一、词性
1.名词
1）普通名词：burglar,immigrat,contestant,money, ambition
2)专有名词：Beijing,English,China,The United Nations
3)可数名词：
(1)单数：one sheep,one knife,a boy,
an aspect,a lady,a book,one branch.
(2)复数：two sheep,three knives,four boys ,a few aspects,many ladies,two books,five branches.
4)不可数名词：friendship,happiness,money,information, arrogance,knowledge,loneliness,love等。不能直接与数字连用。some money,little money,two piece of advice.
2.动词
1)实义动词：有完整的词义，并能单独做谓语
（1）及物动词：do,finish,contact,cook......后面接宾语。
do my homework,finish the task,contact the boss,cook a meal
（2）不及物动词：sleep,awake,look,come,go,arrive。后面不能接宾语。This morning,I awoke at 6 o’clock.
2)be动词：be am is are was were.后面跟表语，或用于构成进行时。
He is a respected lawyer.
He is snowing outside.
3)系动词：appear,be,become,feel,get,grow,look,
remain,seem,
It seems that the train has arrived.
4)助动词：do,have,has,shall,will等。只能和实义动词一起构成各种时态，语态和语气。
Do you often go swimming on weekends?
5)情态动词：can,will,have,should,would等。表示能力，义务，必要，猜测等说话人的语气或情态。只能和动词原形一起构成谓语。
I will apply to Harvard for a scholarship next year.
Nobody can stop the development of science.
6)非谓语动词：可以作很多不同的句子成分，但不能单独做谓语。
（1）不定式：to do, to be done,to be doing, to have done,to have been doing,to have been done,not to do.
I’m sorry to have given you so much trouble.
She is known to have been working in our university for more than twenty years.
She pretended nit to see me when I passed by.
（2）动名词：doing, being done , having done, having been done。具有动词和名词的性质，在句子中起名词性作用。
The girl was afraid of being left at home alone.
Seeing is believing.
（3）分词
现在分词：doing, being done,having done,having been done。表示主动，动作在进行。
Not knowing what to do next,she stopped to wait.
过去分词：dine。表示被动、动作的完成。
The boy hurt by the car was sent to the hospital immediately.
3.形容词
修饰名词。做定语和表语。
This application is useful application.
4.副词
修饰动词、形容词、副词，或者整个句子。说明时间，地点，程度，方式等。
He is reading carefully.
5.数词
1)基数词：one two three
2)序数词：first second,third
3)分数（基数+序数）：one quarter,three quarters,one fourth ,three fourths.
6.代词
1)代词分类1
2)代词分类表2
7.介词
介词：in, at,under,together with,in addition to,above,across,after,against,among, around,before,behind,below,beside ,between,beyond,by,down,during,except,for,form......。表示句子中词与词之间的关系，不能单独使用，加上宾语构成介词短语。
Good luck on the test.
It is vital to read between the lines when we communicate with others.
8.冠词
冠词：a,an, the,/。
1)a/an+可数名词单数
2)the+可数名词单数/不可数名词/可数名词复数
3)零冠词+不可数名词/不可数名词复数
9.连词
连词：and,but,so yet,or,otherwise.
He serched the room thoroughly,but he didn’t find his keys.
10.感叹词
感叹词：what（修饰名词）,how（修饰形容词、副词）。
what a cute girl she is!
how lovely the girl is!
how carefully he is reading the book!
二、句子成分
1.主语
主语：名词，代词，数词，不定式，动名词，从句可以做主语。
2.谓语
谓语：动词做谓语。是句子最核心的成分。
3.宾语
宾语：表示动作的对象/内容。由名词、代词、不定式、动名词、动名词短语及从句充当。
1)直接宾语：表示物。tell a joke...
2)间接宾语：表示人。ask him...
3)双宾语：tell him a joke=tell a joke to him;buy him a gift=buy a gift for him
4.表语
表语：表示主语的特点或属性，由名词、形容词、副词、介词、不定式、动名词或从句充当。
My plan is to study in Germany next year.
5.定语
定语：修饰名词或代词，由形容词、代词、数词、名词、介词短语、不定式、现在分词及过去分词充当。
6.状语
状语：修饰动词、形容词、或副词，由副词、介词短语、不定式，从句或相当于副词的词或短语充当。
In order to get high score in the final exam,he stayed up late every night.
