X11 使用见闻

1. X11 介绍

遍历x11相关的ubuntu package
https://packages.ubuntu.com/bionic/x11/

2. 桌面环境使用记录

X11 环境下我们通常说的桌面环境最基础的应该包含两个部分：

• 登录管理器
  常见的有：
  gdm, kdm, xdm, lightdm, slim
  具体区别可以参考archlinux的wiki https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/display_manager
  如果安装有多个登录管理器可以使用下面方式指定默认登录管理器
  sudo dpkg-reconfigure gdm

• 桌面管理器
  桌面管理器有很多种，可以通过下面的链接查看大众的评比结果
  https://www.slant.co/topics/390/~best-window-managers-for-linux
  gnome, kde, xfce等都属于桌面管理器，它们的窗口管理都是悬浮和分层来组织排放的，与windows的差异很小。而平铺式桌面管理器(tiling window manager)是桌面管理器中的一种小众类型，更专注于键盘控制，效率提升和定制化。下面分享自己经常使用的几种平铺式桌面管理器的使用记录。

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2.1 Awesome

可以参考下面的配置文件
https://github.com/aggresss/dotfiles/blob/master/awesome/rc.lua_ubuntu18.04
使用说明
https://awesomewm.org/doc/manpages/awesome.1.html
默认配置文件 ~/.config/awesome/rc.lua
默认Modkey为Mod4(win)键。

下面是整理的 awesome 默认快捷键：
Window manager control
Mod4 + Control + R Restart awesome.
Mod4 + Shift + Q Quit awesome.
Mod4 + R Run prompt.
Mod4 + X Run Lua code prompt.
Mod4 + Return Spawn terminal emulator.
Mod4 + W Open main menu.
Clients
Mod4 + M Maximize client.
Mod4 + N Minimize client.
Mod4 + Control + n Restore client.
Mod4 + F Set client fullscreen.
Mod4 + Shift + C Kill focused client.
Mod4 + T Set client on-top.
Navigation
Mod4 + J Focus next client.
Mod4 + K Focus previous client.
Mod4 + U Focus first urgent client.
Mod4 + Left View previous tag.
Mod4 + Right View next tag.
Mod4 + 1-9 Switch to tag 1-9.
Mod4 + Control + J Focus next screen.
Mod4 + Control + K Focus previous screen.
Mod4 + Escape Focus previously selected tag set.
Layout modification
Mod4 + Shift + J Switch client with next client.
Mod4 + Shift + K Switch client with previous client.
Mod4 + O Send client to next screen.
Mod4 + H Decrease master width factor by 5%.
Mod4 + L Increase master width factor by 5%.
Mod4 + Shift + H Increase number of master windows by 1.
Mod4 + Shift + L Decrease number of master windows by 1.
Mod4 + Control + H Increase number of columns for non-master windows by 1.
Mod4 + Control + L Decrease number of columns for non-master windows by 1.
Mod4 + space Switch to next layout.
Mod4 + Shift + space Switch to previous layout.
Mod4 + Control + space Toggle client floating status.
Mod4 + Control + Return Swap focused client with master.
Mod4 + Control + 1-9 Toggle tag view.
Mod4 + Shift + 1-9 Tag client with tag.
Mod4 + Shift + Control + 1-9 Toggle tag on client.

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2.2 i3

默认配置文件 ~/.config/i3/config ~/.config/i3staus/config
默认Modkey为Alt键
下面整理了一些常用的默认快捷键：

Mod+ Enter 启动虚拟终端
Mod + D 启动 dmenu

Mod + A 焦点转义到父窗口上
Mod + S 堆叠布局
Mod + W 标签布局
Mod + E 默认布局
Mod + H 水平分割窗口
Mod + V 垂直分割窗口

Mod + R 調整窗口大小，使用方向键
Mod + F 全屏模式
Mod + J 焦点往左窗口移
Mod + K 焦点往下窗口移
Mod + L 焦点往上窗口移
Mod + ; 焦点往右窗口移
Mod + Shift + J 窗口左移
Mod + Shift + K 窗口下移
Mod + Shift + L 窗口上移
Mod + Shift + : 窗口右移

