Linux运维学习-磁盘管理之磁盘分区/格式化/挂载
fdisk命令
fdisk命令：用于观察硬盘实体使用情况，也可对硬盘分区
参数：
-b<分区大小>：指定每个分区的大小；
-l：列出指定的外围设备的分区表状况；
-s<分区编号>：将指定的分区大小输出到标准输出上，单位为区块；
-u：搭配"-l"参数列表，会用分区数目取代柱面数目，来表示每个分区的起始地址；
-v：显示版本信息。
对磁盘/dev/sdb分区：交互式 [root@localhost ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2). Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them. Be careful before using the write command. Device does not contain a recognized partition table Building a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0x93aac219. Command (m for help): m Command action a toggle a bootable flag b edit bsd disklabel c toggle the dos compatibility flag d delete a partition g create a new empty GPT partition table G create an IRIX (SGI) partition table l list known partition types m print this menu n add a new partition o create a new empty DOS partition table p print the partition table q quit without saving changes s create a new empty Sun disklabel t change a partition's system id u change display/entry units v verify the partition table w write table to disk and exit x extra functionality (experts only) Command (m for help):
创建主分区：
查看分区信息： Command (m for help): p Disk /dev/sdb: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes, 41943040 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk label type: dos Disk identifier: 0x93aac219 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System 创建主分区: Command (m for help): n Partition type: p primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free) e extended Select (default p): p Partition number (1-4, default 1): 1 First sector (2048-41943039, default 2048): Using default value 2048 Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (2048-41943039, default 41943039): +1G Partition 1 of type Linux and of size 1 GiB is set Command (m for help): p Disk /dev/sdb: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes, 41943040 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk label type: dos Disk identifier: 0x93aac219 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdb1 2048 2099199 1048576 83 Linux Command (m for help):创建逻辑分区：
查看分区信息： Command (m for help): p Disk /dev/sdb: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes, 41943040 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk label type: dos Disk identifier: 0x94c8b371 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System Command (m for help): 创建扩展分区： 逻辑分区建立在扩展分区之上，所以要先建立扩展分区 Command (m for help): n Partition type: p primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free) e extended Select (default p): e Partition number (1-4, default 1): 4 First sector (2048-41943039, default 2048): Using default value 2048 Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (2048-41943039, default 41943039): +2G Partition 4 of type Extended and of size 2 GiB is set Command (m for help): Command (m for help): p Disk /dev/sdb: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes, 41943040 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk label type: dos Disk identifier: 0x94c8b371 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdb4 2048 4196351 2097152 5 Extended Command (m for help): 创建逻辑分区： Command (m for help): n Partition type: p primary (0 primary, 1 extended, 3 free) l logical (numbered from 5) Select (default p): l Adding logical partition 5 First sector (4096-4196351, default 4096): Using default value 4096 Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (4096-4196351, default 4196351): +1G Partition 5 of type Linux and of size 1 GiB is set Command (m for help): Command (m for help): p Disk /dev/sdb: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes, 41943040 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk label type: dos Disk identifier: 0x94c8b371 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdb4 2048 4196351 2097152 5 Extended /dev/sdb5 4096 2101247 1048576 83 Linux Command (m for help):创建交换分区(swap)：
