一起翻译一本书，公众号“追随己心”将带领大家一起翻译《Beyond Feelings: A Guide to Critical Thinking》，将学习了多年的英语真正用起来，体会原版书籍和英文的美。
Critical Thinking Defined
批判性思维定义
Let’s begin by making the important distinction between thinking andfeeling. I feel and I think are sometimes used interchangeably, but thatpractice causes confusion. Feeling is a subjective response that reflectsemotion, sentiment, or desire; it generally occurs spontaneously ratherthan through a conscious mental act. We don’t have to employ our mindsto feel angry when we are insulted, afraid when we are threatened, orcompassionate when we see a picture of a starving child. The feelingsarise automatically.
让我们开始勾勒出思想和情感的重要的区分。我认为有时可以互换使用，但这种做法会造成混乱。情感是反映情绪、情感或心愿的主观反应；它通常是自然地出现，而不是通过有意识的心理行动。受到侮辱时我们会愤怒、受到威胁时我们会害怕、看到饥饿孩子照片时我们会同情，这些都不用我们去控制大脑完成。感情会自动产生。
distinction [dɪ'stɪŋ(k)ʃ(ə)n] n.区别；差别；特性；荣誉、勋章
feeling ['fiːlɪŋ] n.感觉，触觉；感情，情绪；同情adj.有感觉的；有同情心的；富于感情的v.感觉；认为（feel的现在分词）；触摸
interchangeably [ɪntɚ'tʃendʒəbli adv. [数]可交换地
practice ['præktɪs] n.实践；练习；惯例vi.练习；实习；实行vt.练习；实习；实行
subjective [səb'dʒektɪv] adj.主观的；个人的；自觉的
emotion [ɪ'məʊʃ(ə)n] n.情感；情绪
sentiment ['sentɪm(ə)nt] n.感情，情绪；情操；观点；多愁善感
desire [dɪ'zaɪə] n.欲望；要求，心愿；性欲vt.想要；要求；希望得到…vi.渴望n. (Desire)人名；(刚(布)、英)德西雷
Critical['krɪtɪk(ə)l]adj.鉴定的；[核]临界的；批评的，爱挑剔的；危险的；决定性的；评论的
occur [ə'kɜː] vi.发生；出现；存在
occurs v.重现（occur的第三人称单数）
Spontaneously[spɒn'teɪnɪəslɪ] adv.自发地；自然地；不由自主地
conscious ['kɒnʃəs] adj.意识到的；故意的；神志清醒的
insulted [ɪn'sʌlt] vt.侮辱；辱骂；损害n.侮辱；凌辱；无礼
compassionate [kəm'pæʃ(ə)nət] adj.慈悲的；富于同情心的vt.同情；怜
Feeling is useful in directing our attention to matters we should think about; it also can provide the enthusiasm and commitment necessary to complete arduous mental tasks. However, feeling is never a good substitute for thinking because it is notoriously unreliable. Some feelings are beneficial, honorable, even noble; others are not, as everyday experience demonstrates. We often feel like doing things that will harm us—for example, smoking, sunbathing without sunscreen, telling off our professor or employer, or spending the rent money on lottery tickets.
