Android 6.0运行时权限详解

运行时权限从Android 6.0版本开始的,如果你的项目中 targetSdkVersion 大于等于23,那么你就必须要考虑动态权限了。
权限又分为普通权限和危险权限。普通权限如下:

android.permission.ACCESS LOCATIONEXTRA_COMMANDS 
android.permission.ACCESS NETWORKSTATE 
android.permission.ACCESS NOTIFICATIONPOLICY 
android.permission.ACCESS WIFISTATE 
android.permission.ACCESS WIMAXSTATE 
android.permission.BLUETOOTH 
android.permission.BLUETOOTH_ADMIN 
android.permission.BROADCAST_STICKY 
android.permission.CHANGE NETWORKSTATE 
android.permission.CHANGE WIFIMULTICAST_STATE 
android.permission.CHANGE WIFISTATE 
android.permission.CHANGE WIMAXSTATE 
android.permission.DISABLE_KEYGUARD 
android.permission.EXPAND STATUSBAR 
android.permission.FLASHLIGHT 
android.permission.GET_ACCOUNTS 
android.permission.GET PACKAGESIZE 
android.permission.INTERNET 
android.permission.KILL BACKGROUNDPROCESSES 
android.permission.MODIFY AUDIOSETTINGS 
android.permission.NFC 
android.permission.READ SYNCSETTINGS 
android.permission.READ SYNCSTATS 
android.permission.RECEIVE BOOTCOMPLETED 
android.permission.REORDER_TASKS 
android.permission.REQUEST INSTALLPACKAGES 
android.permission.SET TIMEZONE 
android.permission.SET_WALLPAPER 
android.permission.SET WALLPAPERHINTS 
android.permission.SUBSCRIBED FEEDSREAD 
android.permission.TRANSMIT_IR 
android.permission.USE_FINGERPRINT 
android.permission.VIBRATE 
android.permission.WAKE_LOCK 
android.permission.WRITE SYNCSETTINGS 
com.android.alarm.permission.SET_ALARM 
com.android.launcher.permission.INSTALL_SHORTCUT 
com.android.launcher.permission.UNINSTALL_SHORTCUT

普通权限是当需要用到时,只需要在清单文件中声明就可。危险权限除了需要在清单文件中声明外,还需在代码中动态进行判断申请。危险权限如下:

android.permission.READ_CALENDAR
android.permission.WRITE_CALENDAR

android.permission-group.CAMERA 
android.permission.CAMERA

android.permission-group.CONTACTS   
android.permission.READ_CONTACTS
android.permission.WRITE_CONTACTS
android.permission.GET_ACCOUNTS

android.permission-group.LOCATION   
android.permission.ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION
android.permission.ACCESS_COARSE_LOCATION

android.permission-group.MICROPHONE 
android.permission.RECORD_AUDIO

android.permission-group.PHONE  
android.permission.READ_PHONE_STATE
android.permission.CALL_PHONE
android.permission.READ_CALL_LOG
android.permission.WRITE_CALL_LOG
com.android.voicemail.permission.ADD_VOICEMAIL
android.permission.USE_SIP
android.permission.PROCESS_OUTGOING_CALLS

android.permission-group.SENSORS    
android.permission.BODY_SENSORS

android.permission-group.SMS    
android.permission.SEND_SMS
android.permission.RECEIVE_SMS
android.permission.READ_SMS
android.permission.RECEIVE_WAP_PUSH
android.permission.RECEIVE_MMS
android.permission.READ_CELL_BROADCASTS

android.permission-group.STORAGE    
android.permission.READ_EXTERNAL_STORAGE
android.permission.WRITE_EXTERNAL_STORAGE

危险权限是按组划分的,每一组中当某一个权限被允许或者拒绝后,同一组的其他权限也相应的自动允许或者拒绝。当targetSdkVersion大于等于23时,我们用到危险权限时,应按照这样的逻辑去处理。

先判断当前应用是否具有权限,如果没有就去申请,当用户允许或者拒绝后,会回调相应的方法,我们在回调中处理自己的逻辑。

申请单个权限

在Activity/Fragment中,判断是否具有权限的方法是 checkSelfPermission(),申请权限的方法是requestPermissions(),然后用户允许或者拒绝后会回调方法onRequestPermissionsResult()。

虽然Activity/Fragment提供了这些方法,如果我们用这些的话,要判断安卓版本是否大于等于23,代码如下:

if(Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= Build.VERSION_CODES.M){ //动态请求权限  }else{ //直接去调用代码 }

