PostgreSQL 内存表可选项 - unlogged table
原文链接： https://yq.aliyun.com/articles/698151
标签
PostgreSQL , 内存表 , unlogged table
背景
内存表，通常被用于不需要持久化，变更频繁，访问RT低的场景。
目前社区版本PostgreSQL没有内存表的功能，postgrespro提供了两个插件可以实现类似内存表的功能。
https://postgrespro.com/docs/enterprise/10/in-memory
《PostgreSQL 内存表》
社区版本使用unlogged table也可以达到类似内存表的功能。
create unlogged table
unlogged table 的几个特点：
1、unlogged table不记录wal日志，写入速度快，备库无数据，只有结构。
2、当数据库crash后，数据库重启时自动清空unlogged table的数据。
3、正常关闭数据库，再启动时，unlogged table有数据。
4、unlogged table通常用于中间结果，频繁变更的会话数据
unlogged table 与普通表的性能对比
1 普通表 synchronous_commit=on
pgbench -i -s 1000
100000000 of 100000000 tuples (100%) done (elapsed 96.10 s, remaining 0.00 s)
vacuum...
set primary keys...
done.
pgbench -M prepared -n -r -P 1 -c 28 -j 28 -T 360
transaction type:
scaling factor: 1000
query mode: prepared
number of clients: 28
number of threads: 28
duration: 360 s
number of transactions actually processed: 11619832
latency average = 0.867 ms
latency stddev = 0.588 ms
tps = 32277.202497 (including connections establishing)
tps = 32279.414353 (excluding connections establishing)
script statistics:
- statement latencies in milliseconds:
0.002 \set aid random(1, 100000 * :scale)
0.001 \set bid random(1, 1 * :scale)
0.001 \set tid random(1, 10 * :scale)
0.001 \set delta random(-5000, 5000)
0.061 BEGIN;
0.137 UPDATE pgbench_accounts SET abalance = abalance + :delta WHERE aid = :aid;
0.092 SELECT abalance FROM pgbench_accounts WHERE aid = :aid;
0.105 UPDATE pgbench_tellers SET tbalance = tbalance + :delta WHERE tid = :tid;
0.104 UPDATE pgbench_branches SET bbalance = bbalance + :delta WHERE bid = :bid;
0.088 INSERT INTO pgbench_history (tid, bid, aid, delta, mtime) VALUES (:tid, :bid, :aid, :delta, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP);
0.277 END;
同步提交，BACKEND PROCESS需要自己主动刷wal buffer。所以每个进程的写IO都很高。
Total DISK READ : 0.00 B/s | Total DISK WRITE : 430.03 M/s
Actual DISK READ: 0.00 B/s | Actual DISK WRITE: 431.46 M/s
TID PRIO USER DISK READ DISK WRITE SWAPIN IO> COMMAND
35100 be/4 postgres 0.00 B/s 6.04 M/s 0.00 % 2.48 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(40952) idle
35107 be/4 postgres 0.00 B/s 7.82 M/s 0.00 % 2.34 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(40966) idle in transaction
35108 be/4 postgres 0.00 B/s 8.91 M/s 0.00 % 2.29 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(40968) COMMIT
35113 be/4 postgres 0.00 B/s 7.00 M/s 0.00 % 2.25 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(40978) COMMIT
35098 be/4 postgres 0.00 B/s 7.17 M/s 0.00 % 2.24 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(40948) UPDATE
35116 be/4 postgres 0.00 B/s 6.78 M/s 0.00 % 2.19 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(40984) COMMIT
35097 be/4 postgres 0.00 B/s 6.38 M/s 0.00 % 2.17 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(40946) UPDATE
35096 be/4 postgres 0.00 B/s 7.84 M/s 0.00 % 2.16 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(40944) idle in transaction
35115 be/4 postgres 0.00 B/s 6.17 M/s 0.00 % 2.14 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(40982) COMMIT
35105 be/4 postgres 0.00 B/s 6.96 M/s 0.00 % 2.09 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(40962) SELECT
35101 be/4 postgres 0.00 B/s 6.67 M/s 0.00 % 2.08 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(40954) COMMIT
35106 be/4 postgres 0.00 B/s 6.27 M/s 0.00 % 2.07 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(40964) COMMIT
35110 be/4 postgres 0.00 B/s 6.17 M/s 0.00 % 2.06 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(40972) idle in transaction
35114 be/4 postgres 0.00 B/s 6.34 M/s 0.00 % 2.03 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(40980) COMMIT
