519, default 2048): #此分区起始位置，一般默认
Using default value 2048
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (2048-20971519, default 20971519): +100M #分区大小，用+大小的方式指定
Partition 1 of type Linux and of size 100 MiB is set
Command (m for help): n
Partition type:
p primary (1 primary, 0 extended, 3 free)
e extended
Select (default p): p
Partition number (2-4, default 2): 2
First sector (206848-20971519, default 206848):
Using default value 206848
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (206848-20971519, default 20971519): +100M
Partition 2 of type Linux and of size 100 MiB is set
Command (m for help): n
Partition type:
p primary (2 primary, 0 extended, 2 free)
e extended
Select (default p): p
Partition number (3,4, default 3): 3
First sector (411648-20971519, default 411648):
Using default value 411648
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (411648-20971519, default 20971519): +100M
Partition 3 of type Linux and of size 100 MiB is set
Command (m for help): n
Partition type:
p primary (3 primary, 0 extended, 1 free)
e extended
Select (default e): p
Selected partition 4
First sector (616448-20971519, default 616448):
Using default value 616448
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (616448-20971519, default 20971519): +100M
Partition 4 of type Linux and of size 100 MiB is set
Command (m for help): n
If you want to create more than four partitions, you must replace a
primary partition with an extended partition first.
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/vdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos #标签类型dos
Disk identifier: 0x630ec371
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/vdb1 2048 206847 102400 83 Linux
/dev/vdb2 206848 411647 102400 83 Linux
/dev/vdb3 411648 616447 102400 83 Linux
/dev/vdb4 616448 821247 102400 83 Linux
Command (m for help): d
Partition number (1-4, default 4): 4
Partition 4 is deleted
Command (m for help): n
Partition type:
p primary (3 primary, 0 extended, 1 free)
e extended
Select (default e): e
Selected partition 4
First sector (616448-20971519, default 616448):
Using default value 616448
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (616448-20971519, default 20971519):
Using default value 20971519
Partition 4 of type Extended and of size 9.7 GiB is set
Command (m for help): p #显示分区
Disk /dev/vdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x630ec371
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/vdb1 2048 206847 102400 83 Linux
/dev/vdb2 206848 411647 102400 83 Linux
/dev/vdb3 411648 616447 102400 83 Linux
/dev/vdb4 616448 20971519 10177536 5 Extended
Command (m for help): wq #保存分区策略，退出fdisk界面
The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.
[root@localhost ~]# cat /proc/partitions #查看分区表
major minor #blocks name
253 0 10485760 vda
253 1 10484142 vda1
253 16 10485760 vdb
253 17 102400 vdb1
253 18 102400 vdb2
253 19 102400 vdb3
253 20 1 vdb4
设备挂载
划分好的分区还不可以用，需要将其格式化，才可用
1、mkfs.xfs /dev/vdb1 #将设备vdb1格式化，在设备上安装文件系统xfs
2、blkid #查看可用设备,可以看到被格式化好的/dev/vdb1
3、mount /dev/vdb1 /mnt #临时挂载
测试：
[root@localhost ~]# mount /dev/vdb1
mount: can't find /dev/vdb1 in /etc/fstab
[root@localhost ~]# mkfs.xfs /dev/vdb1
meta-data=/dev/vdb1 isize=256 agcount=4, agsize=6400 blks
= sectsz=512 attr=2, projid32bit=1
= crc=0
data = bsize=4096 blocks=25600, imaxpct=25
= sunit=0 swidth=0 blks
naming =version 2 bsize=4096 ascii-ci=0 ftype=0
log =internal log bsize=4096 blocks=853, version=2
= sectsz=512 sunit=0 blks, lazy-count=1
realtime =none extsz=4096 blocks=0, rtextents=0
[root@localhost ~]# blkid
