2018-07-05 文法初级第一级

名词的作用：主语、辅语、受词

1. 名词的种类：单复数（可数名词）
   普通名词： book、penal、dog、 speaceship...
   集合名词：class、family
   专有名词：人名、地名（单词首字母大写，前面不能加冠词a/an，没有单复数形式）
   下列专有名词需要加上定冠词the
   exp: The United States / The United Nations
   物质名词(没有形状)：glass、wood、paper、fruit、butter
   数字+容器（度量衡）+of+物质名词
   exp:
   a loaf of bread / a cup of coffee
   a sheet of paper / a spoonful of sugar
   a handful of solt / an armful of wood
   抽象名词： beauty、honesty、love、patience、happiness、music...

exp:

1. My family is large.
2. My family are early risers.
3. I like dogs

规则变化的复数名词：

1. 名字字尾加s（大部分）

2. 名词以s/sh/ch/x/o加es

3. 名词以子音+o 复数名词加es;
   exp: box->boxes、bus->buses、dish->dishes、tomato->tomatoes
   例外的有：photos、pianos...

4. 名词以子音+y 复数名词去y加ies
   exp： baby->babies、story->stories
   city->cities、lady->ladies

5. 名词字尾为f/fe=>去f/fe + ves
   exp:
   leaf->leaves、wife->wives、knife->knives
   例外：handkerchiefs/chiefs/roofs

不规则变化的复数名词

1. 字尾为 en/ren exp: ox-oxen/child-children
2. 改变母音 man-men/women-woman/goose-geese/mouse-mice/tooth-teeth

单复数同行： fish、deer、 sheep、 Chinese 、Japanese
exp:
one fish ; two fish(数量)
a kind of fish; two kind of fishes (种类)

名词的所有格
复数名词 => 名词s'
字尾非s的复数名词=> 名词's
exp:
a girls' school、these students' teacher
the boy's schoolbag、Joan's dress、children's playground

特别注意的所有格用法分为共同所有格及个别所有格
共同所有格 => 名词 + 名词+...+名词's
个别所有格=> 名词's + 名词's+...+名词's
exp:
Harry and Bill's father is a scientist.
Harry's and Bill's fathers are scientists.

无生物所有格 A的B => B of A
exp:
the legs of the table 桌子的脚
the door of the/a car 车门
the girl's name / the name of the girl 女孩的名字

所有格之后的名词(多指地点)，如在居中非常容易理解时可省略
exp:
She going to the dentist's
I met him at the barber's (shop)
We like to eat lunch at Ken.

冠词：可分为不定冠词a/an和定冠词the，它通常放在名词前用来修饰名词
a/an的用法 => a+子音开头的单数名词，an+母音开头的单数名词
exp:
a book、a girl、a young man
an apple、an umbrella、an old woman
please shut the door
the rich aren't always happy.

the + 形容词泛指~~的人，代表复数