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Http鍗忚
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HTTP鏄竴涓睘浜庡簲鐢ㄥ眰鐨勯潰鍚戝璞＄殑鍗忚锛岀敱浜庡叾绠�鎹枫�佸揩閫熺殑鏂瑰紡锛岄�傜敤浜庡垎甯冨紡瓒呭獟浣撲俊鎭郴缁熴��
HTTP鍗忚鐨勪富瑕佺壒鐐瑰彲姒傛嫭濡備笅锛�
1.鏀寔瀹㈡埛/鏈嶅姟鍣ㄦā寮忋��
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Http璇锋眰澶村拰甯歌鍝嶅簲鐘舵�佺爜
HTTP 1.1涓姞鍏ヤ簡鈥淗ost鈥濊姹傚ご瀛楁聽 鏀寔闀胯繛鎺�
2xx锛氭垚鍔�--琛ㄧず璇锋眰宸茶鎴愬姛鎺ユ敹銆佺悊瑙ｃ�佹帴鍙�
4xx锛氬鎴风閿欒--璇锋眰鏈夎娉曢敊璇垨璇锋眰鏃犳硶瀹炵幇
瑁呴グ鍣�
聽 聽 闈㈠悜鍒囬潰缂栫▼AOP
def聽deco(func):
聽聽聽聽def聽_deco():
聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽print("before myfunc() called.")
聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽func()
聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽print("聽 after myfunc() called.")
聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽# 涓嶉渶瑕佽繑鍥瀎unc锛屽疄闄呬笂搴旇繑鍥炲師鍑芥暟鐨勮繑鍥炲��
聽聽聽聽return聽_deco
@deco
def聽myfunc():
聽聽聽聽print(" myfunc() called.")
聽聽聽聽return聽'ok'
myfunc()
python鍙傛暟
*args聽and聽**kwargs
def funcC(a, b=0):聽 funcB(a=100, b=99)聽 def funcD(a, b, *c):
蹇呴』鍙傛暟聽 缂虹渷鍙傛暟聽 鍙彉鍙傛暟tuple 鍏抽敭瀛楀弬鏁癲ict
鐢�*args鍜�**kwargs鍙槸涓轰簡鏂逛究骞舵病鏈夊己鍒朵娇鐢ㄥ畠浠�.
褰撲綘涓嶇‘瀹氫綘鐨勫嚱鏁伴噷灏嗚浼犻�掑灏戝弬鏁版椂浣犲彲浠ョ敤*args.渚嬪,瀹冨彲浠ヤ紶閫掍换鎰忔暟閲忕殑鍙傛暟:
Python
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>>> def print_everything(*args):
for count, thing in enumerate(args):
... print '{0}. {1}'.format(count, thing)
...
>>> print_everything('apple', 'banana', 'cabbage')
0. apple
1. banana
2. cabbage
鐩镐技鐨�,**kwargs鍏佽浣犱娇鐢ㄦ病鏈変簨鍏堝畾涔夌殑鍙傛暟鍚�:
Python
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>>> def table_things(**kwargs):
... for name, value in kwargs.items():
... print '{0} = {1}'.format(name, value)
...
>>> table_things(apple = 'fruit', cabbage = 'vegetable')
cabbage = vegetable
apple = fruit
python 涓嶉渶瑕侀噸杞�
鍑芥暟閲嶈浇涓昏鏄负浜嗚В鍐充袱涓棶棰樸��
鍙彉鍙傛暟绫诲瀷銆偮� 聽 python 鍙互鎺ュ彈浠讳綍绫诲瀷鐨勫弬鏁�
鍙彉鍙傛暟涓暟銆偮� 聽 缂虹渷鍙傛暟
鏂板紡绫诲拰鏃у紡绫�
鏂板紡绫绘槸骞垮害浼樺厛,鏃у紡绫绘槸娣卞害浼樺厛)聽
缁ф壙object鐨勬槸鏂板紡绫�
__new__鍜宊_init__鐨勫尯鍒�
__new__鏄竴涓潤鎬佹柟娉�,鑰宊_init__鏄竴涓疄渚嬫柟娉�.
new鏂规硶浼氳繑鍥炴墍鏋勯�犵殑瀵硅薄锛宨nit鍒欎笉浼�.
new鍑芥暟蹇呴』浠ls浣滀负绗竴涓弬鏁帮紝鑰宨nit鍒欎互self浣滀负鍏剁涓�涓弬鏁�.