/dev/vda1: UUID="9bf6b9f7-92ad-441b-848e-0257cbb883d1" TYPE="xfs"
/dev/vdb1: UUID="35c735ac-b6e7-4ad8-8638-0c54bf6634aa" TYPE="xfs"
[root@localhost ~]# mount /dev/vdb1 /mnt
[root@localhost ~]# df
Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/vda1 10473900 3190484 7283416 31% /
devtmpfs 469344 0 469344 0% /dev
tmpfs 484932 84 484848 1% /dev/shm
tmpfs 484932 12796 472136 3% /run
tmpfs 484932 0 484932 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/vdb1 98988 5280 93708 6% /mnt
设置gpt分区格式
解决分区不能超过1TB的问题
1、先将原分区删掉，同部分区表，看是否删除
2、parted /dev/vdb #更改分区类型
3、格式化，挂载
测试：
[root@localhost ~]# fdisk -l #查看是否有原分区
Disk /dev/vda: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x00013f3e
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/vda1 * 2048 20970332 10484142+ 83 Linux
Disk /dev/vdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x0002b23a
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/vdb1 2048 206847 102400 83 Linux
删除掉这些原分区
[root@localhost ~]# cat /proc/partitions #查看分区表
major minor #blocks name
253 0 10485760 vda
253 1 10484142 vda1
253 16 10485760 vdb
253 17 102400 vdb1
253 18 102400 vdb2
253 19 102400 vdb3
253 20 1 vdb4
[root@localhost ~]# partprobe #删除之后没有同步分区信息，此命令用来同步
[root@localhost ~]# cat /proc/partitions #查看分区表，原分区已删除
major minor #blocks name
253 0 10485760 vda
[root@localhost ~]# parted /dev/vdb #更改分区类型
GNU Parted 3.1
Using /dev/vdb
Welcome to GNU Parted! Type 'help' to view a list of commands.
(parted) help #查找帮助
align-check TYPE N check partition N for TYPE(min|opt)
alignment
help [COMMAND] print general help, or help on
COMMAND
mklabel,mktable LABEL-TYPE create a new disklabel (partition
table)
mkpart PART-TYPE [FS-TYPE] START END make a partition
name NUMBER NAME name partition NUMBER as NAME
print [devices|free|list,all|NUMBER] display the partition table,
available devices, free space, all found partitions, or a particular
partition
quit exit program
rescue START END rescue a lost partition near START
and END
rm NUMBER delete partition NUMBER
select DEVICE choose the device to edit
disk_set FLAG STATE change the FLAG on selected device
disk_toggle [FLAG] toggle the state of FLAG on selected
device
set NUMBER FLAG STATE change the FLAG on partition NUMBER
toggle [NUMBER [FLAG]] toggle the state of FLAG on partition
NUMBER
unit UNIT set the default unit to UNIT
version display the version number and
copyright information of GNU Parted
(parted) mklabel #更改新类型
New disk label type? #查看需要更改的分区类型
aix amiga bsd dvh gpt loop mac msdos pc98 sun
New disk label type? gpt #修改分区为gpt格式
Warning: The existing disk label on /dev/vdb will be destroyed and all data on
this disk will be lost. Do you want to continue?
Yes/No? yes
(parted) quit
Information: You may need to update /etc/fstab.
[root@localhost ~]# fdisk /dev/vdb #创建新的分区
WARNING: fdisk GPT support is currently new, and therefore in an experimental phase. Use at your own discretion.
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.
Command (m for help): n
Partition number (1-128, default 1): 1
First sector (34-20971486, default 2048):
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G,T,P} (2048-20971486, default 20971486): +100M
Created partition 1
Command (m for help): wq
The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.
[root@localhost ~]# fdisk -l #查看分区
Disk /dev/vda: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x00013f3e
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/vda1 * 2048 20970332 10484142+ 83 Linux
WARNING: fdisk GPT support is currently new, and therefore in an experimental phase. Use at your own discretion.