情感有助于引导我们注意我们应该思考的事情；它也可以提供完成艰苦的心理任务所需的热情和承诺。然而，情感从来不是一个好的替代思想，因为它是众所周知的不可靠。有些情感是有益的，光荣的，甚至高尚的; 其它则不然，因为日常经验表明。我们经常喜欢做那些会伤害我们的事情，例如吸烟，没有防晒霜的日光浴，骂我们的老师或老板，或者把房租钱花在彩票上。
enthusiasm [ɪn'θjuːzɪæz(ə)m; en-] n.热心，热忱，热情
commitment [kə'mɪtm(ə)nt] n.承诺，保证；委托；承担义务；献身
arduous ['ɑːdjʊəs] adj.努力的；费力的；险峻的
substitute ['sʌbstɪtjuːt] n.代用品；代替者vi.替代vt.代替
notoriously [noˈtɔːriəsli] adv.众所周知地；声名狼藉地；恶名昭彰地
unreliable [ʌnrɪ'laɪəb(ə)l] adj.不可靠的；靠不住的
beneficial [benɪ'fɪʃ(ə)l] adj.有益的，有利的；可享利益的
honorable ['ɒnərəbl] adj.光荣的；可敬的；高贵的
demonstrate ['demənstreɪt] vt.证明；展示；论证vi.示威
telling off vt.责备；分派出；向...透露
the rent money房租钱
Zinedine Zidane was one of the greatest soccer players of his generation, and many experts believed that in his final season (2006) he would lead France to the pinnacle of soccer success—winning the coveted World Cup. But then, toward the end of the championship game against Italy, he viciously head-butted an Italian player in full view of hundreds of millions of people. The referee banished him from the field, France lost the match, and a single surrender to feeling forever stained the brilliant career Zidane had dedicated his life to building.
齐内丁·齐达内是他这一代最伟大的足球运动员之一，许多专家认为，在他的最后一个赛季（2006年），他将带领法国走到足球成功的巅峰--赢得梦寐以求的世界杯。但是，在与意大利的冠军赛争夺战中，在亿万观众眼前，他恶意地用头撞了一个意大利球员。裁判将他罚下球场，法国输了比赛，和一次服从情感败坏了齐达内为之一生为之奋斗的足球生涯。
generation [dʒenə'reɪʃ(ə)n] n.一代；产生；一代人；生殖
pinnacle ['pɪnək(ə)l] n.高峰；小尖塔；尖峰；极点vt.造小尖塔；置于尖顶上；置于高处
coveted ['kʌvitid] adj.垂涎的；梦寐以求的v.垂涎；渴望（covet的过去分词形式）；贪图
championship ['tʃæmpɪənʃɪp] n.锦标赛；冠军称号；冠军的地位
viciously ['vɪʃəsli] adv.邪恶地；敌意地
in full view of把…尽收眼底；完全在…的视野之内
head-butted用头撞人（head-butt的过去式和过去分词 ）
referee [refə'riː] n.裁判员；调解人；介绍人vi.仲裁；担任裁判vt.为…当裁判；调停
banished ['bænɪʃ] v.驱逐，流放（banish的过去分词形式）
field [fiːld] n.领域；牧场；旷野；战场；运动场vi.担任场外队员adj.扫描场；田赛的；野生的vt.把暴晒于场上；使上场n. (Field)人名；(英、法、德、葡)菲尔德
surrender [sə'rendə] vt.使投降；放弃；交出；听任vi.投降；屈服；自首n.投降；放弃；交出；屈服
stained [steɪnd] adj.玷污的；着色的v.玷污；败坏；给…染色（stain的过去式和过去分词）
brilliant ['brɪlj(ə)nt] adj.灿烂的，闪耀的；杰出的；有才气的；精彩的，绝妙的
career [kə'rɪə] n.生涯；职业；事业；速度，全速adj.作为毕生职业的vi.全速前进，猛冲
dedicated ['dedɪkeɪtɪd] adj.专用的；专注的；献身的v.以…奉献；把…用于（dedicate的过去式和过去分词）
surrender [sə'rendə] vt.使投降；放弃；交出；听任vi.投降；屈服；自首n.投降；放弃；交出；屈服
There are three broad categories of thinking: reflective, creative, and critical. The focus of this book is on critical thinking. The essence of critical thinking is evaluation. Critical thinking, therefore, may be defined as the process by which we test claims and arguments and determine which have merit and which do not. In other words, critical thinking is a search for answers, a quest. Not surprisingly, one of the most important techniques used in critical thinking is asking probing questions. Where the uncritical accept their first thoughts and other people’s statements at face value, critical thinkers challenge all ideas in this manner:
思维有三大类：反思，创造和批判。这本书的重点是批判性思维。批判性思维的本质是评价。 因此，批判性思维可以被定义为我们主张、论证以及确定哪些值得去做，哪些不值得去做。换句话说，批判性思维是寻找答案，寻找问题。毫不奇怪，批判性思维中使用的最重要的技术之一是提探索性问题。当无批判性思维的人接受他们的第一想法和其他人表面陈述，批判性思维人以这种方式挑战所有的想法：
broad [brɔːd] adj.宽的，辽阔的；显著的；大概的n.宽阔部分adv.宽阔地n. (Broad)人名；(英、德)布罗德
categories ['kætɪg(ə)rɪz] n.类别（category的复数）；分类
reflective [rɪ'flektɪv] adj.反射的；反映的；沉思的
creative [kriː'eɪtɪv] adj.创造性的
critical ['krɪtɪk(ə)l] adj.鉴定的；[核]临界的；批评的，爱挑剔的；危险的；决定性的；评论的
focus ['fəʊkəs] n.焦点；中心；清晰；焦距vt.使集中；使聚焦vi.集中；聚焦；调节焦距n. (Focus)人名；(瑞典)福库斯
essence ['es(ə)ns] n.本质，实质；精华；香精n. (Essence)人名；(英)埃森丝
evaluation [ɪˌvæljuˈeɪʃn] n.评价；[审计]评估；估价；求值
therefore ['ðeəfɔː] adv.因此；所以
process ['prəʊses] vt.处理；加工n.过程，进行；方法，步骤；作用；程序；推移vi.列队前进adj.经过特殊加工（或处理）的
claims [klem] n.要求，请求权；[贸易]索赔（claim的复数形式）；债权；[法]权利要求v.要求；主张（claim的第三人称单数形式）
arguments ['ɑːgjʊm(ə)nts] n.参数
argument ['ɑːgjʊm(ə)nt] n.论证；论据；争吵；内容提要
determine [dɪ'tɜːmɪn] v.（使）下决心，（使）做出决定vt.决定，确定；判定，判决；限定vi.确定；决定；判决，终止；[主用于法律]了结，终止，结束
merit ['merɪt] n.优点，价值；功绩；功过vt.值得vi.应受报答
techniques [tekˈni:ks] n.技术（technique的复数）；方法；技巧
probing ['prəʊbɪŋ] adj.好探索的；深入锐利的n.探索；探查v.探索（probe的ing形式）
uncritical [ʌn'krɪtɪk(ə)l] adj.无批判力的；不加批判的；不严厉的
face value面值，票面价值；表面价值
Thought
Professor Vile cheated me in my composition grade. He weighted some themes more heavily than others. Before women entered the work force, there were fewer divorces. That shows that a woman’s place is in the home. Acollege education isn’t worth what you pay for it. Some people never reach a salary level appreciably higher than the level they would have reached without the degree.
思想
瓦伊尔教授在我的作文成绩中欺骗了我。他把一些主题的权重比别人更重。在妇女进入劳动大军之前，离婚较少。这表明一个女人的位置就是家庭主妇。大学教育不值你付的学费。有些人从来没有达到明显高于没有学位的工资。
composition [kɒmpə'zɪʃ(ə)n] n.作文，作曲，作品；[材]构成；合成物；成分
grade [greɪd] n.年级；等级；成绩；级别；阶段vt.评分；把…分等级vi.分等级；逐渐变化n. (Grade)人名；(英)格雷德；(法、德、西、葡、塞、瑞典)格拉德
work force n.劳动力，劳动大军；劳动人口；（工厂等在职的）工人总数；职工总数
themes [θiːmz] n.主题（theme的复数）；布景主题；桌面主题
divorce [dɪ'vɔːs] vt.使离婚，使分离；与…离婚n.离婚；分离vi.离婚
appreciably [ə'priːʃ(ɪ)əblɪ] adv.明显地；相当地；可察觉地
Question
Did he grade everyone on the same standard? Were the different weightings justified? How do you know that this factor, and not some other one(s), is responsible for the increase in divorces? Is money the only measure of the worth of an education? What about increased understanding of self and life and increased ability to cope with challenges?