谷歌工程师当然考虑到了这些,于是给开发者提供了兼容包,在Activity/Fragment中用ContextCompat.checkSelfPermission()判断是否具有权限;
在Activity中用 ActivityCompat.requestPermissions()请求权限;
在Fragment中直接用 requestPermissions()请求权限,不要在前面加上ActivityCompat,否则会回调Fragment所在Activity的回调方法;
在Activity/Fragment中用户允许或者拒绝权限后会回调onRequestPermissionsResult()方法。
下面看一个平常的调用系统相机拍照功能的代码:

       private void takePhoto() {
           Intent photoIn = new Intent(MediaStore.ACTION_IMAGE_CAPTURE);

          startActivityForResult(photoIn, TAKE_PHOTO_REQUEST); 
      }

如果我们项目targetSdkVersion大于等于23,那么就需要动态申请权限了:

if (ContextCompat.checkSelfPermission(MySetupActivity.this,  Manifest.permission.CAMERA)!=  PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED) {
  ActivityCompat.requestPermissions(MySetupActivity.this,new String[]{Manifest.permission.CAMERA}, 100);
} else {
    takePhoto();
}

先判断是否具有权限,如果有直接去执行相关代码,没有则去申请权限。当用户点击允许或者拒绝权限时,会回调onRequestPermissionsResult方法,我们在此方法中进行处理:

  @Override
public void onRequestPermissionsResult(int requestCode, String[] permissions, int[] grantResults) {

if (requestCode == 100) {//相机
    if (grantResults.length > 0 && grantResults[0] == PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED) {
        takePhoto();
    } else {
        // Permission Denied
        AlertDialog mDialog = new AlertDialog.Builder(MySetupActivity.this)
                .setTitle("友好提醒")
                .setMessage("您已拒绝权限,请开启权限!")
                .setPositiveButton("开启", new DialogInterface.OnClickListener() {
                    @Override
                    public void onClick(DialogInterface dialog, int which) {
                        dialog.cancel();
                        ShowAppSetDetails.showInstalledAppDetails(MySetupActivity.this, "user.zhuku.com");
                        LogPrint.logILsj(TAG, "开启权限设置");
                    }
                })
                .setCancelable(true)
                .create();
        mDialog.show();
    }
}
super.onRequestPermissionsResult(requestCode, permissions, grantResults);
}

当用户允许权限后我们直接执行相关代码,若拒绝则提示用户,弹窗提示是否需要开启权限。其中的

ShowAppSetDetails.showInstalledAppDetails(MySetupActivity.this, "user.zhuku.com");

是开启当前app信息设置界面的代码。具体代码如下:

import android.content.Context;
import android.content.Intent;
import android.net.Uri;
import android.os.Build;
import android.provider.Settings;

/**
 * 类描述:通用的调用“应用程序信息”
 * 创建人:Li Shengjie
 * 创建时间:2016/11/25 1:40
 * 修改人:Li Shengjie
 * 修改时间:2016/11/25 1:40
 * 修改备注:
 */

public class ShowAppSetDetails {
private static final String SCHEME = "package";
/**
 * 调用系统InstalledAppDetails界面所需的Extra名称(用于Android 2.1及之前版本)
 */
private static final String APP_PKG_NAME_21 = "com.android.settings.ApplicationPkgName";
/**
 * 调用系统InstalledAppDetails界面所需的Extra名称(用于Android 2.2)
 */
private static final String APP_PKG_NAME_22 = "pkg";
/**
 * InstalledAppDetails所在包名
 */
private static final String APP_DETAILS_PACKAGE_NAME = "com.android.settings";
/**
 * InstalledAppDetails类名
 */
private static final String APP_DETAILS_CLASS_NAME = "com.android.settings.InstalledAppDetails";

/**
 * 调用系统InstalledAppDetails界面显示已安装应用程序的详细信息。 对于Android 2.3(Api Level
 * 9)以上,使用SDK提供的接口; 2.3以下,使用非公开的接口(查看InstalledAppDetails源码)。
 *
 * @param context
 * @param packageName 应用程序的包名
 */
public static void showInstalledAppDetails(Context context, String packageName) {
    Intent intent = new Intent();
    final int apiLevel = Build.VERSION.SDK_INT;
    if (apiLevel >= 9) { // 2.3(ApiLevel 9)以上,使用SDK提供的接口
        intent.setAction(Settings.ACTION_APPLICATION_DETAILS_SETTINGS);
        Uri uri = Uri.fromParts(SCHEME, packageName, null);
        intent.setData(uri);
    } else { // 2.3以下,使用非公开的接口(查看InstalledAppDetails源码)
        // 2.2和2.1中,InstalledAppDetails使用的APP_PKG_NAME不同。
        final String appPkgName = (apiLevel == 8 ? APP_PKG_NAME_22
                : APP_PKG_NAME_21);
        intent.setAction(Intent.ACTION_VIEW);
        intent.setClassName(APP_DETAILS_PACKAGE_NAME,
                APP_DETAILS_CLASS_NAME);
        intent.putExtra(appPkgName, packageName);
    }
    context.startActivity(intent);
}
}