Disk /dev/vdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: gpt #新的分区标识为gpt
# Start End Size Type Name
1 2048 206847 100M Linux filesyste
注意：
当没有删除原分区，而直接修改成其他类型时，因为已经使用了原分区，则会有提示
Warning: Partition(s) on /dev/vdb are being used.
Ignore/Cancel? I #选择忽略即可
永久挂载设备
mount 为临时挂载
vim /etc/fstab #编辑永久挂载文件
挂载设备 挂载点 文件系统类型 文件系统选项 是否备份 是否检测
/dev/vdb1 /mnt xfs defaults 0 0
退出保存
mount -a #将文件的挂载策略生效,相当于激活
测试：
[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/fstab #编辑永久挂载文件
#
# /etc/fstab
# Created by anaconda on Wed May 7 01:22:57 2014
#
# Accessible filesystems, by reference, are maintained under '/dev/disk'
# See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info
#
UUID=9bf6b9f7-92ad-441b-848e-0257cbb883d1 / xfs defaults 1 1
/dev/vdb1 /mnt xfs defaults 0 0 #文件新编辑的内容
:wq #退出保存
[root@localhost ~]# mount -a
[root@localhost ~]# df
Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/vda1 10473900 3191012 7282888 31% /
devtmpfs 469344 0 469344 0% /dev
tmpfs 484932 80 484852 1% /dev/shm
tmpfs 484932 12756 472176 3% /run
tmpfs 484932 0 484932 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/vdb1 98988 5280 93708 6% /mnt
添加swap交换分区
1、fdisk /dev/vdb #建立分区
2、cat /proc/partitions #查看是否有swap分区信息
partprobe #如果没有新的分区信息则手动同步分区信息，再次查看分区信息
3、mkswap /dev/vdb2 #准备好将分区用作交换区
4、swapon -a /dev/vdb2 #激活新交换区，是临时的
5、swapon -s #查看交换区的状态
测试：
[root@localhost ~]# fdisk /dev/vdb #创建分区并将其改成swap分区
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.
Command (m for help): n
Partition type:
p primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free)
e extended
Select (default p): p
Partition number (1-4, default 1): 1
First sector (2048-20971519, default 2048):
Using default value 2048
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (2048-20971519, default 20971519): +1000M