35120 be/4 postgres 0.00 B/s 6.05 M/s 0.00 % 2.02 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(40992) idle in transaction
35119 be/4 postgres 0.00 B/s 6.95 M/s 0.00 % 2.00 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(40990) COMMIT
35095 be/4 postgres 0.00 B/s 6.41 M/s 0.00 % 1.97 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(40942) idle in transaction
35104 be/4 postgres 0.00 B/s 5.87 M/s 0.00 % 1.95 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(40960) UPDATE
35118 be/4 postgres 0.00 B/s 5.47 M/s 0.00 % 1.93 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(40988) idle in transaction
35109 be/4 postgres 0.00 B/s 6.35 M/s 0.00 % 1.91 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(40970) idle in transaction
35117 be/4 postgres 0.00 B/s 6.02 M/s 0.00 % 1.90 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(40986) COMMIT
35082 be/4 postgres 0.00 B/s 5.96 M/s 0.00 % 1.90 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(40938) idle in transaction
35102 be/4 postgres 0.00 B/s 5.92 M/s 0.00 % 1.89 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(40956) BINDCT
35111 be/4 postgres 0.00 B/s 6.08 M/s 0.00 % 1.89 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(40974) idle in transaction
35099 be/4 postgres 0.00 B/s 5.76 M/s 0.00 % 1.83 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(40950) UPDATE
35103 be/4 postgres 0.00 B/s 5.53 M/s 0.00 % 1.80 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(40958) COMMIT
35112 be/4 postgres 0.00 B/s 5.63 M/s 0.00 % 1.80 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(40976) idle in transaction
35094 be/4 postgres 0.00 B/s 5.37 M/s 0.00 % 1.75 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(40940) idle in transaction
49040 be/4 postgres 0.00 B/s 146.86 K/s 0.00 % 0.07 % postgres: wal writer process
49039 be/4 postgres 0.00 B/s 250.00 M/s 0.00 % 0.00 % postgres: writer process
2 普通表 synchronous_commit=off
alter role postgres set synchronous_commit=off;
wal_writer_delay = 10ms
wal_writer_flush_after = 1MB
pgbench -M prepared -n -r -P 1 -c 28 -j 28 -T 360
transaction type:
scaling factor: 1000
query mode: prepared
number of clients: 28
number of threads: 28
duration: 360 s
number of transactions actually processed: 16063922
latency average = 0.627 ms
latency stddev = 0.145 ms
tps = 44621.854810 (including connections establishing)
tps = 44624.950701 (excluding connections establishing)
script statistics:
- statement latencies in milliseconds:
0.002 \set aid random(1, 100000 * :scale)
0.001 \set bid random(1, 1 * :scale)
0.001 \set tid random(1, 10 * :scale)
0.000 \set delta random(-5000, 5000)
0.055 BEGIN;
0.124 UPDATE pgbench_accounts SET abalance = abalance + :delta WHERE aid = :aid;
0.089 SELECT abalance FROM pgbench_accounts WHERE aid = :aid;
0.099 UPDATE pgbench_tellers SET tbalance = tbalance + :delta WHERE tid = :tid;
0.098 UPDATE pgbench_branches SET bbalance = bbalance + :delta WHERE bid = :bid;
0.085 INSERT INTO pgbench_history (tid, bid, aid, delta, mtime) VALUES (:tid, :bid, :aid, :delta, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP);
0.074 END;
异步提交，BACKEND PROCESS不需要主动刷wal buffer。所以每个进程的写IO并不高。
Total DISK READ : 0.00 B/s | Total DISK WRITE : 334.69 M/s
Actual DISK READ: 0.00 B/s | Actual DISK WRITE: 338.86 M/s
TID PRIO USER DISK READ DISK WRITE SWAPIN IO> COMMAND
49040 be/4 postgres 0.00 B/s 32.97 M/s 0.00 % 2.35 % postgres: wal writer process
49039 be/4 postgres 0.00 B/s 299.81 M/s 0.00 % 0.59 % postgres: writer process
35673 be/4 postgres 0.00 B/s 0.00 B/s 0.00 % 0.01 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(41228) BIND
