最新Python学习教程(Python学习视频_Python学习路线):python—收集系统信息
1 hashlib模块使用
获取文件的MD5值,和shell下的MD5sum一样
方法一:先实例化一个对象,再使用update做校验,最后十六进制查看hexdigest
In [3]: import hashlib
In [5]: md5 = hashlib.md5
In [6]: md5.update("a")
In [7]: md5.hexdigest
Out[7]: '0cc175b9c0f1b6a831c399e269772661'
In [8]: md5.update("b\n") #叠加,实际为ab\n的值
In [9]: md5.hexdigest
Out[9]: 'daa8075d6ac5ff8d0c6d4650adb4ef29'
说明:
对比shell
,哈希值一样
[root@huangzp3 python]# echo "ab"|md5sum
daa8075d6ac5ff8d0c6d4650adb4ef29 -
与shell
下一致,-n #
表示不加换行符
[root@huangzp3 python]# echo "a"|md5sum
60b725f10c9c85c70d97880dfe8191b3 -
[root@huangzp3 python]# echo -n "a"|md5sum
0cc175b9c0f1b6a831c399e269772661 -
方法二:字符串短时,直接调用
In [10]: hashlib.md5("hello").hexdigest
Out[10]: '5d41402abc4b2a76b9719d911017c592'
脚本:
#!/usr/bin/env python
importsys
importhashlib
importcodecs
defgetMd5(f):
md5 =hashlib.md5
with codecs.open(f) as fd:
whileTrue:
data =fd.read(4096)
ifdata:
md5.update(data) #每读一次,获取一次md5值,MD5值累加
else:
break
returnmd5.hexdigest
if__name__ =="__main__":
try:
printgetMd5(sys.argv[1])
exceptIndexError:
print("%s follow a argument"%__file__)
运行结果:
[root@huangzp3 python]# python 01.py 1.py
e796a8f418fa90d7e4f0a162119f114a
[root@huangzp3 python]# cat 1.py |md5sum
e796a8f418fa90d7e4f0a162119f114a -
2 os.walk模块使用
os.walk:迭代目录里文件,返回一个列表,分别是:路径、路径下的目录、路径下的文件
In [17]: walk = os.walk("/root/python/a")
In [18]: for i,j,k in walk:print i,j,k
/root/python/a ['b'] ['a.txt']
/root/python/a/b ['c'] ['b.txt']
/root/python/a/b/c ['c.txt']
脚本:
#!/usr/bin/env python
importsys
importhashlib
importcodecs
importos
defgetMd5(f):
md5 =hashlib.md5
with codecs.open(f) as fd:
whileTrue:
data =fd.read(4096)
ifdata:
md5.update(data)
else:
break
returnmd5.hexdigest
walk =os.walk(sys.argv[1])
s =""
fori,j,k inwalk:
forfil ink:
fa =os.path.join(i,fil)
result =getMd5(fa)
s +=result +" "+fa +"\n"
prints,
运行结果:
[root@huangzp3 python]# python 02.py /root/python/
b9f6f7a02766b3f9bd28369c6c331218 /root/python/20.py
e796a8f418fa90d7e4f0a162119f114a /root/python/1.py
01b1b4f4b2eb7155187c27057e9a4de2 /root/python/1.pyc
3 生成器yield
想捕获函数的值,但是又不想退出程序。yield,记住当前函数的值,用于下次调用。调用时用next方法或者for循环遍历
修改如上脚本:
#!/usr/bin/env python
importsys
importhashlib
importos
importcodecs
defgetMd5(f):
md5 =hashlib.md5
with codecs.open(f) as fd:
whileTrue:
data =fd.read(4096)
ifdata:
md5.update(data)
else:
break
returnmd5.hexdigest
deffileMd5(topdir):
walk =os.walk(topdir)
fori,j,k inwalk:
forfil ink:
fa =os.path.join(i,fil)
result =getMd5(fa)
yield"%s %s"%(result,fa)
if__name__ =="__main__":
topdir =sys.argv[1]
md5 =fileMd5(topdir)
forlis inmd5:
printlis
4 文件md5值的校验
找出目录中内容相同的文件
脚本:
#!/usr/bin/env python
importsys
importhashlib
importos
importcodecs
defgetMd5(f):
md5 =hashlib.md5
with codecs.open(f) as fd:
whileTrue:
data =fd.read(4096)
ifdata:
md5.update(data)
else:
break
returnmd5.hexdigest
defgetDir(topdir):
dic ={}
walk =os.walk(topdir)
fori,j,k inwalk:
forlis ink:
fil =os.path.join(i,lis)
md5 =getMd5(fil)
ifdic.has_key(md5):
dic[md5].append(fil)