Partition 1 of type Linux and of size 1000 MiB is set
Command (m for help): t #修改分区
Selected partition 1
Hex code (type L to list all codes): l #查看改变成swap分区标识的序号
0 Empty 24 NEC DOS 81 Minix / old Lin bf Solaris
1 FAT12 27 Hidden NTFS Win 82 Linux swap / So c1 DRDOS/sec (FAT-
2 XENIX root 39 Plan 9 83 Linux c4 DRDOS/sec (FAT-
3 XENIX usr 3c PartitionMagic 84 OS/2 hidden C: c6 DRDOS/sec (FAT-
4 FAT16 <32M 40 Venix 80286 85 Linux extended c7 Syrinx
5 Extended 41 PPC PReP Boot 86 NTFS volume set da Non-FS data
6 FAT16 42 SFS 87 NTFS volume set db CP/M / CTOS / .
7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT 4d QNX4.x 88 Linux plaintext de Dell Utility
8 AIX 4e QNX4.x 2nd part 8e Linux LVM df BootIt
9 AIX bootable 4f QNX4.x 3rd part 93 Amoeba e1 DOS access
a OS/2 Boot Manag 50 OnTrack DM 94 Amoeba BBT e3 DOS R/O
b W95 FAT32 51 OnTrack DM6 Aux 9f BSD/OS e4 SpeedStor
c W95 FAT32 (LBA) 52 CP/M a0 IBM Thinkpad hi eb BeOS fs
e W95 FAT16 (LBA) 53 OnTrack DM6 Aux a5 FreeBSD ee GPT
f W95 Ext'd (LBA) 54 OnTrackDM6 a6 OpenBSD ef EFI (FAT-12/16/
10 OPUS 55 EZ-Drive a7 NeXTSTEP f0 Linux/PA-RISC b
11 Hidden FAT12 56 Golden Bow a8 Darwin UFS f1 SpeedStor
12 Compaq diagnost 5c Priam Edisk a9 NetBSD f4 SpeedStor
14 Hidden FAT16 <3 61 SpeedStor ab Darwin boot f2 DOS secondary
16 Hidden FAT16 63 GNU HURD or Sys af HFS / HFS+ fb VMware VMFS
17 Hidden HPFS/NTF 64 Novell Netware b7 BSDI fs fc VMware VMKCORE
18 AST SmartSleep 65 Novell Netware b8 BSDI swap fd Linux raid auto
1b Hidden W95 FAT3 70 DiskSecure Mult bb Boot Wizard hid fe LANstep
1c Hidden W95 FAT3 75 PC/IX be Solaris boot ff BBT
1e Hidden W95 FAT1 80 Old Minix
Hex code (type L to list all codes): 82
Changed type of partition 'Linux' to 'Linux swap / Solaris'
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/vdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x000a7e30
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/vdb1 2048 2050047 1024000 82 Linux swap / Solaris
Command (m for help): wq
The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.
[root@localhost ~]# cat /proc/partitions
major minor #blocks name
253 0 10485760 vda
253 1 10484142 vda1
253 16 10485760 vdb
253 17 1024000 vdb1
[root@localhost ~]# mkswap /dev/vdb1
mkswap: /dev/vdb1: warning: wiping old xfs signature.
Setting up swapspace version 1, size = 1023996 KiB
no label, UUID=ce8733bd-9ca9-44b1-aef9-31e9cb0d3389
[root@localhost ~]# swapon -a /dev/vdb1
[root@localhost ~]# swapon -s
Filename Type Size Used Priority
/dev/vdb1 partition 1023996 0 -1
1、永久设定swap分区
1、vim /etc/fstab #编写使分区永久成为swap分区
/dev/vdb2 swap swap defaults 0 0 #编写内容，第一个swap表示不需要挂载
2、swapon -a #将文件刷新，并激活使swap分区永久存在
测试：
[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/fstab #编写使分区永久成为swap分区
#
# /etc/fstab
# Created by anaconda on Wed May 7 01:22:57 2014
#
# Accessible filesystems, by reference, are maintained under '/dev/disk'
# See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info
#
UUID=9bf6b9f7-92ad-441b-848e-0257cbb883d1 / xfs defaults 1 1
/dev/vdb1 swap swap defaults 0 0 #编写内容
[root@localhost ~]# swapon -a #将文件刷新，并激活使swap分区永久存在
2、删除swap分区
1、vim /etc/fstab #将变成swap分区那行删掉
2、swapoff /dev/vdb2 #关闭swap分区
3、fdisk /dev/vdb #删掉分区
4、partprobe #同部分区信息
5、cat /proc/partitions #查看分区信息
测试：
[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/fstab #将变成swap分区那行删掉
[root@localhost ~]# swapoff /dev/vdb1 #关闭swap分区
[root@localhost ~]# fdisk /dev/vdb #删掉分区
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.
Command (m for help): d
Selected partition 1
Partition 1 is deleted
Command (m for help): wq
The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.
[root@localhost ~]# partprobe
[root@localhost ~]# cat /proc/partitions
major minor #blocks name
253 0 10485760 vda
253 1 10484142 vda1
253 16 10485760 vdb
LUKS加密
1、fdisk /dev/vdb #新建设备
2、partprobe #同步分区信息
3、cryptsetup luksFormat /dev/vdb1 #luks加密
4、mount /dev/vdb1 /mnt/ #尝试挂载失败
5、cryptsetup open /dev/vdb1 hahaa #以hahaa形态打开盖子，会提示输入密码
6、mkfs.xfs /dev/mapper/hahaa #将hahaa格式化
7、mount /dev/mapper/hahaa /mnt/ #挂载hahaa
8、touch /mnt/see{1…5} #建立文件
9、umount /mnt/ #卸载
10、cryptsetup close hahaa #盖上盖子
11、ll /dev/mapper/ #查看不到设备
想再次查看时可打开盖子进行以上设置
测试：
[root@localhost ~]# cryptsetup luksFormat /dev/vdb1
WARNING!