鍗曚緥妯″紡
瑁呴グ鍣ㄧ増鏈�
def singleton(cls, *args, **kw):
聽聽聽聽instances = {}
聽聽聽聽def getinstance():
聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽if cls not in instances:
聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽instances[cls] = cls(*args, **kw)
聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽return instances[cls]
聽聽聽聽return getinstance
@singleton
class MyClass:
class Singleton(object):
__instance=None
def__init__(self):
pass
def__new__(cls,*args,**kwd):
if Singleton.__instance is None:
Singleton.__instance=object.__new__(cls,*args,**kwd)
return Singleton.__instance
import鏂规硶
浣滀负python鐨勬ā鍧楁槸澶╃劧鐨勫崟渚嬫ā寮�
Python
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# mysingleton.py
class My_Singleton(object):
def foo(self):
pass
my_singleton = My_Singleton()
# to use
from mysingleton import my_singleton
my_singleton.foo()
@classmethod聽 聽 @staticmethod聽 @property杩欎笁涓楗板櫒鐨勪娇鐢ㄥ璞℃槸鍦ㄧ被涓畾涔夌殑鍑芥暟聽 property鎶婁竴涓柟娉曞彉鎴愬睘鎬ц皟鐢紝閫氬父鐢ㄥ湪灞炴�х殑get鏂规硶鍜宻et鏂规硶锛�閫氳繃璁剧疆@property鍙互瀹炵幇瀹炰緥鎴愬憳鍙橀噺鐨勭洿鎺ヨ闂�锛屽張淇濈暀浜嗗弬鏁扮殑妫�鏌ャ��
鏈楗扮殑鏂规硶杩樻槸姝ｅ父鐨勮涓烘柟寮忥紝闇�瑕佸綋鍓嶇殑绫诲疄渚嬶紙self锛変綔涓虹涓�涓弬鏁般��
绫绘柟娉曠殑绗竴涓弬鏁版案杩滄槸璇ョ被
闈欐�佹柟娉曪紙static method锛変腑闄や簡浣犺皟鐢ㄦ椂浼犲叆鐨勫弬鏁颁互澶栵紝娌℃湁鍏朵粬鐨勫弬鏁般��
@property鏄疄鐜癵etter鍜宻etter鏂规硶鐨勪竴绉嶆柟寮忋�傜洿鎺ヨ皟鐢ㄥ畠浠槸閿欒鐨勩��
# 鈥滃彧璇烩�濆睘鎬у彲浠ラ�氳繃鍙畾涔塯etter鏂规硶锛屼笉瀹氫箟setter鏂规硶瀹炵幇銆�
class MyClass:
...
聽 @classmethod聽 # classmethod鐨勪慨楗扮聽 def class_method(cls, arg1, arg2, ...):
聽 ...
聽 @staticmethod聽 # staticmethod鐨勪慨楗扮聽 def static_method(arg1, arg2, ...):
聽 ...
瀵逛簬classmethod鐨勫弬鏁帮紝闇�瑕侀殣寮忓湴浼犻�掔被鍚嶏紝鑰宻taticmethod鍙傛暟涓垯涓嶉渶瑕佷紶閫掔被鍚嶏紝鍏跺疄杩欏氨鏄簩鑰呮渶澶х殑鍖哄埆銆�
Python涓殑浣滅敤鍩�
Python 涓紝涓�涓彉閲忕殑浣滅敤鍩熸�绘槸鐢卞湪浠ｇ爜涓璧嬪�肩殑鍦版柟鎵�鍐冲畾鐨勩��
褰� Python 閬囧埌涓�涓彉閲忕殑璇濅粬浼氭寜鐓ц繖鏍风殑椤哄簭杩涜鎼滅储锛�
鏈湴浣滅敤鍩燂紙Local锛夆啋褰撳墠浣滅敤鍩熻宓屽叆鐨勬湰鍦颁綔鐢ㄥ煙锛圗nclosing locals锛夆啋鍏ㄥ眬/妯″潡浣滅敤鍩燂紙Global锛夆啋鍐呯疆浣滅敤鍩燂紙Built-in锛�
GIL绾跨▼鍏ㄥ眬閿�
绾跨▼鍏ㄥ眬閿�(Global Interpreter Lock),鍗砅ython涓轰簡淇濊瘉绾跨▼瀹夊叏鑰岄噰鍙栫殑鐙珛绾跨▼杩愯鐨勯檺鍒�,璇寸櫧浜嗗氨鏄竴涓牳鍙兘鍦ㄥ悓涓�鏃堕棿杩愯涓�涓嚎绋�.
鍗忕▼
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Python閲屾渶甯歌鐨剏ield灏辨槸鍗忕▼鐨勬�濇兂!
闂寘
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鍐呭祵鍑芥暟蹇呴』寮曠敤澶栭儴鍑芥暟涓殑鍙橀噺
澶栭儴鍑芥暟鐨勮繑鍥炲�煎繀椤绘槸鍐呭祵鍑芥暟
鍖垮悕鍑芥暟
>>> map(lambda x: x * x, [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9])
[1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81]
>>> f = lambda x: x * x
>>> f
at 0x10453d7d0>
>>> f(5)
25
def build(x, y):
聽 聽 return lambda: x * x + y * y
鍋忓嚱鏁�
functools.partial灏辨槸甯姪鎴戜滑鍒涘缓涓�涓亸鍑芥暟鐨勶紝涓嶉渶瑕佹垜浠嚜宸卞畾涔塱nt2()锛屽彲浠ョ洿鎺ヤ娇鐢ㄤ笅闈㈢殑浠ｇ爜鍒涘缓涓�涓柊鐨勫嚱鏁癷nt2锛�
>>> import functools>>> int2 = functools.partial(int, base=2)>>> int2('1000000')64>>> int2('1010101')85