问题
他是否按同一标准给所有人评分？不同的权重是否公平？你怎么知道这个因素，而不是其它一些因数，导致离婚的增加？金钱是教育价值的唯一衡量标准吗？如何增进对自我和生活的理解，增加应对挑战的能力？
grade[greɪd] n.年级；等级；成绩；级别；阶段vt.评分；把…分等级vi.分等级；逐渐变化n. (Grade)人名；(英)格雷德；(法、德、西、葡、塞、瑞典)格拉德
responsible[rɪ'spɒnsɪb(ə)l] adj.负责的，可靠的；有责任的
cope[kəʊp] vi.处理；对付；竞争n.长袍n. (Cope)人名；(英)科普；(西)科佩
Critical thinking also employs questions to analyze issues. Consider, for example, the subject of values. When it is being discussed, some people say, “Our country has lost its traditional values” and “There would be less crime, especially violent crime, if parents and teachers emphasized moral values.” Critical thinking would prompt us to ask,
批判性思维也采用问题来分析问题。例如，考虑价值观的主题，在讨论时，有人说：“我们的国家已经失去了它的传统价值观”，“如果父母和老师强调道德价值观，犯罪率就会减少，特别是暴力犯罪”。批判性思维会促使我们问，
employs [ɪm'plɒɪ; em-] vt.使用，采用；雇用；使忙于，使从事于n.使用；雇用
analyze ['ænə,laɪz] vt.对…进行分析，分解（等于analyse）
traditional [trə'dɪʃ(ə)n(ə)l] adj.传统的；惯例的
emphasized ['ɛmfə,saɪz] v.强调，着重（emphasize的过去式）
moral ['mɒr(ə)l] adj.道德的；精神上的；品性端正的n.道德；寓意n. (Moral)人名；(德、法、西、葡、土)莫拉尔
prompt [prɒm(p)t] adj.敏捷的，迅速的；立刻的vt.提示；促进；激起；（给演员）提白n.提示；付款期限；DOS命令：改变DOS系统提示符的风格adv.准时地
1.What is the relationship between values and beliefs? Between values and convictions?
1.价值观与信仰之间的关系是什么？ 价值观和信念之间？
Conviction [kən'vɪkʃ(ə)n] n.定罪；确信；证明有罪；确信，坚定的信仰
2.Are all values valuable?
所有值有价值吗？
3.How aware is the average person of his or her values? Is it possible that many people deceive themselves about their real values?
一个普通人如何知道他或她的价值观？是否有可能许多人在自己的真正价值观上欺骗自己？
How aware如何知道
Average 'æv(ə)rɪdʒ] n.平均；平均数；海损adj.平均的；普通的；通常的vt.算出…的平均数；将…平均分配；使…平衡vi.平均为；呈中间色
deceive [dɪ'siːv] v.欺骗；行骗
4.Where do one’s values originate? Within the individual or outside? In thought or in feeling?
4.人的价值在源自那里？在个人还是外部？在思想还是情感？
originate [ə'rɪdʒɪneɪt; ɒ-] vt.引起；创作vi.发源；发生；起航
5.Does education change a person’s values? If so, is this change always for the better?
教育改变一个人的价值观？如果是这样，这种变化总是更好吗？
6.Should parents and teachers attempt to shape children’s values?
6.父母和老师是否试图塑造儿童的价值观？
记：通过批判性思维方法可以形成思考行为步骤、达到思考的目的。围绕问题进行探索性问题，提问围绕问题，思考围绕问题。思维导图工具就是其中很好的应用。