当app申请权限时,如果用户点击了“不再提醒”,则会直接回调拒绝权限,为此谷歌工程师提供了shouldShowRequestPermissionRationale()方法。

兼容包中方法是ActivityCompat.shouldShowRequestPermissionRationale(),如果是在Fragment中使用请直接用shouldShowRequestPermissionRationale()。

ActivityCompat.shouldShowRequestPermissionRationale()方法返回值是boolean类型,当第一次申请权限时,此方法会返回false,如果用户点击“不再提醒”,则此方法会返回true。详细代码如下:

if (ContextCompat.checkSelfPermission(MySetupActivity.this, Manifest.permission.CAMERA)
                        != PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED) {
                    if (ActivityCompat.shouldShowRequestPermissionRationale(MySetupActivity.this, Manifest.permission.CAMERA)) {
                        //已经禁止提示了
                        mDialog = new AlertDialog.Builder(MySetupActivity.this)
                                .setTitle("友好提醒")
                                .setMessage("您已拒绝相机权限,此功能需要开启,是否开启?")
                                .setPositiveButton("是", new DialogInterface.OnClickListener() {
                                    @Override
                                    public void onClick(DialogInterface dialog, int which) {
                                        dialog.cancel();
                                        ActivityCompat.requestPermissions(MySetupActivity.this,
                                                new String[]{Manifest.permission.CAMERA},
                                                100);
                                    }
                                })
                                .setNegativeButton("否", new DialogInterface.OnClickListener() {
                                    @Override
                                    public void onClick(DialogInterface dialog, int which) {
                                        dialog.cancel();
                                    }
                                })
                                .setCancelable(true)
                                .create();
                        mDialog.show();
                    } else {
                        ActivityCompat.requestPermissions(MySetupActivity.this,
                                new String[]{Manifest.permission.CAMERA},
                                100);
                    }

                } else {
                    takePhoto();
}

如果是在Fragment中,则代码如下:

 if (ContextCompat.checkSelfPermission(getActivity(), Manifest.permission.CAMERA)
                    != PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED) {
                if (shouldShowRequestPermissionRationale(Manifest.permission.CAMERA)) {
                    //已经禁止提示了
                    mDialog = new AlertDialog.Builder(getContext())
                            .setTitle("友好提醒")
                            .setMessage("您已拒绝相机权限,此功能需要开启,是否开启?")
                            .setPositiveButton("是", new DialogInterface.OnClickListener() {
                                @Override
                                public void onClick(DialogInterface dialog, int which) {
                                    dialog.cancel();
                                    requestPermissions(new String[]{Manifest.permission.CAMERA},
                                            PERMISSIONS_CAMERA);
                                }
                            })
                            .setNegativeButton("否", new DialogInterface.OnClickListener() {
                                @Override
                                public void onClick(DialogInterface dialog, int which) {
                                    dialog.cancel();
                                }
                            })
                            .setCancelable(true)
                            .create();
                    mDialog.show();
                } else {
                    requestPermissions(new String[]{Manifest.permission.CAMERA},
                            PERMISSIONS_CAMERA);
                }

            } else {
                selectPicFromCamera();
            }

特别要注意的是,如果在Fragment中请求权限,若在Activity中也重写了onRequestPermissionsResult(),则onRequestPermissionsResult()方法中一定要写 super.onRequestPermissionsResult(requestCode, permissions, grantResults);这句代码,若不写,则Activity不会分发执行Fragment中的权限回调方法。

因为Fragment中requestPermissions()源码如下:

public final void requestPermissions(@NonNull String[] permissions, int requestCode) {
if (mHost == null) {
    throw new IllegalStateException("Fragment " + this + " not attached to Activity");
}
mHost.onRequestPermissionsFromFragment(this, permissions, requestCode);
}

其实在Fragment请求权限也是在它Activity中请求,只是把回调结果传递给了Fragment。

一次申请多个权限

例如需要申请的权限如下:

 /**
 * 需要进行检测的权限数组
 */
protected String[] permissionList = {
    Manifest.permission.ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION,
    Manifest.permission.ACCESS_COARSE_LOCATION,
    Manifest.permission.ACCESS_LOCATION_EXTRA_COMMANDS,
    Manifest.permission.READ_PHONE_STATE,
    Manifest.permission.CAMERA,
    Manifest.permission.WRITE_EXTERNAL_STORAGE,
    Manifest.permission.READ_EXTERNAL_STORAGE