交换分区使用主分区还是逻辑分区都可
查看分区信息： Command (m for help): p Disk /dev/sdb: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes, 41943040 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk label type: dos Disk identifier: 0x94c8b371 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdb4 2048 4196351 2097152 5 Extended /dev/sdb5 4096 2101247 1048576 83 Linux Command (m for help): 改变分区system id： Command (m for help): t Partition number (4,5, default 5): 5 Hex code (type L to list all codes): L 0 Empty 24 NEC DOS 81 Minix / old Lin bf Solaris 1 FAT12 27 Hidden NTFS Win 82 Linux swap / So c1 DRDOS/sec (FAT- 2 XENIX root 39 Plan 9 83 Linux c4 DRDOS/sec (FAT- 3 XENIX usr 3c PartitionMagic 84 OS/2 hidden C: c6 DRDOS/sec (FAT- 4 FAT16 <32M 40 Venix 80286 85 Linux extended c7 Syrinx 5 Extended 41 PPC PReP Boot 86 NTFS volume set da Non-FS data 6 FAT16 42 SFS 87 NTFS volume set db CP/M / CTOS / . 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT 4d QNX4.x 88 Linux plaintext de Dell Utility 8 AIX 4e QNX4.x 2nd part 8e Linux LVM df BootIt 9 AIX bootable 4f QNX4.x 3rd part 93 Amoeba e1 DOS access a OS/2 Boot Manag 50 OnTrack DM 94 Amoeba BBT e3 DOS R/O b W95 FAT32 51 OnTrack DM6 Aux 9f BSD/OS e4 SpeedStor c W95 FAT32 (LBA) 52 CP/M a0 IBM Thinkpad hi eb BeOS fs e W95 FAT16 (LBA) 53 OnTrack DM6 Aux a5 FreeBSD ee GPT f W95 Ext'd (LBA) 54 OnTrackDM6 a6 OpenBSD ef EFI (FAT-12/16/ 10 OPUS 55 EZ-Drive a7 NeXTSTEP f0 Linux/PA-RISC b 11 Hidden FAT12 56 Golden Bow a8 Darwin UFS f1 SpeedStor 12 Compaq diagnost 5c Priam Edisk a9 NetBSD f4 SpeedStor 14 Hidden FAT16 <3 61 SpeedStor ab Darwin boot f2 DOS secondary 16 Hidden FAT16 63 GNU HURD or Sys af HFS / HFS+ fb VMware VMFS 17 Hidden HPFS/NTF 64 Novell Netware b7 BSDI fs fc VMware VMKCORE 18 AST SmartSleep 65 Novell Netware b8 BSDI swap fd Linux raid auto 1b Hidden W95 FAT3 70 DiskSecure Mult bb Boot Wizard hid fe LANstep 1c Hidden W95 FAT3 75 PC/IX be Solaris boot ff BBT 1e Hidden W95 FAT1 80 Old Minix Hex code (type L to list all codes): 82 Changed type of partition 'Linux' to 'Linux swap / Solaris' Command (m for help): Command (m for help): p Disk /dev/sdb: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes, 41943040 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk label type: dos Disk identifier: 0x94c8b371 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdb4 2048 4196351 2097152 5 Extended /dev/sdb5 4096 2101247 1048576 82 Linux swap / Solaris Command (m for help):
mkfs命令
mkfs命令：创建文件系统
参数：
-t<文件系统类型>：指定要建立何种文件系统；
-v：显示版本信息与详细的使用方法；
-V：显示简要的使用方法；
-c：在制做档案系统前，检查该partition是否有坏轨
[root@localhost ~]# fdisk -l /dev/sdb Disk /dev/sdb: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes, 41943040 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk label type: dos Disk identifier: 0x94c8b371 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdb1 4196352 6293503 1048576 83 Linux /dev/sdb4 2048 4196351 2097152 5 Extended /dev/sdb5 4096 2101247 1048576 82 Linux swap / Solaris Partition table entries are not in disk order [root@localhost ~]#创建/dev/sdb1的文件系统为XFS： [root@localhost ~]# mkfs.xfs /dev/sdb1 meta-data=/dev/sdb1 isize=512 agcount=4, agsize=65536 blks = sectsz=512 attr=2, projid32bit=1 = crc=1 finobt=0, sparse=0 data = bsize=4096 blocks=262144, imaxpct=25 = sunit=0 swidth=0 blks naming =version 2 bsize=4096 ascii-ci=0 ftype=1 log =internal log bsize=4096 blocks=2560, version=2 = sectsz=512 sunit=0 blks, lazy-count=1 realtime =none extsz=4096 blocks=0, rtextents=0 [root@localhost ~]# [root@localhost ~]# [root@localhost ~]# lsblk -f /dev/sdb1 NAME FSTYPE LABEL UUID MOUNTPOINT sdb1 xfs 09c07f46-8ce3-4268-81b2-648e96ff42c4 [root@localhost ~]#