楂橀樁鍑芥暟聽 鍑芥暟寮忕紪绋�
鏃㈢劧鍙橀噺鍙互鎸囧悜鍑芥暟锛屽嚱鏁扮殑鍙傛暟鑳芥帴鏀跺彉閲忥紝閭ｄ箞涓�涓嚱鏁板氨鍙互鎺ユ敹鍙︿竴涓嚱鏁颁綔涓哄弬鏁帮紝杩欑鍑芥暟灏辩О涔嬩负楂橀樁鍑芥暟銆�
def add(x, y, f):
聽 聽 return f(x) + f(y)
x ==> -5y ==> 6f ==> abs
f(x) + f(y) ==> abs(-5) + abs(6) ==> 11
map
>>> def f(x):...聽 聽 return x * x
...>>> map(f, [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9])
[1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81]
reduce
>>> def add(x, y):...聽 聽 return x + y
...>>> reduce(add, [1, 3, 5, 7, 9])25
filter
def is_odd(n):
聽 聽 return n % 2 == 1filter(is_odd, [1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 15])# 缁撴灉: [1, 5, 9, 15]
鍐呯疆妯″潡鍜岀涓夋柟妯″潡
os,sys,urllib,urllib2,re,json锛宑opy锛宺andom锛� itertools锛宖unctools锛宻hutil锛宲ickle锛宻qlite3,string,gzip,csv,hashlib,md5,io ,time,platform,select,threading,subprocess,xmldom,cookie,parser
lxml聽 etree锛宑ollection
绗笁鏂瑰簱
BeautifulSoup锛寈lwt锛堢敤浜庡皢鏁版嵁鍐欏埌excel鏂囦欢锛夛紝scrapy锛宲yspider锛孭IL锛堢敤浜庡鐞嗗浘鍍忔柟闈㈢殑鍥惧舰搴擄級
Numpy锛氶珮闃跺ぇ閲忕殑鐭╅樀杩愮畻锛宲ip锛宒jango锛寃ebpy锛宼wisted锛宲yqt锛宮ySQLdb锛宲y2exe锛岀敤浜庣敓鎴愭枃鏈殑妯℃澘宸ュ叿Jinja2锛宭ogging锛宻park锛宲ymango锛宖lask锛宻elenium锛宮atplotlib 鐢诲浘锛実event聽 锛宔xcept锛宻ched
Python鎵�鏈夌殑鍐呯疆鍑芥暟
Built-in Functions
abs()divmod()input()open()staticmethod()
all()enumerate()int()ord()str()
any()eval()isinstance()pow()sum()
basestring()execfile()issubclass()print()super()
bin()file()iter()property()tuple()
bool()filter()len()range()type()
bytearray()float()list()raw_input()unichr()
callable()format()locals()reduce()unicode()
chr()frozenset()long()reload()vars()
classmethod()getattr()map()repr()xrange()
cmp()globals()max()reversed()zip()
compile()hasattr()memoryview()round()__import__()
complex()hash()min()set()apply()
delattr()help()next()setattr()buffer()
dict()hex()object()slice()coerce()
dir()id()oct()sorted()intern()
re
# encoding: UTF-8
import聽re
# 灏嗘鍒欒〃杈惧紡缂栬瘧鎴怭attern瀵硅薄
pattern =聽re.compile(r'hello')
# 浣跨敤Pattern鍖归厤鏂囨湰锛岃幏寰楀尮閰嶇粨鏋滐紝鏃犳硶鍖归厤鏃跺皢杩斿洖None
match =聽pattern.match('hello world!')
if聽match:
聽聽聽聽# 浣跨敤Match鑾峰緱鍒嗙粍淇℃伅
聽聽聽聽print聽match.group()
### 杈撳嚭 ###
# hello
copy 鍜宒eepcopy
娴呭鍒跺彧澶嶅埗瀵硅薄鏈韩锛屾病鏈夊鍒惰瀵硅薄鎵�寮曠敤鐨勫璞°��
Python
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#coding=gbk
import copy
l1 = [1, 2, [3, 4]]
l2 = copy.copy(l1)
print l1
print l2
l2[2][0] = 50
print l1
print l2
#---- 缁撴灉 ----
[1, 2, [3, 4]]
[1, 2, [3, 4]]
[1, 2, [50, 4]]
[1, 2, [50, 4]]
鍚屾牱鐨勪唬鐮侊紝浣跨敤娣卞鍒讹紝缁撴灉灏变笉涓�鏍凤細
Python
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import copy
l1 = [1, 2, [3, 4]]
l2 = copy.deepcopy(l1)
print l1
print l2
l2[2][0] = 50
print l1
print l2
#---- 缁撴灉 ----