========
This will overwrite data on /dev/vdb1 irrevocably.
Are you sure? (Type uppercase yes): YES #这里可能有bug,一定要写大写YES
Enter passphrase: #输入密码，密码不得少于8位
Verify passphrase: #再次输入密码
[root@localhost ~]# mount /dev/vdb1 /mnt #加密后进行挂载
mount: unknown filesystem type 'crypto_LUKS' #提示加密，不能挂载
[root@localhost ~]# cryptsetup open /dev/vdb1 haha #以haha的形式打开设备的加密，相当于打开一个箱子的盖子
Enter passphrase for /dev/vdb1:
[root@localhost ~]# ll /dev/mapper/ #查看设备，在关闭盖子的时候，就看不到以haha打开的设备
total 0
crw-------. 1 root root 10, 236 May 2 03:37 control
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 7 May 2 03:57 haha -> ../dm-0
[root@localhost ~]# mkfs.xfs /dev/mapper/haha #格式化
meta-data=/dev/mapper/haha isize=256 agcount=4, agsize=12672 blks
= sectsz=512 attr=2, projid32bit=1
= crc=0
data = bsize=4096 blocks=50688, imaxpct=25
= sunit=0 swidth=0 blks
naming =version 2 bsize=4096 ascii-ci=0 ftype=0
log =internal log bsize=4096 blocks=853, version=2
= sectsz=512 sunit=0 blks, lazy-count=1
realtime =none extsz=4096 blocks=0, rtextents=0
[root@localhost ~]# mount /dev/mapper/haha /mnt
[root@localhost ~]# touch /mnt/see{1..5}
[root@localhost ~]# ls /mnt/*
/mnt/see1 /mnt/see2 /mnt/see3 /mnt/see4 /mnt/see5
[root@localhost ~]# umount /mnt #卸载设备
[root@localhost ~]# cryptsetup close haha #盖上盖子
[root@localhost ~]# ll /dev/mapper/ #查看不到设备
total 0
crw-------. 1 root root 10, 236 May 2 03:37 control
LUKS加密永久挂载
1、vim /root/diskpass #编写含密码的文件
2、chmod 600 /root/diskpass #修改权限，仅用户可读写
3、cryptsetup luksAddKey /dev/vdb1 /root/diskpass #编写开机自动识别含密码文件进行加密的文件
4、vim /etc/crypttab #编写以haha形态进行解密的文件
haha /dev/vdb1 /root/diskpass
5、vim /etc/fstab #编写开机自动挂载文件
/dev/mapper/hahaa /mnt xfs defaults 0 0
6、reboot #重启
7、df #查看挂载
测试：
[root@localhost ~]# vim /root/passwd
ying12345haha #文件写入内容
[root@localhost ~]# chmod 600 /root/passwd
[root@localhost ~]# cryptsetup luksAddKey /dev/vdb1 /root/passwd
Enter any passphrase:
[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/crypttab
haha /dev/vdb1 /root/passwd #文件写入内容
[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/fstab #打开文件，下面显示的是文件的内容
#
# /etc/fstab
# Created by anaconda on Wed May 7 01:22:57 2014
#
# Accessible filesystems, by reference, are maintained under '/dev/disk'
# See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info
#
UUID=9bf6b9f7-92ad-441b-848e-0257cbb883d1 / xfs defaults 1 1
/dev/mapper/haha /mnt xfs defaults 0 0 #文件写入内容
[root@localhost ~]# reboot #重启
Connection to 172.25.254.196 closed by remote host.