Mod + SpaceBar 焦点在平铺式／浮动式转换
Mod + Shift + SpaceBar 窗口在平铺式／浮动式转换

Mod + Shift + Q 杀死当前窗口的进程
Mod + Shift + E 退出 i3
Mod + Shift + C 当场重新加载 i3config, 无需重启
Mod + Shift + R 重启 i3 （还重新加载了 i3config, 又没有退出过程）

i3的上下左右和 vim 还是有点区别的 “JKL:” 对应 左上下右
除了快捷键外，i3对多显示器的支持也很好，新建窗口的位置取决于新建窗口命令所在的监视器。
i3平铺式支持横向和纵向。支持多行或多列。支持窗口的重命名。

https://i3wm.org/docs/userguide.html

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2.3 xmonad

默认启动后什么都没有，完全依赖快捷键操作
默认配置文件 ~/.xmonad/xmonad.hs
xmobar 配置
https://beginners-guide-to-xmonad.readthedocs.io/configure_xmobar.html
默认Modkey为Alt键
下面是整理的 xmonad 默认快捷键：
Mod + Shift + Return Launch terminal
Mod + P Launch dmenu
Mod + Shift + P Launch gmrun
Mod + Shift + C Close the focused window
Mod + Space Rotate through the available layout algorithms
Mod + Shift + Space Reset the layouts on the current workspace to default
Mod + N Resize viewed windows to the correct size
Mod + Tab Move focus to the next window
Mod + Shift + Tab Move focus to the previous window
Mod + J Move focus to the next window
Mod + K Move focus to the previous window
Mod + M Move focus to the master window
Mod + Return Swap the focused window and the master window
Mod + Shift + J Swap the focused window with the next window
Mod + Shift + K Swap the focused window with the previous window
Mod + H Shrink the master area
Mod + L Expand the master area
Mod + T Push window back into tiling
Mod + , Increment the number of windows in the master area
Mod + . Deincrement the number of windows in the master area
Mod + Shift + Q Quit xmonad
Mod + Q Restart xmonad
Mod + Shift + / Run xmessage with a summary of the default keybindings (useful for beginners)
Mod + [1..9] Switch to workspace N
Mod + Shift + [1..9] Move client to workspace N
Mod + {W, E, R} Switch to physical/Xinerama screens 1, 2, or 3
Mod + Shift + {W, E, R} Move client to screen 1, 2, or 3
Mod + Button1 Set the window to floating mode and move by dragging
Mod + Button2 Raise the window to the top of the stack
Mod + Button3 Set the window to floating mode and resize by dragging

下面是键盘映射图：
https://wiki.haskell.org/Xmonad

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2.4 dwm

默认Modkey为Alt键
config.def.h文件的默认设置：
MODKEY + P dmenu
MODKEY + Shift + Q To quite dwm cleanly
MODKEY + Shift + C To kill a window
MODKEY + Shift + Enter Launch terminal
MODKEY + Shift + 1,2,3,... Move current window to area 1,2,3…
MODKEY + 1,2,3,... Switch to area 1,2,3…
MODKEY + 0 预览1-9所有内容
MODKEY + tab Switch view area
MODKEY + J 激活下一个窗口
MODKEY + K 激活上一个窗口
MODKEY + H 左移边界
MODKEY + L 右移边界
MODKEY + I 分割Master窗口（+1）
MODKEY + D 还原Master窗口（-1）
MODKEY + B 隐藏/显示dmenu菜单
MODKEY + T Alt + F Alt + M 切換桌面布局方式
MODKEY + space 前後布局切換
MODKEY + Enter 切換Master窗口

下面是 dwm 的示意图，参考自：
http://www.cnblogs.com/wonux/articles/5206085.html

+------+----------------------------------+--------+
| tags | title                            | status +
+------+---------------------+------------+--------+
|                            |                     |
|                            |                     |
|                            |                     |
|                            |                     |
|          master            |        stack        |
|                            |                     |
|                            |                     |
|                            |                     |
|                            |                     |
+----------------------------+---------------------+

dwm结构非常简单，是研究桌面管理器的最佳选择
git clone https://git.suckless.org/dwm

/usr/share/xsessions/*.desktop
记录了有几种桌面系统被安装

apt-file list dwm 查看 dwm 安装文件

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3. 关于键盘映射

使用自定义的桌面环境经常要自定义键盘映射，可以使用 xev 命令来捕获按键的 keysym 下面是使用 xmodmap 命令输出的 Thinkpad 键盘的默认映射关系：