mkswap命令
mkswap命令：创建swap文件系统
参数：
-c：建立交换区前，先检查是否有损坏的区块；
-f：在SPARC电脑上建立交换区时，要加上此参数；
-v0：建立旧式交换区，此为预设值；
-v1：建立新式交换区。
[root@localhost ~]# fdisk -l /dev/sdb Disk /dev/sdb: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes, 41943040 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk label type: dos Disk identifier: 0x94c8b371 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdb1 4196352 6293503 1048576 83 Linux /dev/sdb4 2048 4196351 2097152 5 Extended /dev/sdb5 4096 2101247 1048576 82 Linux swap / Solaris Partition table entries are not in disk order [root@localhost ~]#建立交换分区文件系统类型为swap： [root@localhost ~]# mkswap /dev/sdb5 Setting up swapspace version 1, size = 1048572 KiB no label, UUID=72ddff37-9504-4f35-a7d0-ba5a04d7ea7b [root@localhost ~]# [root@localhost ~]# lsblk -f /dev/sdb5 NAME FSTYPE LABEL UUID MOUNTPOINT sdb5 swap 72ddff37-9504-4f35-a7d0-ba5a04d7ea7b [root@localhost ~]#
mount命令
mount命令：用于挂载
参数：
-V：显示程序版本；
-l：显示已加载的文件系统列表；
-h：显示帮助信息并退出；
-v：冗长模式，输出指令执行的详细信息；
-n：加载没有写入文件“/etc/mtab”中的文件系统；
-r：将文件系统加载为只读模式；
-a：加载文件“/etc/fstab”中描述的所有文件系统。
[root@localhost ~]# mkdir /backup1 [root@localhost ~]# 将/dev/sdb1挂载到/backup1目录： [root@localhost ~]# mount /dev/sdb1 /backup1/ [root@localhost ~]# [root@localhost ~]# df -hT /dev/sdb1 Filesystem Type Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/sdb1 xfs 1014M 33M 982M 4% /backup1 [root@localhost ~]#
swapon命令
swapon命令：加载交换分区
[root@localhost ~]# swapon -s Filename Type Size Used Priority /dev/dm-1 partition 2097148 0 -1 [root@localhost ~]# [root@localhost ~]# swapon /dev/sdb5 [root@localhost ~]# [root@localhost ~]# swapon -s Filename Type Size Used Priority /dev/dm-1 partition 2097148 0 -1 /dev/sdb5 partition 1048572 0 -2 [root@localhost ~]#
df命令
df命令：查看挂载情况
[root@localhost ~]# df -h Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/mapper/rhel-root 17G 1.2G 16G 7% / devtmpfs 902M 0 902M 0% /dev tmpfs 912M 0 912M 0% /dev/shm tmpfs 912M 8.6M 904M 1% /run tmpfs 912M 0 912M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup /dev/sda1 1014M 139M 876M 14% /boot tmpfs 183M 0 183M 0% /run/user/0 /dev/sdb1 1014M 33M 982M 4% /backup1 [root@localhost ~]#参数：
-a或--all：包含全部的文件系统；
--block-size=<区块大小>：以指定的区块大小来显示区块数目；
-h或--human-readable：以可读性较高的方式来显示信息；
-H或--si：与-h参数相同，但在计算时是以1000 Bytes为换算单位而非1024 Bytes；
-i或--inodes：显示inode的信息；
-k或--kilobytes：指定区块大小为1024字节；
-l或--local：仅显示本地端的文件系统；
-m或--megabytes：指定区块大小为1048576字节；
--no-sync：在取得磁盘使用信息前，不要执行sync指令，此为预设值；
-P或--portability：使用POSIX的输出格式；
--sync：在取得磁盘使用信息前，先执行sync指令；
-t<文件系统类型>或--type=<文件系统类型>：仅显示指定文件系统类型的磁盘信息；
-T或--print-type：显示文件系统的类型；
-x<文件系统类型>或--exclude-type=<文件系统类型>：不要显示指定文件系统类型的磁盘信息；
--help：显示帮助；
--version：显示版本信息
blkid命令
blkid命令：查看设备UUID和文件系统类型
[root@localhost ~]# blkid /dev/sdb1: UUID="09c07f46-8ce3-4268-81b2-648e96ff42c4" TYPE="xfs" /dev/sdb5: UUID="72ddff37-9504-4f35-a7d0-ba5a04d7ea7b" TYPE="swap" /dev/sda1: UUID="fe73ca4f-9600-43bb-a323-bd6fe2c0e83f" TYPE="xfs" /dev/sda2: UUID="3qUrn1-1Epa-VUpA-XYcY-G8L4-kqIs-z016AL" TYPE="LVM2_member" /dev/sr0: UUID="2016-10-19-18-32-06-00" LABEL="RHEL-7.3 Server.x86_64" TYPE="iso9660" PTTYPE="dos" /dev/mapper/rhel-root: UUID="b4469d2e-e64d-426a-884f-d460a53b2823" TYPE="xfs" /dev/mapper/rhel-swap: UUID="9d1cd0f5-3b72-490f-baf0-3e11c94671f8" TYPE="swap" [root@localhost ~]#