7.补语
补语：由名词、动词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式、现在分词、过去分词充当。
1)宾语补足语：We elected Bill Adams our chairman.
2)主语补足语：Bill Adans was elected our chairman
8.同位语
同位语：一个名词、形容词、数词或从句，跟在另一个名词、代词或其他形式后，对其进行解释、说明或限定。
We four share a dormitory.
My new partner jack comes from a neighboring country.
三、句子分类
1.陈述句
I will make a presentation at the next meeting.
2.疑问句
1)一般疑问句：Are you going to Scarborough Fair?
2)特殊疑问句：Who are you talking to?
3)选择疑问句：Are you going to Singapore or Thailand next month?
4)反意疑问句：You want to buy this laptop,don’t you?
3.祈使句
以动词原形开头的，表示建议、请求、命令等。
Don’t go anywhere while Iam away.
4.感叹句
What a cute girl she is!
5.简单句
1)主+谓：I agree.
2)主+谓+宾：I approve it.
3)主+系+表：I am tall.
4)主+谓+宾+宾：I will buy you a drink.
5)主+谓+宾+补：She told me to hand in my homework immediately.
6.并列句
由并列连词或分号连接的两个或多个句子。
Some students are sweeping the floor,some sdudents are cleaning the blackboard,and some others are cleaning the windows.
Some students are sweeping the floor;some sdudents are cleaning the blackboard;some others are cleaning the windows.
7.复合句
1)名词性从句
（1）主语从句：从句在句子中做主语
Where he has gone remains unknown to us.
（2）宾语从句：从句在句中做宾语
I really appreciate what he has done for me.
（3）表语从句：从句在句中做表语
This is whom I mentioned to you the other day.
（4）同位语从句
The possibility that we will the match makes us really excited.
2)定语从句
（1）限定性定语从句：从句内容必不可少
I am a man who is friendly to everyone else.
（2）非限定性定语从句：从句内容可有可无
All of us like Lee , Who is friendly to everyone else.
3)状语从句
（1）时间状语从句：when ,while, as ,every time ,before,since ,sti/untill , as soon as, hardly...when...等。
I will ring you up as soon as I arrive at the airport.
（2）地点状语从句：where,whever
where there is a wall,there is a way.
（3）原因状语从句：because, as , since , for和now that
Now that you are graduating next term,you may as well start looking for a jop now.
（4）目的状语从句：so that, in order that , lest, for fear that ,in case I got up very early this morning in order that I could get to class earlier than others.
（5）结果状语从句：由so...that和such...that引导。
It is such an instructive movie that many sdudents went to see it.
（6）条件状语从句：if ,unless ,as /so long as
As long as you work hard ,you will succeed sooner or later.
（7）让步状语从句：由though,although,if ,even if ,even though,whether...or...等引导
No matter what you do,I will support you without hesitation.
（8）比较状语从句：than ,as...as...,not as/so ...as...
He is not as strong as he was ten years ago.
（9）方式状语从句：由as, just/as...so...,as if,as though引导。
As water is to fish,so air is to man.
He talked as if he had been to the country many times.
四 时态
16种时态
16种时态的谓语形式
五 语态
1.主动语态
主语是动作的执行者，即动作的施动者。
We use electricity to run machines.
2.被动语态
主语是动作的承受者，即行为动作的对象。
Electricity is used ti run machines.
各种时态的被动语态构成：
一般现在时：am/is/are+done
一般过去时：was/were+done
一般将来时：will/shall be+done
现在进行时：am/is/are being +done
过去进行时：was/were being+done
现在完成时：have/has been+done
六 虚拟语气
表示动作或状态不是客观存在的事实，而是说话人的主观愿望、假设或推测等。
If I were talle4,I would try to become a fashion model.
1.虚拟语气的3种假设类型
1)与现在事实相反
If I were a millonaire,I shouldcertainly travel around the world.
2)与过去事实相反
If I hadn't taken your advice,I would have made a bad mistake.
3)与将来事实相反或将来事实可能性极小
If it should rain tomorrow, we would cancel the outdoor activities.
2.虚拟语气中主句和条件从句的谓语动词形式