keycode   8 =
keycode   9 = Escape NoSymbol Escape
keycode  10 = 1 exclam 1 exclam
keycode  11 = 2 at 2 at
keycode  12 = 3 numbersign 3 numbersign
keycode  13 = 4 dollar 4 dollar
keycode  14 = 5 percent 5 percent
keycode  15 = 6 asciicircum 6 asciicircum
keycode  16 = 7 ampersand 7 ampersand
keycode  17 = 8 asterisk 8 asterisk
keycode  18 = 9 parenleft 9 parenleft
keycode  19 = 0 parenright 0 parenright
keycode  20 = minus underscore minus underscore
keycode  21 = equal plus equal plus
keycode  22 = BackSpace BackSpace BackSpace BackSpace
keycode  23 = Tab ISO_Left_Tab Tab ISO_Left_Tab
keycode  24 = q Q q Q
keycode  25 = w W w W
keycode  26 = e E e E
keycode  27 = r R r R
keycode  28 = t T t T
keycode  29 = y Y y Y
keycode  30 = u U u U
keycode  31 = i I i I
keycode  32 = o O o O
keycode  33 = p P p P
keycode  34 = bracketleft braceleft bracketleft braceleft
keycode  35 = bracketright braceright bracketright braceright
keycode  36 = Return NoSymbol Return
keycode  37 = Control_L NoSymbol Control_L
keycode  38 = a A a A
keycode  39 = s S s S
keycode  40 = d D d D
keycode  41 = f F f F
keycode  42 = g G g G
keycode  43 = h H h H
keycode  44 = j J j J
keycode  45 = k K k K
keycode  46 = l L l L
keycode  47 = semicolon colon semicolon colon
keycode  48 = apostrophe quotedbl apostrophe quotedbl
keycode  49 = grave asciitilde grave asciitilde
keycode  50 = Shift_L NoSymbol Shift_L
keycode  51 = backslash bar backslash bar
keycode  52 = z Z z Z
keycode  53 = x X x X
keycode  54 = c C c C
keycode  55 = v V v V
keycode  56 = b B b B
keycode  57 = n N n N
keycode  58 = m M m M
keycode  59 = comma less comma less
keycode  60 = period greater period greater
keycode  61 = slash question slash question
keycode  62 = Shift_R NoSymbol Shift_R
keycode  63 = KP_Multiply KP_Multiply KP_Multiply KP_Multiply KP_Multiply KP_Multiply XF86ClearGrab
keycode  64 = Alt_L Meta_L Alt_L Meta_L
keycode  65 = space NoSymbol space
keycode  66 = Caps_Lock NoSymbol Caps_Lock
keycode  67 = F1 F1 F1 F1 F1 F1 XF86Switch_VT_1
keycode  68 = F2 F2 F2 F2 F2 F2 XF86Switch_VT_2
keycode  69 = F3 F3 F3 F3 F3 F3 XF86Switch_VT_3
keycode  70 = F4 F4 F4 F4 F4 F4 XF86Switch_VT_4
keycode  71 = F5 F5 F5 F5 F5 F5 XF86Switch_VT_5
keycode  72 = F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 XF86Switch_VT_6
keycode  73 = F7 F7 F7 F7 F7 F7 XF86Switch_VT_7
keycode  74 = F8 F8 F8 F8 F8 F8 XF86Switch_VT_8
keycode  75 = F9 F9 F9 F9 F9 F9 XF86Switch_VT_9
keycode  76 = F10 F10 F10 F10 F10 F10 XF86Switch_VT_10
keycode  77 = Num_Lock NoSymbol Num_Lock
keycode  78 = Scroll_Lock NoSymbol Scroll_Lock
keycode  79 = KP_Home KP_7 KP_Home KP_7
keycode  80 = KP_Up KP_8 KP_Up KP_8
keycode  81 = KP_Prior KP_9 KP_Prior KP_9
keycode  82 = KP_Subtract KP_Subtract KP_Subtract KP_Subtract KP_Subtract KP_Subtract XF86Prev_VMode
keycode  83 = KP_Left KP_4 KP_Left KP_4
keycode  84 = KP_Begin KP_5 KP_Begin KP_5
keycode  85 = KP_Right KP_6 KP_Right KP_6
keycode  86 = KP_Add KP_Add KP_Add KP_Add KP_Add KP_Add XF86Next_VMode
keycode  87 = KP_End KP_1 KP_End KP_1
keycode  88 = KP_Down KP_2 KP_Down KP_2
keycode  89 = KP_Next KP_3 KP_Next KP_3
keycode  90 = KP_Insert KP_0 KP_Insert KP_0
keycode  91 = KP_Delete KP_Decimal KP_Delete KP_Decimal
keycode  92 = ISO_Level3_Shift NoSymbol ISO_Level3_Shift
keycode  93 =