};

我们要先判断每一个权限是否已经允许或者拒绝,当有某一个权限未被允许时,则申请未被允许的权限。

protected void onStart() {
super.onStart();

if (PermissionUtils.checkSelfPermission(SplashActivity.this, permissionList)) {
    PermissionUtils.checkPermissions(this, 0, permissionList);
} else {
    //处理业务逻辑
}

}

其中PermissionUtils类的代码如下:

import android.app.Activity;
import android.content.Context;
import android.content.pm.PackageManager;
import android.support.v4.app.ActivityCompat;
import android.support.v4.content.ContextCompat;

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;

public class PermissionUtils {
/**
 * 检查权限
 */
public static void checkPermissions(Activity activity, int permissRequestCode, String... permissions) {
    List needRequestPermissonList = findDeniedPermissions(activity, permissions);
    if (null != needRequestPermissonList
            && needRequestPermissonList.size() > 0) {
        ActivityCompat.requestPermissions(activity,
                needRequestPermissonList.toArray(
                        new String[needRequestPermissonList.size()]),
                permissRequestCode);
    }
}

/**
 * 获取权限中需要申请权限的列表
 */
public static List findDeniedPermissions(Activity activity, String[] permissions) {
    List needRequestPermissonList = new ArrayList();
    for (String perm : permissions) {
        if (ContextCompat.checkSelfPermission(activity,
                perm) != PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED) {
            needRequestPermissonList.add(perm);
        } else {
            if (ActivityCompat.shouldShowRequestPermissionRationale(
                    activity, perm)) {
                needRequestPermissonList.add(perm);
            }
        }
    }
    return needRequestPermissonList;
}

public static boolean checkSelfPermission(Context context, String[] permissions) {
    for (String perm : permissions) {
        if (ContextCompat.checkSelfPermission(context, perm) != PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED) {
            return true;
        }
    }
    return false;
}

public static boolean checkSelfResult(int[] grantResults) {
    for (int grantResult : grantResults) {
        if (grantResult != PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED) {
            return false;
        }
    }
    return true;
}
}

onRequestPermissionsResult回调方法中则这样处理:

@Override
public void onRequestPermissionsResult(int requestCode, @NonNull String[] permissions, @NonNull int[] grantResults) {
super.onRequestPermissionsResult(requestCode, permissions, grantResults);

if (requestCode == 0) {
    if (PermissionUtils.checkSelfResult(grantResults)) {
        // Permission Granted
        //处理业务逻辑
    } else {
        // Permission Denied

        if (null == mDialog)
            mDialog = new AlertDialog.Builder(SplashActivity.this)
                    .setTitle("友好提醒")
                    .setMessage("没有权限将不能更好的使用,请开启权限!")
                    .setPositiveButton("开启", new DialogInterface.OnClickListener() {
                        @Override
                        public void onClick(DialogInterface dialog, int which) {
                            dialog.cancel();
                            ShowAppSetDetails.showInstalledAppDetails(SplashActivity.this, "user.zhuku.com");
                            LogPrint.logILsj(TAG, "开启权限设置");
                        }
                    })
                    .setCancelable(false)
                    .create();

        if (!mDialog.isShowing()) {
            mDialog.show();
        }
    }
}
}

如果项目需要在页面可见时进行权限申请,请放在onStart()方法中,不要写在onResume()中。可以想象一下,如果写在onResume()中,当用户同意了权限,则无碍,若是点击拒绝,则会回调权限拒绝的方法,这时系统申请权限的对话框消失不见,会再次调用onResume()请求权限显示对话框,若是还拒绝,则会再次调用onResume()方法,一直处于死循环。因为系统请求权限的对话框其实一个开启了一个Activity。部分源码如下:

 public final void requestPermissions(@NonNull String[] permissions, int requestCode) {
if (mHasCurrentPermissionsRequest) {
    Log.w(TAG, "Can reqeust only one set of permissions at a time");
    // Dispatch the callback with empty arrays which means a cancellation.
    onRequestPermissionsResult(requestCode, new String[0], new int[0]);
    return;
}
Intent intent = getPackageManager().buildRequestPermissionsIntent(permissions);
startActivityForResult(REQUEST_PERMISSIONS_WHO_PREFIX, intent, requestCode, null);
mHasCurrentPermissionsRequest = true;
}

本篇博文为原创,来自于vitamio,转载请注明出处。

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