[1, 2, [3, 4]]
[1, 2, [3, 4]]
[1, 2, [3, 4]]
[1, 2, [50, 4]]
import copy
a = [1, 2, 3, 4, ['a', 'b']]聽聽#鍘熷瀵硅薄
b = a聽聽#璧嬪�硷紝浼犲璞＄殑寮曠敤
c = copy.copy(a)聽聽#瀵硅薄鎷疯礉锛屾祬鎷疯礉
d = copy.deepcopy(a)聽聽#瀵硅薄鎷疯礉锛屾繁鎷疯礉
a.append(5)聽聽#淇敼瀵硅薄a
a[4].append('c')聽聽#淇敼瀵硅薄a涓殑['a', 'b']鏁扮粍瀵硅薄
print 'a = ', a
print 'b = ', b
print 'c = ', c
print 'd = ', d
杈撳嚭缁撴灉锛�
a =聽聽[1, 2, 3, 4, ['a', 'b', 'c'], 5]
b =聽聽[1, 2, 3, 4, ['a', 'b', 'c'], 5]
c =聽聽[1, 2, 3, 4, ['a', 'b', 'c']]
d =聽聽[1, 2, 3, 4, ['a', 'b']]
os鍜宻ys
os妯″潡璐熻矗绋嬪簭涓庢搷浣滅郴缁熺殑浜や簰锛屾彁渚涗簡璁块棶鎿嶄綔绯荤粺搴曞眰鐨勬帴鍙�;sys妯″潡璐熻矗绋嬪簭涓�Python瑙ｉ噴鍣ㄧ殑浜や簰锛屾彁渚涗簡涓�绯诲垪鐨勫嚱鏁板拰鍙橀噺锛岀敤浜庢搷鎺ython鐨勮繍琛屾椂鐜銆�
os 甯哥敤鏂规硶
os.remove(鈥榩ath/filename鈥�) 鍒犻櫎鏂囦欢
os.rename(oldname, newname) 閲嶅懡鍚嶆枃浠�
os.walk() 鐢熸垚鐩綍鏍戜笅鐨勬墍鏈夋枃浠跺悕
os.chdir('dirname') 鏀瑰彉鐩綍
os.mkdir/makedirs('dirname')鍒涘缓鐩綍/澶氬眰鐩綍
os.rmdir/removedirs('dirname') 鍒犻櫎鐩綍/澶氬眰鐩綍
os.listdir('dirname') 鍒楀嚭鎸囧畾鐩綍鐨勬枃浠�
os.getcwd() 鍙栧緱褰撳墠宸ヤ綔鐩綍
os.chmod() 鏀瑰彉鐩綍鏉冮檺
os.path.basename(鈥榩ath/filename鈥�) 鍘绘帀鐩綍璺緞锛岃繑鍥炴枃浠跺悕
os.path.dirname(鈥榩ath/filename鈥�) 鍘绘帀鏂囦欢鍚嶏紝杩斿洖鐩綍璺緞
os.path.join(path1[,path2[,...]]) 灏嗗垎绂荤殑鍚勯儴鍒嗙粍鍚堟垚涓�涓矾寰勫悕
os.path.split('path') 杩斿洖( dirname(), basename())鍏冪粍
os.path.splitext() 杩斿洖 (filename, extension) 鍏冪粍
os.path.getatime\ctime\mtime 鍒嗗埆杩斿洖鏈�杩戣闂�佸垱寤恒�佷慨鏀规椂闂�
os.path.getsize() 杩斿洖鏂囦欢澶у皬
os.path.exists() 鏄惁瀛樺湪
os.path.isabs() 鏄惁涓虹粷瀵硅矾寰�
os.path.isdir() 鏄惁涓虹洰褰�
os.path.isfile() 鏄惁涓烘枃浠�
sys 甯哥敤鏂规硶
sys.argv 鍛戒护琛屽弬鏁癓ist锛岀涓�涓厓绱犳槸绋嬪簭鏈韩璺緞
sys.modules.keys() 杩斿洖鎵�鏈夊凡缁忓鍏ョ殑妯″潡鍒楄〃
sys.exc_info() 鑾峰彇褰撳墠姝ｅ湪澶勭悊鐨勫紓甯哥被,exc_type銆乪xc_value銆乪xc_traceback褰撳墠澶勭悊鐨勫紓甯歌缁嗕俊鎭�
sys.exit(n) 閫�鍑虹▼搴忥紝姝ｅ父閫�鍑烘椂exit(0)
sys.hexversion 鑾峰彇Python瑙ｉ噴绋嬪簭鐨勭増鏈�硷紝16杩涘埗鏍煎紡濡傦細0x020403F0
sys.version 鑾峰彇Python瑙ｉ噴绋嬪簭鐨勭増鏈俊鎭�
sys.maxint 鏈�澶х殑Int鍊�
sys.maxunicode 鏈�澶х殑Unicode鍊�
sys.modules 杩斿洖绯荤粺瀵煎叆鐨勬ā鍧楀瓧娈碉紝key鏄ā鍧楀悕锛寁alue鏄ā鍧�
sys.path 杩斿洖妯″潡鐨勬悳绱㈣矾寰勶紝鍒濆鍖栨椂浣跨敤PYTHONPATH鐜鍙橀噺鐨勫��
sys.platform 杩斿洖鎿嶄綔绯荤粺骞冲彴鍚嶇О
sys.stdout 鏍囧噯杈撳嚭
sys.stdin 鏍囧噯杈撳叆
sys.stderr 閿欒杈撳嚭
sys.exc_clear() 鐢ㄦ潵娓呴櫎褰撳墠绾跨▼鎵�鍑虹幇鐨勫綋鍓嶇殑鎴栨渶杩戠殑閿欒淇℃伅
sys.exec_prefix 杩斿洖骞冲彴鐙珛鐨刾ython鏂囦欢瀹夎鐨勪綅缃�
sys.byteorder 鏈湴瀛楄妭瑙勫垯鐨勬寚绀哄櫒锛宐ig-endian骞冲彴鐨勫�兼槸'big',little-endian骞冲彴鐨勫�兼槸'little'
sys.copyright 璁板綍python鐗堟潈鐩稿叧鐨勪笢瑗�
sys.api_version 瑙ｉ噴鍣ㄧ殑C鐨凙PI鐗堟湰
json
>>> import json
>>> data = {"spam" : "foo", "parrot" : 42}
>>> in_json = json.dumps(data) # Encode the data
>>> in_json'{"parrot": 42, "spam": "foo"}'>>> json.loads(in_json) # Decode into a Python object{"spam" : "foo", "parrot" : 42}
urllib 鍜寀rllib2
urllib2鍙互鐢╱rllib2.openurl涓缃甊equest鍙傛暟锛屾潵淇敼Header澶淬�傚鏋滀綘璁块棶涓�涓綉绔欙紝鎯虫洿鏀筓ser Agent锛堝彲浠ヤ吉瑁呬綘鐨勬祻瑙堝櫒锛夛紝浣犲氨瑕佺敤urllib2.