35656 be/4 postgres 0.00 B/s 7.71 K/s 0.00 % 0.01 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(41194) idle in transaction
35663 be/4 postgres 0.00 B/s 15.43 K/s 0.00 % 0.01 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(41208) UPDATE
35672 be/4 postgres 0.00 B/s 15.43 K/s 0.00 % 0.01 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(41226) idle in transaction
35661 be/4 postgres 0.00 B/s 1095.42 K/s 0.00 % 0.01 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(41204) INSERT
35650 be/4 postgres 0.00 B/s 15.43 K/s 0.00 % 0.01 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(41182) idle in transaction
35653 be/4 postgres 0.00 B/s 0.00 B/s 0.00 % 0.01 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(41188) idle
35662 be/4 postgres 0.00 B/s 15.43 K/s 0.00 % 0.01 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(41206) UPDATE
35667 be/4 postgres 0.00 B/s 15.43 K/s 0.00 % 0.01 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(41216) idle in transaction
35635 be/4 postgres 0.00 B/s 0.00 B/s 0.00 % 0.00 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(41174) UPDATEn transaction
35651 be/4 postgres 0.00 B/s 0.00 B/s 0.00 % 0.00 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(41184) idle in transaction
35666 be/4 postgres 0.00 B/s 0.00 B/s 0.00 % 0.00 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(41214) idle
35648 be/4 postgres 0.00 B/s 15.43 K/s 0.00 % 0.00 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(41178) UPDATE
35668 be/4 postgres 0.00 B/s 0.00 B/s 0.00 % 0.00 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(41218) idle in transaction
35664 be/4 postgres 0.00 B/s 0.00 B/s 0.00 % 0.00 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(41210) idle in transaction
35659 be/4 postgres 0.00 B/s 7.71 K/s 0.00 % 0.00 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(41200) UPDATE
35665 be/4 postgres 0.00 B/s 15.43 K/s 0.00 % 0.00 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(41212) idle in transaction
35657 be/4 postgres 0.00 B/s 15.43 K/s 0.00 % 0.00 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(41196) BIND
35660 be/4 postgres 0.00 B/s 0.00 B/s 0.00 % 0.00 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(41202) idle in transaction
35652 be/4 postgres 0.00 B/s 655.71 K/s 0.00 % 0.00 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(41186) UPDATE
35655 be/4 postgres 0.00 B/s 7.71 K/s 0.00 % 0.00 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(41192) COMMIT
35654 be/4 postgres 0.00 B/s 15.43 K/s 0.00 % 0.00 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(41190) idle
35658 be/4 postgres 0.00 B/s 0.00 B/s 0.00 % 0.00 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(41198) idle
35670 be/4 postgres 0.00 B/s 15.43 K/s 0.00 % 0.00 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(41222) idle
35649 be/4 postgres 0.00 B/s 7.71 K/s 0.00 % 0.00 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(41180) UPDATE
35647 be/4 postgres 0.00 B/s 15.43 K/s 0.00 % 0.00 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(41176) UPDATE
35671 be/4 postgres 0.00 B/s 0.00 B/s 0.00 % 0.00 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(41224) idle in transaction
35669 be/4 postgres 0.00 B/s 7.71 K/s 0.00 % 0.00 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(41220) idle in transaction
49060 be/4 postgres 0.00 B/s 0.00 B/s 0.00 % 0.00 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(65006) idle
3 unlogged table
pgbench -i -s 1000 --unlogged-tables
100000000 of 100000000 tuples (100%) done (elapsed 81.19 s, remaining 0.00 s)
vacuum...
set primary keys...
done.