keycode  94 = less greater less greater bar brokenbar bar
keycode  95 = F11 F11 F11 F11 F11 F11 XF86Switch_VT_11
keycode  96 = F12 F12 F12 F12 F12 F12 XF86Switch_VT_12
keycode  97 =
keycode  98 = Katakana NoSymbol Katakana
keycode  99 = Hiragana NoSymbol Hiragana
keycode 100 = Henkan_Mode NoSymbol Henkan_Mode
keycode 101 = Hiragana_Katakana NoSymbol Hiragana_Katakana
keycode 102 = Muhenkan NoSymbol Muhenkan
keycode 103 =
keycode 104 = KP_Enter NoSymbol KP_Enter
keycode 105 = Control_R NoSymbol Control_R
keycode 106 = KP_Divide KP_Divide KP_Divide KP_Divide KP_Divide KP_Divide XF86Ungrab
keycode 107 = Print Sys_Req Print Sys_Req
keycode 108 = Alt_R Meta_R Alt_R Meta_R
keycode 109 = Linefeed NoSymbol Linefeed
keycode 110 = Home NoSymbol Home
keycode 111 = Up NoSymbol Up
keycode 112 = Prior NoSymbol Prior
keycode 113 = Left NoSymbol Left
keycode 114 = Right NoSymbol Right
keycode 115 = End NoSymbol End
keycode 116 = Down NoSymbol Down
keycode 117 = Next NoSymbol Next
keycode 118 = Insert NoSymbol Insert
keycode 119 = Delete NoSymbol Delete
keycode 120 =
keycode 121 = XF86AudioMute NoSymbol XF86AudioMute
keycode 122 = XF86AudioLowerVolume NoSymbol XF86AudioLowerVolume
keycode 123 = XF86AudioRaiseVolume NoSymbol XF86AudioRaiseVolume
keycode 124 = XF86PowerOff NoSymbol XF86PowerOff
keycode 125 = KP_Equal NoSymbol KP_Equal
keycode 126 = plusminus NoSymbol plusminus
keycode 127 = Pause Break Pause Break
keycode 128 = XF86LaunchA NoSymbol XF86LaunchA
keycode 129 = KP_Decimal KP_Decimal KP_Decimal KP_Decimal
keycode 130 = Hangul NoSymbol Hangul
keycode 131 = Hangul_Hanja NoSymbol Hangul_Hanja
keycode 132 =
keycode 133 = Super_L NoSymbol Super_L
keycode 134 = Super_R NoSymbol Super_R
keycode 135 = Menu NoSymbol Menu
keycode 136 = Cancel NoSymbol Cancel
keycode 137 = Redo NoSymbol Redo
keycode 138 = SunProps NoSymbol SunProps
keycode 139 = Undo NoSymbol Undo
keycode 140 = SunFront NoSymbol SunFront
keycode 141 = XF86Copy NoSymbol XF86Copy
keycode 142 = XF86Open NoSymbol XF86Open
keycode 143 = XF86Paste NoSymbol XF86Paste
keycode 144 = Find NoSymbol Find
keycode 145 = XF86Cut NoSymbol XF86Cut
keycode 146 = Help NoSymbol Help
keycode 147 = XF86MenuKB NoSymbol XF86MenuKB
keycode 148 = XF86Calculator NoSymbol XF86Calculator
keycode 149 =
keycode 150 = XF86Sleep NoSymbol XF86Sleep
keycode 151 = XF86WakeUp NoSymbol XF86WakeUp
keycode 152 = XF86Explorer NoSymbol XF86Explorer
keycode 153 = XF86Send NoSymbol XF86Send
keycode 154 =
keycode 155 = XF86Xfer NoSymbol XF86Xfer
keycode 156 = XF86Launch1 NoSymbol XF86Launch1
keycode 157 = XF86Launch2 NoSymbol XF86Launch2
keycode 158 = XF86WWW NoSymbol XF86WWW
keycode 159 = XF86DOS NoSymbol XF86DOS
keycode 160 = XF86ScreenSaver NoSymbol XF86ScreenSaver
keycode 161 = XF86RotateWindows NoSymbol XF86RotateWindows
keycode 162 = XF86TaskPane NoSymbol XF86TaskPane
keycode 163 = XF86Mail NoSymbol XF86Mail
keycode 164 = XF86Favorites NoSymbol XF86Favorites
keycode 165 = XF86MyComputer NoSymbol XF86MyComputer
keycode 166 = XF86Back NoSymbol XF86Back
keycode 167 = XF86Forward NoSymbol XF86Forward
keycode 168 =
keycode 169 = XF86Eject NoSymbol XF86Eject
keycode 170 = XF86Eject XF86Eject XF86Eject XF86Eject
keycode 171 = XF86AudioNext NoSymbol XF86AudioNext
keycode 172 = XF86AudioPlay XF86AudioPause XF86AudioPlay XF86AudioPause
keycode 173 = XF86AudioPrev NoSymbol XF86AudioPrev