urllib鏀寔璁剧疆缂栫爜鐨勫嚱鏁帮紝urllib.urlencode,鍦ㄦā鎷熺櫥闄嗙殑鏃跺�欙紝缁忓父瑕乸ost缂栫爜涔嬪悗鐨勫弬鏁帮紝鎵�浠ヨ鎯充笉浣跨敤绗笁鏂瑰簱瀹屾垚妯℃嫙鐧诲綍锛屼綘灏遍渶瑕佷娇鐢╱rllib銆�
urllib涓�鑸拰urllib2涓�璧锋惌閰嶄娇鐢�
杩欎釜闈㈣瘯瀹樼‘瀹為棶杩�,褰撴椂绛旂殑urllib2鍙互Post鑰寀rllib涓嶅彲浠�.
urllib鎻愪緵urlencode鏂规硶鐢ㄦ潵GET鏌ヨ瀛楃涓茬殑浜х敓锛岃�寀rllib2娌℃湁銆傝繖鏄负浣晆rllib甯稿拰urllib2涓�璧蜂娇鐢ㄧ殑鍘熷洜銆�
urllib2鍙互鎺ュ彈涓�涓猂equest绫荤殑瀹炰緥鏉ヨ缃甎RL璇锋眰鐨刪eaders锛寀rllib浠呭彲浠ユ帴鍙桿RL銆傝繖鎰忓懗鐫�锛屼綘涓嶅彲浠ヤ吉瑁呬綘鐨刄ser Agent瀛楃涓茬瓑銆�
itertools
>>> import itertools>>> natuals = itertools.count(1)>>> for n in natuals:...聽 聽 print n
...123...
>>> import itertools>>> cs = itertools.cycle('ABC') # 娉ㄦ剰瀛楃涓蹭篃鏄簭鍒楃殑涓�绉�>>> for c in cs:...聽 聽 print c
...'A''B''C''A''B''C'...
>>> ns = itertools.repeat('A', 10)>>> for n in ns:...聽 聽 print n
...
鎵撳嵃10娆�'A'
functools.partial 閫氳繃鍖呰鎵嬫硶锛屽厑璁告垜浠� "閲嶆柊瀹氫箟" 鍑芥暟绛惧悕
# shutil 妯″潡
shutil.copyfile( src, dst)聽浠庢簮src澶嶅埗鍒癲st涓幓銆傚綋鐒跺墠鎻愭槸鐩爣鍦板潃鏄叿澶囧彲鍐欐潈闄愩�傛姏鍑虹殑寮傚父淇℃伅涓篒OException. 濡傛灉褰撳墠鐨刣st宸插瓨鍦ㄧ殑璇濆氨浼氳瑕嗙洊鎺�
shutil.move( src, dst)聽聽绉诲姩鏂囦欢鎴栭噸鍛藉悕
shutil.copymode( src, dst)聽鍙槸浼氬鍒跺叾鏉冮檺鍏朵粬鐨勪笢瑗挎槸涓嶄細琚鍒剁殑
shutil.copystat( src, dst)聽澶嶅埗鏉冮檺銆佹渶鍚庤闂椂闂淬�佹渶鍚庝慨鏀规椂闂�
shutil.copy( src, dst)聽聽澶嶅埗涓�涓枃浠跺埌涓�涓枃浠舵垨涓�涓洰褰�
shutil.copy2( src, dst)聽聽鍦╟opy涓婄殑鍩虹涓婂啀澶嶅埗鏂囦欢鏈�鍚庤闂椂闂翠笌淇敼鏃堕棿涔熷鍒惰繃鏉ヤ簡锛岀被浼间簬cp 鈥損鐨勪笢瑗�
shutil.copy2( src, dst)聽聽濡傛灉涓や釜浣嶇疆鐨勬枃浠剁郴缁熸槸涓�鏍风殑璇濈浉褰撲簬鏄痳ename鎿嶄綔锛屽彧鏄敼鍚嶏紱濡傛灉鏄笉鍦ㄧ浉鍚岀殑鏂囦欢绯荤粺鐨勮瘽灏辨槸鍋歮ove鎿嶄綔
shutil.copytree( olddir, newdir, True/Flase)
鎶妎lddir鎷疯礉涓�浠絥ewdir锛屽鏋滅3涓弬鏁版槸True锛屽垯澶嶅埗鐩綍鏃跺皢淇濇寔鏂囦欢澶逛笅鐨勭鍙疯繛鎺ワ紝濡傛灉绗�3涓弬鏁版槸False锛屽垯灏嗗湪澶嶅埗鐨勭洰褰曚笅鐢熸垚鐗╃悊鍓湰鏉ユ浛浠ｇ鍙疯繛鎺�
shutil.rmtree( src )聽閫掑綊鍒犻櫎涓�涓洰褰曚互鍙婄洰褰曞唴鐨勬墍鏈夊唴瀹�
#pickle 妯″潡
python鐨刾ickle妯″潡瀹炵幇浜嗗熀鏈殑鏁版嵁搴忓垪鍜屽弽搴忓垪鍖栥�傞�氳繃pickle妯″潡鐨勫簭鍒楀寲鎿嶄綔鎴戜滑鑳藉灏嗙▼搴忎腑杩愯鐨勫璞′俊鎭繚瀛樺埌鏂囦欢涓幓锛屾案涔呭瓨鍌紱閫氳繃pickle妯″潡鐨勫弽搴忓垪鍖栨搷浣滐紝鎴戜滑鑳藉浠庢枃浠朵腑鍒涘缓涓婁竴娆＄▼搴忎繚瀛樼殑瀵硅薄銆�
銆�pickle.dump(obj, file, [,protocol])
pickle.load(file)
#浣跨敤pickle妯″潡灏嗘暟鎹璞′繚瀛樺埌鏂囦欢
import pickle
data1 = {'a': [1, 2.0, 3, 4+6j],
聽 聽 聽 聽 'b': ('string', u'Unicode string'),
聽 聽 聽 聽 'c': None}
selfref_list = [1, 2, 3]
selfref_list.append(selfref_list)
output = open('data.pkl', 'wb')