Connection to 172.25.254.196 closed.
[kiosk@foundation69 Desktop]$ ssh [email protected] -X #重新连接
[email protected]'s password:
Last login: Wed May 2 04:35:46 2018
[root@localhost ~]# df #查看挂载
Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/vda1 10473900 3191564 7282336 31% /
devtmpfs 469344 0 469344 0% /dev
tmpfs 484932 84 484848 1% /dev/shm
tmpfs 484932 12796 472136 3% /run
tmpfs 484932 0 484932 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/mapper/haha 199340 10296 189044 6% /mnt #已挂载
暴力破解
1、vim /etc/fstab #清除自动挂载策略
2、vim /etc/crypttab #删除以hahaa形态进行解密的策略
3、rm -fr /root/diskpass #删除含密码文件
4、umount /mnt/ #卸载
5、cryptsetup close hahaa #关闭hahaa
6、mkfs.xfs /dev/vdb1 -f #强行格式化
测试：
[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/fstab
[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/crypttab
[root@localhost ~]# rm -fr /root/passwd
[root@localhost ~]# umount /mnt
[root@localhost ~]# cryptsetup close haha
[root@localhost ~]# mkfs.xfs -f /dev/vdb1
meta-data=/dev/vdb1 isize=256 agcount=4, agsize=12800 blks
= sectsz=512 attr=2, projid32bit=1
= crc=0
data = bsize=4096 blocks=51200, imaxpct=25
= sunit=0 swidth=0 blks
naming =version 2 bsize=4096 ascii-ci=0 ftype=0
log =internal log bsize=4096 blocks=853, version=2
= sectsz=512 sunit=0 blks, lazy-count=1
realtime =none extsz=4096 blocks=0, rtextents=0
[root@localhost ~]# mount /dev/vdb1 /mnt
[root@localhost ~]# df
Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/vda1 10473900 3191528 7282372 31% /
devtmpfs 469344 0 469344 0% /dev
tmpfs 484932 84 484848 1% /dev/shm
tmpfs 484932 12792 472140 3% /run
tmpfs 484932 0 484932 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/vdb1 201388 10400 190988 6% /mnt
磁盘阵列raid
1、fdisk /dev/vdb #建立分区
2、Command (m for help): t #修改id
3、打开另外一个终端进行监控
watch -n 1 cat /proc/mdstat #监控
4、在本终端
mdadm -C /dev/md0 -a yes -l 1 -n 2 -x 1 /dev/vdb{1…3}
-C 创建
-a yes 自动创建
-l 表示级别
-n 表示有几块设备
-x 闲置设备
5、mkfs.xfs /dev/md0 #格式化
6、mount /dev/md0 /mnt/ #挂载
测试：
[root@localhost ~]# fdisk /dev/vdb #因为已经分好区，所以直接改id
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.
Command (m for help): t
Partition number (1-3, default 3): 1
Hex code (type L to list all codes): fd #修改id为fd
Changed type of partition 'Linux' to 'Linux raid autodetect'
Command (m for help): t
Partition number (1-3, default 3): 2
Hex code (type L to list all codes): fd
Changed type of partition 'Linux' to 'Linux raid autodetect'
Command (m for help): t
Partition number (1-3, default 3): 3
Hex code (type L to list all codes): fd
Changed type of partition 'Linux' to 'Linux raid autodetect'
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/vdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x000ee072
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/vdb1 2048 411647 204800 fd Linux raid autodetect
/dev/vdb2 411648 821247 204800 fd Linux raid autodetect
/dev/vdb3 821248 1230847 204800 fd Linux raid autodetect
Command (m for help): wq
The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.
