标签(空格分隔): java网络编程
get请求是一个空行结束,也就是\r\n\r\n
启用cookie:
CookieManager manager = new CookieManager();
CookieHandler.setDefault(manager);
接受策略:
CookiePolicy.ACCEPT_ALL接受所有cookie
CookiePolicy.ACCEPT_NONE不接受任何cookie
CookiePolicy.ACCEPT_ORIGINAL_SERVER只接受第一坊cookie
使用:
manager.setCookiePolicy(CookiePolicy.ACCEPT_ORIGINAL_SERVER)
自定义:实现CookiePolicy接口:
public boolean shouldAccept(URI uri, HttpCookie cookie)
例如:
public class NoGovernmentCookies implements CookiePolicy{
@overide
public boolean shouldAccept(URI uri, HttpCookie cookie){
if (uri.getAuthority().toLowerCase().endsWith(".gov")
|| cooke.getDomain().toLowerCase().endsWith(".gov")){
return false;//阻止
}
}
return true;
}
}
是一个抽象类,表示指向URL指定资源的活动连接
使用该类的一般步骤(不一定全部执行):
1. 构造一个URL对象
2. 调用openConnection创建URLConnection对象
3. 配置URLConnection
3. 读取首部字段
5. 获取输入流并读取数据
6. 获取输出流并写入数据
7. 关闭连接
第一次构造URLConnection时,是没有socket连接这两个主机,connect()方法在本地和远程主机之间建立一个连接。同时对于getInputStream(),getContent(),getHeaderField()和其他要求打开连接的方法,如果未打开,会自动调用connect()
案例:用URLConnection下载一个WEB页面:
public class SourceViewer2 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
if (args.length > 0) {
try {
URL u = new URL(args[0]);
URLConnection uc = u.openConnection();
try (InputStream raw = uc.getInputStream()) {
InputStream buffer = new BufferedInputStream(raw);
Reader reader = new InputStreamReader(buffer);
int c;
while ((c = reader.read()) != -1) {
System.out.println((char) c);
}
}
} catch (MalformedURLException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
}
URLConnection和URL的区别
URLConnection 提供了对HTTP首部的访问
可以配置服务器的请求参数
可以向服务器写入数据
public String getContentType()
返回响应主体的MIME类型(可能包括编码类型,因此可以按指定的编码方式解码)
public int getContentLength()
内容有多少字节,如果没有该首部就返回-1,如果字节数超出int范围应该使用:
public long getContentLengthLong();//java7
示例:下载二进制文件
public class BinarySaver {
public static void main(String[] args) {
for (int i = 0; i < args.length; i++) {
try {
URL root = new URL(args[i]);
saveBinaryFile(root);
} catch (MalformedURLException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
private static void saveBinaryFile(URL u) throws IOException {
URLConnection uc = u.openConnection();
String contentType = uc.getContentType();
int contentLength = uc.getContentLength();
if (contentType.startsWith("text/") || contentLength == -1) {
throw new IOException("This is not a binary file.");
}
try (InputStream rwa = uc.getInputStream()) {
InputStream in = new BufferedInputStream(rwa);
byte[] data = new byte[contentLength];
int offset = 0;
while (offset < contentLength) {
int bytesRead = in.read(data, offset, data.length - offset);
if (bytesRead ==-1) break;
offset += bytesRead;
}
if (offset != contentLength) {
throw new IOException("not read all");
}
String filename = u.getFile();
filename = filename.substring(filename.lastIndexOf("/") + 1);
try (FileOutputStream fout = new FileOutputStream(filename)) {
fout.write(data);
fout.flush();
}
}
}
获取内容编码方式(字节如何编码成字节)(不同于字符编码):
public String getContentEncoding()
没有编码 返回null
获取发送时间:
public long getDate();//没有就返回0
Date document = new Date(uc.getDate());
过期日期:
public long getExpiration()
最后修改日期:
public long getLastModified
public String getHeaderField(String name);//不区分大小写
public String getHeaderFieldKey(int n);//返回第n个首部字段
public String getHeaderField(int n);//返回第n个字段的值
public long getHeaderFieldDate(String name, long default);//将值转换为long
public long getHeaderFieldInt(String name, int default);//转化为int
一般情况下使用get通过HTTP访问的页面可以缓存,也应当缓存,相关的HTTP首部:
Expires首部:指定缓存的时间
Cache-control首部(和上面同出现,会覆盖它):
max-aget=[seconds]:
s-maxage=[seconds]: 到过期之前的秒数
public:可以缓存一个经过认证的响应
private: 仅单个用户缓存可以保存响应
no-cache: 客户端每次都要用Etag或Last-modified首部重新验证响应的状态