# Pickle dictionary using protocol 0.
pickle.dump(data1, output)
# Pickle the list using the highest protocol available.
pickle.dump(selfref_list, output, -1)
output.close()
聽hashlib鏄秹鍙婂畨鍏ㄦ暎鍒楀拰娑堟伅鎽樿锛屾彁渚涘涓笉鍚岀殑鍔犲瘑绠楁硶鍊熷彛锛屽SHA1銆丼HA224銆丼HA256銆丼HA384銆丼HA512銆丮D5绛�
import hashlib
m = hashlib.md5()聽 #鍒涘缓hash瀵硅薄锛宮d5:(message-Digest Algorithm 5)娑堟伅鎽樿绠楁硶,寰楀嚭涓�涓�128浣嶇殑瀵嗘枃print m聽 聽 聽 聽 聽 聽 #m.update('BeginMan')#鏇存柊鍝堝笇瀵硅薄浠ュ瓧绗︿覆鍙傛暟print m.digest()聽 聽 #杩斿洖鎽樿锛屼綔涓轰簩杩涘埗鏁版嵁瀛楃涓插�紁rint m.hexdigest() #杩斿洖鍗佸叚杩涘埗鏁板瓧瀛楃涓猜� 聽 0b28251e684dfbd9102f8b6f0281c0c5print m.digest_size #16print m.block_size聽 #64
select poll epoll
2.6浠ュ悗鐨勫唴鏍稿氨鏄痚poll锛宼ornado涔熸槸epoll
select鐨勪竴涓己鐐瑰湪浜庡崟涓繘绋嬭兘澶熺洃瑙嗙殑鏂囦欢鎻忚堪绗︾殑鏁伴噺瀛樺湪鏈�澶ч檺鍒�.select()鎵�缁存姢鐨勫瓨鍌ㄥぇ閲忔枃浠舵弿杩扮鐨勬暟鎹粨鏋勶紝闅忕潃鏂囦欢鎻忚堪绗︽暟閲忕殑澧炲ぇ锛屽叾澶嶅埗鐨勫紑閿�涔熺嚎鎬у闀裤�傚悓鏃讹紝鐢变簬缃戠粶鍝嶅簲鏃堕棿鐨勫欢杩� 浣垮緱澶ч噺TCP杩炴帴澶勪簬闈炴椿璺冪姸鎬侊紝浣嗚皟鐢╯elect()浼氬鎵�鏈塻ocket杩涜涓�娆＄嚎鎬ф壂鎻忥紝鎵�浠ヨ繖涔熸氮璐逛簡涓�瀹氱殑寮�閿�銆�
poll娌℃湁鏈�澶ф枃浠舵弿杩扮鏁伴噺鐨勯檺鍒躲��
poll鍜宻elect鍚屾牱瀛樺湪涓�涓己鐐瑰氨鏄紝鍖呭惈澶ч噺鏂囦欢鎻忚堪绗︾殑鏁扮粍琚暣浣撳鍒朵簬鐢ㄦ埛鎬佸拰鍐呮牳鐨勫湴鍧�绌洪棿涔嬮棿锛岃�屼笉璁鸿繖浜涙枃浠舵弿杩扮鏄惁灏辩华锛屽畠鐨勫紑閿�闅忕潃鏂囦欢鎻忚堪绗︽暟閲忕殑澧炲姞鑰岀嚎鎬у澶с��
epoll閲囩敤鍩轰簬浜嬩欢鐨勫氨缁�氱煡鏂瑰紡銆�
褰撲竴涓湇鍔″櫒闇�瑕佷笌澶氫釜瀹㈡埛绔繘琛岄�氫俊鏃讹紝鍙互浣跨敤澶氳繘绋嬫垨鑰呭绾跨▼鐨勬湇鍔″櫒锛屼篃鍙互浣跨敤select妯″潡锛屽畠鍙互瀹炵幇寮傛閫氫俊
鍩烘湰涓妔elect鏈�3涓己鐐�:
杩炴帴鏁板彈闄�
鏌ユ壘閰嶅閫熷害鎱�
鏁版嵁鐢卞唴鏍告嫹璐濆埌鐢ㄦ埛鎬�
#cookielib 妯″潡
python鍐呯疆鏈塩ookielib妯″潡鎿嶄綔cookie锛岄厤鍚坲rllib妯″潡灏卞彲浠ヤ簡寰堣交鏄撶殑鐖彇鏁版嵁銆�
鍒楄〃鎺ㄥ寮�
>>> [x * x for x in range(1, 11) if x % 2 == 0]
[4, 16, 36, 64, 100]
>>> [m + n for m in 'ABC' for n in 'XYZ']
['AX', 'AY', 'AZ', 'BX', 'BY', 'BZ', 'CX', 'CY', 'CZ']
>>> d = {'x': 'A', 'y': 'B', 'z': 'C' }>>> for k, v in d.iteritems():...聽 聽 print k, '=', v... y = B
x = A
z = C
Python鍨冨溇鍥炴敹鏈哄埗
Python GC涓昏浣跨敤寮曠敤璁℃暟锛坮eference counting锛夋潵璺熻釜鍜屽洖鏀跺瀮鍦俱�傚湪寮曠敤璁℃暟鐨勫熀纭�涓婏紝閫氳繃鈥滄爣璁�-娓呴櫎鈥濓紙mark and sweep锛夎В鍐冲鍣ㄥ璞″彲鑳戒骇鐢熺殑寰幆寮曠敤闂锛岄�氳繃鈥滃垎浠ｅ洖鏀垛�濓紙generation collection锛変互绌洪棿鎹㈡椂闂寸殑鏂规硶鎻愰珮鍨冨溇鍥炴敹鏁堢巼銆�
1 寮曠敤璁℃暟
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聽 聽 L = []
聽 聽 n, a, b = 0, 0, 1
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聽 聽 聽 聽 a, b = b, a + b
聽 聽 聽 聽 n = n + 1
聽 聽 return L
class Fab(object):
聽 聽 def __init__(self, max):
聽 聽 聽 聽 self.max = max
聽 聽 聽 聽 self.n, self.a, self.b = 0, 0, 1
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聽 聽 聽 聽 return self
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聽 聽 聽 聽 聽 聽 r = self.b