pgbench -M prepared -n -r -P 1 -c 28 -j 28 -T 360
transaction type:
scaling factor: 1000
query mode: prepared
number of clients: 28
number of threads: 28
duration: 360 s
number of transactions actually processed: 16551654
latency average = 0.609 ms
latency stddev = 0.374 ms
tps = 45973.045817 (including connections establishing)
tps = 45976.645113 (excluding connections establishing)
script statistics:
- statement latencies in milliseconds:
0.002 \set aid random(1, 100000 * :scale)
0.001 \set bid random(1, 1 * :scale)
0.001 \set tid random(1, 10 * :scale)
0.000 \set delta random(-5000, 5000)
0.054 BEGIN;
0.119 UPDATE pgbench_accounts SET abalance = abalance + :delta WHERE aid = :aid;
0.088 SELECT abalance FROM pgbench_accounts WHERE aid = :aid;
0.096 UPDATE pgbench_tellers SET tbalance = tbalance + :delta WHERE tid = :tid;
0.095 UPDATE pgbench_branches SET bbalance = bbalance + :delta WHERE bid = :bid;
0.081 INSERT INTO pgbench_history (tid, bid, aid, delta, mtime) VALUES (:tid, :bid, :aid, :delta, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP);
0.072 END;
unlogged table不写 WAL日志。
writer process 是bgwrite进程，异步write dirty shared buffer。
Total DISK READ : 0.00 B/s | Total DISK WRITE : 322.65 M/s
Actual DISK READ: 0.00 B/s | Actual DISK WRITE: 316.41 M/s
TID PRIO USER DISK READ DISK WRITE SWAPIN IO> COMMAND
49040 be/4 postgres 0.00 B/s 1811.20 K/s 0.00 % 0.74 % postgres: wal writer process
49039 be/4 postgres 0.00 B/s 315.29 M/s 0.00 % 0.00 % postgres: writer process
34947 be/4 postgres 0.00 B/s 7.71 K/s 0.00 % 0.01 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(40916) SELECT
34948 be/4 postgres 0.00 B/s 38.54 K/s 0.00 % 0.01 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(40918) BIND
34928 be/4 postgres 0.00 B/s 15.41 K/s 0.00 % 0.01 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(40878) BIND
34930 be/4 postgres 0.00 B/s 23.12 K/s 0.00 % 0.01 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(40882) idle in transaction
34912 be/4 postgres 0.00 B/s 7.71 K/s 0.00 % 0.01 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(40874) idle in transaction
34944 be/4 postgres 0.00 B/s 655.11 K/s 0.00 % 0.01 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(40910) idle in transaction
34935 be/4 postgres 0.00 B/s 23.12 K/s 0.00 % 0.01 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(40892) BIND
34939 be/4 postgres 0.00 B/s 816.97 K/s 0.00 % 0.00 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(40900) idle
34933 be/4 postgres 0.00 B/s 23.12 K/s 0.00 % 0.00 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(40888) idle in transaction
34952 be/4 postgres 0.00 B/s 7.71 K/s 0.00 % 0.00 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(40926) idle in transaction
34936 be/4 postgres 0.00 B/s 23.12 K/s 0.00 % 0.00 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(40894) idle in transaction
34946 be/4 postgres 0.00 B/s 0.00 B/s 0.00 % 0.00 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(40914) idle
34929 be/4 postgres 0.00 B/s 801.55 K/s 0.00 % 0.00 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(40880) idle in transaction
34943 be/4 postgres 0.00 B/s 493.26 K/s 0.00 % 0.00 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(40908) idle in transaction
34932 be/4 postgres 0.00 B/s 493.26 K/s 0.00 % 0.00 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(40886) BIND
34942 be/4 postgres 0.00 B/s 38.54 K/s 0.00 % 0.00 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(40906) BIND
34931 be/4 postgres 0.00 B/s 0.00 B/s 0.00 % 0.00 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(40884) idle in transaction
34951 be/4 postgres 0.00 B/s 30.83 K/s 0.00 % 0.00 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(40924) idle in transaction
34927 be/4 postgres 0.00 B/s 7.71 K/s 0.00 % 0.00 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(40876) UPDATE waiting
34953 be/4 postgres 0.00 B/s 23.12 K/s 0.00 % 0.00 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(40928) UPDATE waiting
34949 be/4 postgres 0.00 B/s 38.54 K/s 0.00 % 0.00 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(40920) idle in transaction
34945 be/4 postgres 0.00 B/s 46.24 K/s 0.00 % 0.00 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(40912) UPDATE
34950 be/4 postgres 0.00 B/s 15.41 K/s 0.00 % 0.00 % postgres: postgres postgres 127.0.0.1(40922) idle in transaction
49036 be/4 postgres 0.00 B/s 3.85 K/s 0.00 % 0.00 % postgres: logger process
小结
1、写性能
unlogged table > 普通表(异步事务) > 普通表(同步事务)
2、资源消耗
unlogged table 不写WAL，IO开销小。
3、适应场景
批量计算的中间结果，频繁变更的会话数据。
4、注意事项
4.1、unlogged table不记录wal日志，写入速度快，备库无数据，只有结构。
4.2、当数据库crash后，数据库重启时自动清空unlogged table的数据。
参考
https://postgrespro.com/docs/enterprise/10/in-memory
《PostgreSQL 内存表》
https://www.postgresql.org/docs/11/static/sql-createtable.html