no-store:不管怎么样都不缓存
Last_modified:最后一次修改的日期
Etag:验证本地缓存的标志,标志不同时,才执行get请求
默认情况下java并不完成缓存,如果要缓存需要:
ResponseCache(处理后面两个的类),CacheRequest,CacheResponse
一旦安装了缓存,只要系统尝试加载一个URL,它首先会在这个缓存中找。
ResponseCache的两个方法:
public abstract CacheResponse get(...);//获取缓存数据和首部(其中会用到CacheRequest)
public abstract CacheRequest put(...);//获取缓存,通过一个流
java要求一次只能有一个URL缓存。要安装或者改变缓存,需要使用:
public static ResponseCace.setDefault()
public static void setDefault(ResponseCache responseCache)
URLConnection主要有7个保护的实例字段,定了发送的请求
URL url;
boolean DoInput = true;
boolean doOutput = false;
allowUserInteraction = defaultAllowUserInteraction;
boolean useCaches = defaultUserCaches;
long ifModifiedSince = 0;
boolean connected = false;
这些值都是通过get和set方法获取和改变(后两个没有get和set,更改在连接之前)
URLConnection会有一些默认的首部,添加首部:
public void setRequestProperty(String name, String value);
增加属性:
public void addRequestProperty(String name, String value);
获取属性:
public String getRequestProperty(String name);
public Map> getRequestProperties();
URLConnection默认不输出,因此请求输出之前必须调用setDoOutput(true),这时请求方法变成POST。GET仅限于安全的操作,如搜索请求或页面导航,不能用于创建或修改资源的不安全操作。输出通过流输出:
public OutputStream getOutputStream();
案例:提交表单数据
编码转换的类:
public class QueryString {
private StringBuilder query = new StringBuilder();
public QueryString() {
}
public synchronized void add(String name, String value) {
query.append("&");
encode(name, value);
}
private void encode(String name, String value) {
try {
query.append(URLEncoder.encode(name, "UTF-8"));
query.append("=");
query.append(URLEncoder.encode(value, "UTF-8"));
} catch (UnsupportedEncodingException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
public synchronized String getQuery() {
return query.toString();
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return getQuery();
}
}
主类:
public class FormPoster {
private URL url;
private QueryString query = new QueryString();
public FormPoster(URL url) {
if (!url.getProtocol().toLowerCase().startsWith("http")) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException("not http URLs");
}
this.url = url;
}
public void add(String name, String value) {
query.add(name, value);
}
public URL getURL() {
return this.url;
}
public InputStream post() throws IOException {
URLConnection uc = url.openConnection();
uc.setDoOutput(true);
try (OutputStreamWriter out = new OutputStreamWriter(uc.getOutputStream(),"UTF-8")) {
out.write(query.toString());
out.write("\r\n");
out.flush();
}
return uc.getInputStream();
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
URL url;
if (args.length > 0) {
try {
url = new URL(args[0]);
} catch (MalformedURLException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
return;
}
} else {
try {
url = new URL("http://www.xx.com/xx.html");
} catch (MalformedURLException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
return;
}
}
FormPoster poster = new FormPoster(url);
poster.add("name", "xx");
poster.add("email", "xx");
try (InputStream in = poster.post()) {
Reader r = new InputStreamReader(in);
int c ;
while ((c = r.read()) != -1) {
System.out.println((char)c);
}
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
public Permission getPermission() throws IOException
返回一个Permission来测试是否能建立URLConnection连接
仅是猜测
public static String guessContentTypeFromName(String name);
public static String guessContentTypeFromStream(InputStream in);
该类是URLConnection的抽象子类。可以改变请求方法(默认是GET):
public void setRequestMethos(String method) throws ProtocolException
参数选项:GET POST HEAD PUT DELETE OPTIONS TRACE
获取响应吗和响应内容:
public int getResponseCode() throws IOException
public String getResponseMessage() throws IOException
得到错误消息:
public InputStream getErrorStream()