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聽 聽 聽 聽 聽 聽 self.n = self.n + 1
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聽 聽 聽 聽 raise StopIteration()
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聽 聽 while n < max:
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Python
1
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4
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a = 1
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1
2
3
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5
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def fun(a):
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class A(object):
聽 聽 def go(self):
聽 聽 聽 聽 print "go A go!"
聽 聽 def stop(self):
聽 聽 聽 聽 print "stop A stop!"
聽 聽 def pause(self):
聽 聽 聽 聽 raise Exception("Not Implemented")
class B(A):
聽 聽 def go(self):
聽 聽 聽 聽 super(B, self).go()
聽 聽 聽 聽 print "go B go!"
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聽 聽 import os
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聽 聽 聽 聽 sChildPath = os.path.join(sPath,sChild)
聽 聽 聽 聽 if os.path.isdir(sChildPath):
聽 聽 聽 聽 聽 聽 print_directory_contents(sChildPath)
聽 聽 聽 聽 else:
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聽 聽 print l
f(2)
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[0, 1]
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Html5 鏂扮壒鐐�
Audio & Video:聽鍙互宓屽叆鎮ㄧ殑缃戦〉涓婄殑闊抽鎴栬棰戯紝鑰屼笉璇夎绗笁鏂规彃浠�.
Drag and drop:聽浠庝竴涓綅缃埌鍙︿竴涓綅缃殑鍚屼竴缃戦〉涓婃嫋鏀鹃」鐩�.
WebSocket :聽涓嬩竴浠eb搴旂敤绋嬪簭鐨勫弻鍚戦�氳鎶�鏈��
鏂扮殑璇箟鍏冪礌:聽瀹冧滑濡偮�, 鍜屄�.
nodejs
goole V8
鍥炶皟鍑芥暟 express 浜嬩欢椹卞姩
浜嬩欢椹卞姩绋嬪簭
Node.js 浣跨敤浜嬩欢椹卞姩妯″瀷锛屽綋web server鎺ユ敹鍒拌姹傦紝灏辨妸瀹冨叧闂劧鍚庤繘琛屽鐞嗭紝鐒跺悗鍘绘湇鍔′笅涓�涓獁eb璇锋眰銆�
褰撹繖涓姹傚畬鎴愶紝瀹冭鏀惧洖澶勭悊闃熷垪锛屽綋鍒拌揪闃熷垪寮�澶达紝杩欎釜缁撴灉琚繑鍥炵粰鐢ㄦ埛銆�
杩欎釜妯″瀷闈炲父楂樻晥鍙墿灞曟�ч潪甯稿己锛屽洜涓簑ebserver涓�鐩存帴鍙楄姹傝�屼笉绛夊緟浠讳綍璇诲啓鎿嶄綔銆傦紙杩欎篃琚О涔嬩负闈為樆濉炲紡IO鎴栬�呬簨浠堕┍鍔↖O锛�
鍦ㄤ簨浠堕┍鍔ㄦā鍨嬩腑锛屼細鐢熸垚涓�涓富寰幆鏉ョ洃鍚簨浠讹紝褰撴娴嬪埌浜嬩欢鏃惰Е鍙戝洖璋冨嚱鏁般��
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jquery閫夋嫨鍣紝浜嬩欢鏂规硶聽 聽 jquery ajax聽 load锛実et锛宲ost
jqueryUI聽 鏃ユ湡閫夋嫨鍣紝灏忛儴浠� widget
jquery ui 鏄痡query寮�鍙戝洟闃� 寮�鍙戯紝閫傜敤浜庣綉绔欏紡鐨勯〉闈€��
jquery easyui 鏄涓夋柟鍩轰簬jquery寮�鍙戯紝閫傜敤浜庡簲鐢ㄧ▼搴忓紡鐨勯〉闈€��
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jquery ui 鏄細
$("#divTabs").tabs("remove" , index);
jquery easyui 鏄細
$("#divTabs").tabs("close" , title);
bootstrap鍙鍖栫粍浠�
鍙嶅皠锛堣嚜鐪侊級