else:
dic[md5] =[fil] #dic[md5] = [fn] ,字典的key为MD5,value值为fn
returndic
if__name__ =="__main__":
result =getDir(sys.argv[1])
fori,j inresult.items:
iflen(j)>1:
printi,j
运行结果:
[root@huangzp3 python]# python 04.py /root/python
b026324c6904b2a9cb4b88d6d61c81d1 ['./test/a/1.txt', './test/b/2.txt', './test.bak/test/a/1.txt', './test.bak/test/b/2.txt']
5 字典排序
字典是无序的
sorted
(可迭代对象,cmp,key=
根据什么排序,reverse=
是否倒序),返回一个排序的列表
说明:key表示关键字;operator.itemgetter(0)
:根据字典的key值排序,(1)表示根据字典的value
排序;reverse=True
倒序
x.iteritems
返回一个序列,items
与iteritems
的区别和range
与xrange
的区别一样
找出占用空间大的文件
脚本:
#/usr/bin/env python
importsys
importos
importoperator
defgetDic(topdir):
dic ={}
walk =os.walk(topdir)
fori,j,k inwalk:
forlis ink:
fs =os.path.join(i,lis)
sz =os.path.getsize(fs)
dic[fs] =sz
returndic
if__name__ =="__main__":
dic =getDic(sys.argv[1])
sorted_dic =sorted(dic.iteritems,key=operator.itemgetter(1),reverse=True)
fork,v insorted_dic[:10]:
ifv>1024:
K =int(v)/1024
ifK>1024:
M =K/1024
ifM>1024:
v =str(M/1024) +"G"
else:
v =str(M) +"M"
else:
v =str(K) +"K"
printk,"------>",v
运行结果:
[root@huangzp3 python]# python 05.py /data/program/
/data/program/mongo/data/data27018/local.2 ------> 511M
/data/program/mongo/data/data27018/local.1 ------> 511M
/data/program/mongo/data/data27017/local.1 ------> 511M
/data/program/mongo/data/data27017/local.2 ------> 511M
/data/program/mongo/logs/mongodb-27018.log ------> 488M
/data/program/mysql/lib/libmysqld.a ------> 235M
/data/program/mongo/data/data27018/journal/j._7 ------> 128M
/data/program/mysql/bin/mysqld ------> 95M
/data/program/mysql/bin/mysql_client_test_embedded ------> 87M
/data/program/mysql/bin/mysql_embedded ------> 87M
6 python调用外部命令
1)os.system:输出在终端上,捕获不到
In [4]: os.system("ls")
001.sh 10.sh 1.py
2)os.popen:只能捕捉到标准输出,捕捉不到标准错误输出
In [12]: a = os.popen("ls")
In [13]: a.read
a.read a.readline
a.readinto a.readlines
3)os.popen2:返回2个对象,一个标准输入、一个标准输出
In [14]: sdtin,stdout = os.popen2("sort")
/usr/bin/ipython:1: DeprecationWarning: os.popen2 is deprecated. Use the subprocess module.
#!/usr/bin/python2
4)os.popen3:返回3个对象,标准输入、标准输出、标准错误输出
In [16]: stdin,stdout,stderr = os.popen3("ls a")
/usr/bin/ipython:1: DeprecationWarning: os.popen3 is deprecated. Use the subprocess module.
#!/usr/bin/python2
5)os.popen4:返回2个对象,pipe_in和pipe_out_err
6)subprosess
subpeocess.call('ls -l --color /root',shell=True)
说明:输出不能捕捉到,类似于os.system;不加-l,就不用shell
subprocess.check_call(['mkdir','/tmp/aaa'])
说明:会抛出python异常
I
n [19]: subprocess.call("ls -l",shell=True)
total 580868
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 103 Nov 22 16:23 001.sh
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 375 Nov 1 03:00 100.sh
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 47624178 Nov 1 19:35 100.txt
捕捉异常
脚本:
#/usr/bin/env python
importsubprocess
try:
subprocess.check_call("exit 1",shell=True) #check_call会抛出python异常
exceptsubprocess.CalledProcessError:
pass
print"hello world"
运行结果:
[root@huangzp3 python]# python 06.py
hello world