java 分布式ID生成器

分布式ID生成器

  1. 使用UUID:缺点:太长,且没有顺序。
  2. 使用Redis:缺点:Redis压力大,以及额外网络开销。
  3. 使用分布式ID生成器:是由程序来生成唯一的主键的值。(本文使用)

snowflake(雪花)算法

/**
 * 

名称:IdWorker.java

*

描述:分布式自增长ID

*
 *     Twitter的 Snowflake JAVA实现方案
 * 
* 核心代码为其IdWorker这个类实现,其原理结构如下,我分别用一个0表示一位,用—分割开部分的作用: * 1||0---0000000000 0000000000 0000000000 0000000000 0 --- 00000 ---00000 ---000000000000 * 在上面的字符串中,第一位为未使用(实际上也可作为long的符号位),接下来的41位为毫秒级时间, * 然后5位datacenter标识位,5位机器ID(并不算标识符,实际是为线程标识), * 然后12位该毫秒内的当前毫秒内的计数,加起来刚好64位,为一个Long型。 * 这样的好处是,整体上按照时间自增排序,并且整个分布式系统内不会产生ID碰撞(由datacenter和机器ID作区分), * 并且效率较高,经测试,snowflake每秒能够产生26万ID左右,完全满足需要。 *

* 64位ID (42(毫秒)+5(机器ID)+5(业务编码)+12(重复累加)) */ public class IdWorker { // 时间起始标记点,作为基准,一般取系统的最近时间(一旦确定不能变动) private final static long TWEPOCH = 1288834974657L; // 机器标识位数 private final static long WORKER_ID_BITS = 5L; // 数据中心标识位数 private final static long DATACENTER_ID_BITS = 5L; // 机器ID最大值 private final static long MAX_WORKER_ID = -1L ^ (-1L << WORKER_ID_BITS); // 数据中心ID最大值 private final static long MAX_DATACENTER_ID = -1L ^ (-1L << DATACENTER_ID_BITS); // 毫秒内自增位 private final static long SEQUENCE_BITS = 12L; // 机器ID偏左移12位 private final static long WORKER_ID_SHIFT = SEQUENCE_BITS; // 数据中心ID左移17位 private final static long DATACENTER_ID_SHIFT = SEQUENCE_BITS + WORKER_ID_BITS; // 时间毫秒左移22位 private final static long TIMESTAMP_LEFT_SHIFT = SEQUENCE_BITS + WORKER_ID_BITS + DATACENTER_ID_BITS; private final static long SEQUENCE_MASK = -1L ^ (-1L << SEQUENCE_BITS); /* 上次生产id时间戳 */ private static long lastTimestamp = -1L; // 0,并发控制 private long sequence = 0L; private final long workerId; // 数据标识id部分 private final long datacenterId; public IdWorker(){ this.datacenterId = getDatacenterId(MAX_DATACENTER_ID); this.workerId = getMaxWorkerId(datacenterId, MAX_WORKER_ID); } /** * @param workerId 工作机器ID * @param datacenterId 序列号 */ public IdWorker(long workerId, long datacenterId) { if (workerId > MAX_WORKER_ID || workerId < 0) { throw new IllegalArgumentException(String.format("worker Id can't be greater than %d or less than 0", MAX_WORKER_ID)); } if (datacenterId > MAX_DATACENTER_ID || datacenterId < 0) { throw new IllegalArgumentException(String.format("datacenter Id can't be greater than %d or less than 0", MAX_DATACENTER_ID)); } this.workerId = workerId; this.datacenterId = datacenterId; } /** * 获取下一个ID * * @return */ public synchronized long nextId() { long timestamp = timeGen(); if (timestamp < lastTimestamp) { throw new RuntimeException(String.format("Clock moved backwards. Refusing to generate id for %d milliseconds", lastTimestamp - timestamp)); } if (lastTimestamp == timestamp) { // 当前毫秒内,则+1 sequence = (sequence + 1) & SEQUENCE_MASK; if (sequence == 0) { // 当前毫秒内计数满了,则等待下一毫秒 timestamp = tilNextMillis(lastTimestamp); } } else { sequence = 0L; } lastTimestamp = timestamp; // ID偏移组合生成最终的ID,并返回ID long nextId = ((timestamp - TWEPOCH) << TIMESTAMP_LEFT_SHIFT) | (datacenterId << DATACENTER_ID_SHIFT) | (workerId << WORKER_ID_SHIFT) | sequence; return nextId; } private long tilNextMillis(final long lastTimestamp) { long timestamp = this.timeGen(); while (timestamp <= lastTimestamp) { timestamp = this.timeGen(); } return timestamp; } private long timeGen() { return System.currentTimeMillis(); } /** *

* 获取 maxWorkerId *

*/
protected static long getMaxWorkerId(long datacenterId, long maxWorkerId) { StringBuffer mpid = new StringBuffer(); mpid.append(datacenterId); String name = ManagementFactory.getRuntimeMXBean().getName(); if (!name.isEmpty()) { /* * GET jvmPid */ mpid.append(name.split("@")[0]); } /* * MAC + PID 的 hashcode 获取16个低位 */ return (mpid.toString().hashCode() & 0xffff) % (maxWorkerId + 1); } /** *

* 数据标识id部分 *

*/
protected static long getDatacenterId(long maxDatacenterId) { long id = 0L; try { InetAddress ip = InetAddress.getLocalHost(); NetworkInterface network = NetworkInterface.getByInetAddress(ip); if (network == null) { id = 1L; } else { byte[] mac = network.getHardwareAddress(); id = ((0x000000FF & (long) mac[mac.length - 1]) | (0x0000FF00 & (((long) mac[mac.length - 2]) << 8))) >> 6; id = id % (maxDatacenterId + 1); } } catch (Exception e) { System.out.println(" getDatacenterId: " + e.getMessage()); } return id; } }

测试

public class IdWorkerTest {

    @Test
    public void nextId() {

        IdWorker idWorker = new IdWorker();
        for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
            System.out.println(idWorker.nextId());
        }
    }
}

输出

1164145902732673024
1164145902736867328
1164145902736867329
1164145902736867330
1164145902736867331
1164145902736867332
1164145902736867333
1164145902736867334
1164145902736867335
1164145902736867336

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