keycode 174 = XF86AudioStop XF86Eject XF86AudioStop XF86Eject
keycode 175 = XF86AudioRecord NoSymbol XF86AudioRecord
keycode 176 = XF86AudioRewind NoSymbol XF86AudioRewind
keycode 177 = XF86Phone NoSymbol XF86Phone
keycode 178 =
keycode 179 = XF86Tools NoSymbol XF86Tools
keycode 180 = XF86HomePage NoSymbol XF86HomePage
keycode 181 = XF86Reload NoSymbol XF86Reload
keycode 182 = XF86Close NoSymbol XF86Close
keycode 183 =
keycode 184 =
keycode 185 = XF86ScrollUp NoSymbol XF86ScrollUp
keycode 186 = XF86ScrollDown NoSymbol XF86ScrollDown
keycode 187 = parenleft NoSymbol parenleft
keycode 188 = parenright NoSymbol parenright
keycode 189 = XF86New NoSymbol XF86New
keycode 190 = Redo NoSymbol Redo
keycode 191 = XF86Tools NoSymbol XF86Tools
keycode 192 = XF86Launch5 NoSymbol XF86Launch5
keycode 193 = XF86Launch6 NoSymbol XF86Launch6
keycode 194 = XF86Launch7 NoSymbol XF86Launch7
keycode 195 = XF86Launch8 NoSymbol XF86Launch8
keycode 196 = XF86Launch9 NoSymbol XF86Launch9
keycode 197 =
keycode 198 = XF86AudioMicMute NoSymbol XF86AudioMicMute
keycode 199 = XF86TouchpadToggle NoSymbol XF86TouchpadToggle
keycode 200 = XF86TouchpadOn NoSymbol XF86TouchpadOn
keycode 201 = XF86TouchpadOff NoSymbol XF86TouchpadOff
keycode 202 =
keycode 203 = Mode_switch NoSymbol Mode_switch
keycode 204 = NoSymbol Alt_L NoSymbol Alt_L
keycode 205 = NoSymbol Meta_L NoSymbol Meta_L
keycode 206 = NoSymbol Super_L NoSymbol Super_L
keycode 207 = NoSymbol Hyper_L NoSymbol Hyper_L
keycode 208 = XF86AudioPlay NoSymbol XF86AudioPlay
keycode 209 = XF86AudioPause NoSymbol XF86AudioPause
keycode 210 = XF86Launch3 NoSymbol XF86Launch3
keycode 211 = XF86Launch4 NoSymbol XF86Launch4
keycode 212 = XF86LaunchB NoSymbol XF86LaunchB
keycode 213 = XF86Suspend NoSymbol XF86Suspend
keycode 214 = XF86Close NoSymbol XF86Close
keycode 215 = XF86AudioPlay NoSymbol XF86AudioPlay
keycode 216 = XF86AudioForward NoSymbol XF86AudioForward
keycode 217 =
keycode 218 = Print NoSymbol Print
keycode 219 =
keycode 220 = XF86WebCam NoSymbol XF86WebCam
keycode 221 =
keycode 222 =
keycode 223 = XF86Mail NoSymbol XF86Mail
keycode 224 = XF86Messenger NoSymbol XF86Messenger
keycode 225 = XF86Search NoSymbol XF86Search
keycode 226 = XF86Go NoSymbol XF86Go
keycode 227 = XF86Finance NoSymbol XF86Finance
keycode 228 = XF86Game NoSymbol XF86Game
keycode 229 = XF86Shop NoSymbol XF86Shop
keycode 230 =
keycode 231 = Cancel NoSymbol Cancel
keycode 232 = XF86MonBrightnessDown NoSymbol XF86MonBrightnessDown
keycode 233 = XF86MonBrightnessUp NoSymbol XF86MonBrightnessUp
keycode 234 = XF86AudioMedia NoSymbol XF86AudioMedia
keycode 235 = XF86Display NoSymbol XF86Display
keycode 236 = XF86KbdLightOnOff NoSymbol XF86KbdLightOnOff
keycode 237 = XF86KbdBrightnessDown NoSymbol XF86KbdBrightnessDown
keycode 238 = XF86KbdBrightnessUp NoSymbol XF86KbdBrightnessUp
keycode 239 = XF86Send NoSymbol XF86Send
keycode 240 = XF86Reply NoSymbol XF86Reply
keycode 241 = XF86MailForward NoSymbol XF86MailForward
keycode 242 = XF86Save NoSymbol XF86Save
keycode 243 = XF86Documents NoSymbol XF86Documents
keycode 244 = XF86Battery NoSymbol XF86Battery
keycode 245 = XF86Bluetooth NoSymbol XF86Bluetooth
keycode 246 = XF86WLAN NoSymbol XF86WLAN
keycode 247 =
keycode 248 =
keycode 249 =
keycode 250 =
keycode 251 =
keycode 252 =
keycode 253 =
keycode 254 =
keycode 255 =