python鐨勫弽灏勶紝瀹冪殑鏍稿績鏈川鍏跺疄灏辨槸鍒╃敤瀛楃涓茬殑褰㈠紡鍘诲璞★紙妯″潡锛変腑鎿嶄綔锛堟煡鎵�/鑾峰彇/鍒犻櫎/娣诲姞锛夋垚鍛橈紝涓�绉嶅熀浜庡瓧绗︿覆鐨勪簨浠堕┍鍔紒
import commons
def run():
聽 聽 inp = input("璇疯緭鍏ユ偍鎯宠闂〉闈㈢殑url锛� ").strip()
聽 聽 func = getattr(commons, inp)
聽 聽 func()
if __name__ == '__main__':
聽 聽 run()
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澶氳繘绋� 澶氱嚎绋�
gevent鍗忕▼
from gevent import monkey; monkey.patch_socket()import geventdef f(n):
聽 聽 for i in range(n):
聽 聽 聽 聽 print gevent.getcurrent(), i
g1 = gevent.spawn(f, 5)
g2 = gevent.spawn(f, 5)
g3 = gevent.spawn(f, 5)
g1.join()
g2.join()
g3.join()
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澶氱嚎绋嬩唬鐮�
Lock銆丷lock绫�
Condition绫�
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Event绫�
Event鍏跺疄灏辨槸涓�涓畝鍖栫増鐨� Condition銆侲vent娌℃湁閿侊紝鏃犳硶浣跨嚎绋嬭繘鍏ュ悓姝ラ樆濉炵姸鎬併��
timer绫�
Timer锛堝畾鏃跺櫒锛夋槸Thread鐨勬淳鐢熺被锛岀敤浜庡湪鎸囧畾鏃堕棿鍚庤皟鐢ㄤ竴涓柟娉曘��
Semaphore
Thread绫�
isAlive(): 杩斿洖绾跨▼鏄惁鍦ㄨ繍琛屻�傛鍦ㄨ繍琛屾寚鍚姩鍚庛�佺粓姝㈠墠銆偮�
銆�銆�get/setName(name): 鑾峰彇/璁剧疆绾跨▼鍚嶃�偮�
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銆�銆�is/setDaemon(bool): 鑾峰彇/璁剧疆鏄悗鍙扮嚎绋嬶紙榛樿鍓嶅彴绾跨▼锛團alse锛夛級銆傦紙鍦╯tart涔嬪墠璁剧疆锛�
銆�銆�銆�銆�濡傛灉鏄悗鍙扮嚎绋嬶紝涓荤嚎绋嬫墽琛岃繃绋嬩腑锛屽悗鍙扮嚎绋嬩篃鍦ㄨ繘琛岋紝涓荤嚎绋嬫墽琛屽畬姣曞悗锛屽悗鍙扮嚎绋嬩笉璁烘垚鍔熶笌鍚︼紝涓荤嚎绋嬪拰鍚庡彴绾跨▼鍧囧仠姝�
聽 聽 聽 聽銆�銆�濡傛灉鏄墠鍙扮嚎绋嬶紝涓荤嚎绋嬫墽琛岃繃绋嬩腑锛屽墠鍙扮嚎绋嬩篃鍦ㄨ繘琛岋紝涓荤嚎绋嬫墽琛屽畬姣曞悗锛岀瓑寰呭墠鍙扮嚎绋嬩篃鎵ц瀹屾垚鍚庯紝绋嬪簭鍋滄
銆�銆�start(): 鍚姩绾跨▼銆偮�
銆�銆�join([timeout]): 闃诲褰撳墠涓婁笅鏂囩幆澧冪殑绾跨▼锛岀洿鍒拌皟鐢ㄦ鏂规硶鐨勭嚎绋嬬粓姝㈡垨鍒拌揪鎸囧畾鐨則imeout锛堝彲閫夊弬鏁帮級銆�
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git
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flask聽 聽 锛�
url鏄犲皠
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webpy锛�
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pyqt
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array = [1,7,2,3,6,5,4]
def bubble(array):
聽 聽 for i in range(len(array)):
聽 聽 聽 聽 for j in range(i):
聽 聽 聽 聽 聽 聽 if array[j] > array[i]:
聽 聽 聽 聽 聽 聽 聽 聽 array[j], array[i] = array[i], array[j]
聽 聽 print array
聽 聽 return array
bubble(array)
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memmap锛�
ioremap鍐欏瓧绗﹁澶囬┍鍔� ioctrl
linux shell
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linux
vim 锛屾枃浠剁郴缁熸墦trap锛宻amba锛岃仈绯绘祴璇昫iag锛岀紪璇戞垚鍔ㄦ�侀潤鎬佸簱.a,.so[vesta]
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git
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mongodb
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