打开一个新终端：
[root@localhost ~]# watch -n 1 cat /proc/mdstat #监控
在原终端创建磁盘列阵：
[root@localhost ~]# mdadm -C /dev/md0 -a yes -l 1 -n 2 -x 1 /dev/vdb{1..3}
mdadm: Note: this array has metadata at the start and
may not be suitable as a boot device. If you plan to
store '/boot' on this device please ensure that
your boot-loader understands md/v1.x metadata, or use
--metadata=0.90
Continue creating array? y
mdadm: Defaulting to version 1.2 metadata
mdadm: array /dev/md0 started.
显示如图：
格式化，挂载：
[root@localhost ~]# mkfs.xfs /dev/md0
meta-data=/dev/md0 isize=256 agcount=4, agsize=12788 blks
= sectsz=512 attr=2, projid32bit=1
= crc=0
data = bsize=4096 blocks=51152, imaxpct=25
= sunit=0 swidth=0 blks
naming =version 2 bsize=4096 ascii-ci=0 ftype=0
log =internal log bsize=4096 blocks=853, version=2
= sectsz=512 sunit=0 blks, lazy-count=1
realtime =none extsz=4096 blocks=0, rtextents=0
[root@localhost ~]# mount /dev/md0 /mnt
设备的管理
mdadm -D /dev/md0 #查看设备状态
[root@localhost ~]# mdadm -D /dev/md0
/dev/md0:
Version : 1.2
Creation Time : Wed May 2 04:59:42 2018
Raid Level : raid1
Array Size : 204608 (199.85 MiB 209.52 MB)
Used Dev Size : 204608 (199.85 MiB 209.52 MB)
Raid Devices : 2
Total Devices : 3
Persistence : Superblock is persistent
Update Time : Wed May 2 05:00:29 2018
State : clean
Active Devices : 2
Working Devices : 3
Failed Devices : 0
Spare Devices : 1
Name : localhost:0 (local to host localhost)
UUID : 365c389b:aa6b5b46:f0e754b1:9f8079ad
Events : 17
Number Major Minor RaidDevice State
0 253 17 0 active sync /dev/vdb1
1 253 18 1 active sync /dev/vdb2
2 253 19 - spare /dev/vdb3
mdadm /dev/md0 -f /dev/vdb2 #损坏设备vdb2
测试：
[root@localhost ~]# mdadm /dev/md0 -f /dev/vdb2
mdadm: set /dev/vdb2 faulty in /dev/md0
监控显示如图：
mdadm /dev/md0 -r /dev/vdb2 #删除设备
测试：
[root@localhost ~]# mdadm /dev/md0 -r /dev/vdb2
mdadm: hot removed /dev/vdb2 from /dev/md0
监控显示如图：
mdadm /dev/md0 -a /dev/vdb2 #添加设备
测试：
[root@localhost ~]# mdadm /dev/md0 -a /dev/vdb2
mdadm: added /dev/vdb2
监控显示如图：
设备的删除
1、umount /mnt/ #卸载
2、mdadm -S /dev/md0 #停止
3、fdisk /dev/vdb #删除设备
4、partprobe #同步分区信息
测试：
[root@localhost ~]# df
Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/vda1 10473900 3192152 7281748 31% /
devtmpfs 469344 0 469344 0% /dev
tmpfs 484932 140 484792 1% /dev/shm
tmpfs 484932 12864 472068 3% /run
tmpfs 484932 0 484932 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/md0 201196 10388 190808 6% /mnt
[root@localhost ~]# umount /mnt
[root@localhost ~]# df
Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/vda1 10473900 3192152 7281748 31% /
devtmpfs 469344 0 469344 0% /dev
tmpfs 484932 140 484792 1% /dev/shm
tmpfs 484932 12864 472068 3% /run
tmpfs 484932 0 484932 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
[root@localhost ~]# mdadm -S /dev/md0
mdadm: stopped /dev/md0
停止后：
接下来删除设备和同步分区信息的步骤见上文