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4. 有趣的小实验

实验环境 Ubuntu 18.04 , inittab 模式切换可以使用以下脚本，将脚本保存为 inittab.sh 后执行 sudo ./inittab.sh 3 && sudo reboot 可以进入为启动X server 的状态，执行 sudo ./inittab.sh 5 && sudo reboot 后可以恢复图形界面。

#!/bin/bash
# Change default runlevel on Debian systemd based system

# linux shell color support.
RED="\\033[31m"
GREEN="\\033[32m"
YELLOW="\\033[33m"
BLACK="\\033[0m"

if [ "X_$1" = "X_" ]; then
    runlevel
elif [ $1 -ge 0 -a $1 -le 6 ]; then
    sudo ln -sf /lib/systemd/system/runlevel$1.target /etc/systemd/system/default.target
else
    echo -e "${RED} please input args 0-6 ${BLACK}"
fi
#end

3.1 xclock

在 X server 未启动的情况下启动一个 xclock 实验：

sudo xinit /usr/bin/xclock -- /usr/bin/X :0

xclock 相对于 X11 类似于 编程语言中的 Hello Wrold，经常拿它来验证 X11 服务的状态。
切换到shell界面使用 Ctrl + Alt + F1
恢复到xclock界面使用 Ctrl + Alt + F3
linux是一个多用户操作系统，它可以同时接受多个用户登录。linux还允许一个用户进行多次登录，这是因为linux和Unix一样，提供了虚拟控制台的访问方式，允许用户同时从不同的虚拟控制台进行多次登录。
虚拟控制台的选择可以通过Ctrl+Alt+F(1~6) 来实现

3.2 ssh 远程使用 X11

1.在 MacOS 中本地显示远程启动的X11程序界面
在 MacOS 中安装 XQuartz 然后通过 ssh 登录远程 Linux 系统，
首先 允许远程主机的连接 xhost +192.168.1.1，然后 ssh 登录中增加参数 -X 或者 -Y 例如 ssh -Y 192.168.1.1 登录成功后 xclock 就可以在本地显示 xclock 界面。

2.远程登录 ssh 后，让 X11 程序显示在远程显示器上
当远程登录主机时，如果不加 -X 参数 运行 X11 程序时通常会出错，因为当前shell的 DISPLAY 变量没有被设置，这是增加 DISPLAY 变量可以让程序在远程主机的显示器上输出，例如下面的命令可以实现远程锁屏 env DISPLAY=:0 slock &

3.3 在 Docker 中运行 X11 程序

在 MacOS 或者 Windows 中使用 docker 时需要运行图形界面可以在相应的操作系统下运行一个 X11 的 server 然后在 docker run 的时候 将 DISPLAY 变量指向本地 IP 的 6000 端口即可。

• Windows 中使用 Xming
• MacOS 中使用 XQuartz

注意：XQuartz 默认不允许网络客户端连接，需要手动开启并重启服务。开启方法为：XQuartz 偏好设置 -> 安全性 -> 允许从网络客户端连接

docker 1803 以后的版本 支持变量 host.docker.internal
参考自：https://docs.docker.com/docker-for-windows/networking/

docker run -it -e DISPLAY=host.docker.internal:0 aggresss/x11

4. 参考文档

1. freedesktop.org
2. X Window 的奥秘