shutil文件操作、xml、subprocess运行子程序模块(了解)

一、shutil模块(了解):高级的文件、文件夹、压缩包处理模块。

import shutil

# shutil.copyfileobj(fsrc, fdst[, length]),将文件内容拷贝到另一个文件中
shutil.copyfileobj(open('old.xml', 'r'), open('new.xml', 'w'))

# shutil.copyfile(src, dst),拷贝文件
shutil.copyfile('f1.log', 'f2.log')  # 目标文件无需存在

# shutil.copymode(src, dst),仅拷贝权限。内容、组、用户均不变
shutil.copymode('f1.log', 'f2.log')  # 目标文件必须存在

# shutil.copystat(src, dst),仅拷贝状态的信息,包括:mode bits, atime, mtime, flags
shutil.copystat('f1.log', 'f2.log')  # 目标文件必须存在

# shutil.copy(src, dst),拷贝文件和权限
shutil.copy('f1.log', 'f2.log')

# shutil.copy2(src, dst),拷贝文件和状态信息
shutil.copy2('f1.log', 'f2.log')

# shutil.ignore_patterns(*patterns)
# shutil.copytree(src, dst, symlinks=False, ignore=None),递归的去拷贝文件夹
# 目标目录不能存在,注意对folder2目录父级目录要有可写权限,ignore的意思是排除
shutil.copytree('folder1', 'folder2', ignore=shutil.ignore_patterns('*.pyc', 'tmp*'))

# shutil.rmtree(path[, ignore_errors[, onerror]]),递归的去删除文件
shutil.rmtree('folder1')

# shutil.move(src, dst),递归的去移动文件,它类似mv命令,其实就是重命名
shutil.move('folder1', 'folder3')

# shutil.make_archive(base_name, format, ...),创建压缩包并返回文件路径,例如:zip、tar
'''
base_name: 压缩包的文件名,也可以是压缩包的路径。只是文件名时,则保存至当前目录,否则保存至指定路径,如 data_bak = >保存至当前路径;/ tmp/data_bak = >保存至/tmp/
format:压缩包种类,“zip”, “tar”, “bztar”,“gztar”
root_dir:要压缩的文件夹路径(默认当前目录)
owner:用户,默认当前用户
group:组,默认当前组
logger:用于记录日志,通常是logging.Logger对象
'''

# 将 /data 下的文件打包放置当前程序目录
ret = shutil.make_archive("data_bak", 'gztar', root_dir='/data')

# 将 /data下的文件打包放置 /tmp/目录
ret = shutil.make_archive("/tmp/data_bak", 'gztar', root_dir='/data')

shutil 对压缩包的处理是调用 ZipFile 和 TarFile 两个模块来进行的,详细:

1.1 zipfile压缩解压缩

import zipfile

# 压缩
z = zipfile.ZipFile('laxi.zip', 'w')
z.write('a.log')
z.write('data.data')
z.close()

# 解压
z = zipfile.ZipFile('laxi.zip', 'r')
z.extractall(path='.')
z.close()

1.2 tarfile压缩解压缩

import tarfile

# 压缩
t=tarfile.open('/tmp/egon.tar','w')
t.add('/test1/a.py',arcname='a.bak')
t.add('/test1/b.py',arcname='b.bak')
t.close()


# 解压
t=tarfile.open('/tmp/egon.tar','r')
t.extractall('/egon')
t.close()

二、xml模块(了解)

xml version="1.0"?>
<data>
    <country name="Liechtenstein">
        <rank updated="yes">2rank>
        <year>2008year>
        <gdppc>141100gdppc>
        <neighbor name="Austria" direction="E"/>
        <neighbor name="Switzerland" direction="W"/>
    country>
    <country name="Singapore">
        <rank updated="yes">5rank>
        <year>2011year>
        <gdppc>59900gdppc>
        <neighbor name="Malaysia" direction="N"/>
    country>
    <country name="Panama">
        <rank updated="yes">69rank>
        <year>2011year>
        <gdppc>13600gdppc>
        <neighbor name="Costa Rica" direction="W"/>
        <neighbor name="Colombia" direction="E"/>
    country>
data>

1、遍历和查找xml

xml协议在各个语言里的都是支持的,在python中可以用以下模块操作xml:

# print(root.iter('year')) #全文搜索
# print(root.find('country')) #在root的子节点找,只找一个
# print(root.findall('country')) #在root的子节点找,找所有

import xml.etree.ElementTree as ET

tree = ET.parse("xmltest.xml")
root = tree.getroot()
print(root.tag)

# 遍历xml文档
for child in root:
    print('========>', child.tag, child.attrib, child.attrib['name'])
    for i in child:
        print(i.tag, i.attrib, i.text)

# 只遍历year 节点
for node in root.iter('year'):
    print(node.tag, node.text)

2、修改和删除节点

import xml.etree.ElementTree as ET

tree = ET.parse("xmltest.xml")
root = tree.getroot()

# 修改
for node in root.iter('year'):
    new_year = int(node.text) + 1
    node.text = str(new_year)
    node.set('updated', 'yes')
    node.set('version', '1.0')
tree.write('test.xml')

# 删除node
for country in root.findall('country'):
    rank = int(country.find('rank').text)
    if rank > 50:
        root.remove(country)

tree.write('output.xml')

3、添加节点

# 在country内添加(append)节点year2
import xml.etree.ElementTree as ET

tree = ET.parse("a.xml")
root = tree.getroot()
for country in root.findall('country'):
    for year in country.findall('year'):
        if int(year.text) > 2000:
            year2 = ET.Element('year2')
            year2.text = '新年'
            year2.attrib = {'update': 'yes'}
            country.append(year2)  # 往country节点下添加子节点

tree.write('a.xml.swap')

4、自己创建xml文档

import xml.etree.ElementTree as ET

new_xml = ET.Element("namelist")
name = ET.SubElement(new_xml, "name", attrib={"enrolled": "yes"})
age = ET.SubElement(name, "age", attrib={"checked": "no"})
sex = ET.SubElement(name, "sex")
sex.text = '33'
name2 = ET.SubElement(new_xml, "name", attrib={"enrolled": "no"})
age = ET.SubElement(name2, "age")
age.text = '19'

et = ET.ElementTree(new_xml)  # 生成文档对象
et.write("test.xml", encoding="utf-8", xml_declaration=True)

ET.dump(new_xml)  # 打印生成的格式

三、subprocess模块(了解):运行子程序

subprocess模块允许你去创建一个新的进程让其执行另外的程序,并与它进行通信,获取标准的输入、标准输出、标准错误以及返回码等。

更多查看官网:https://docs.python.org/2/library/subprocess.html?highlight=subprocess#frequently-used-arguments

import subprocess
'''
sh-3.2# ls /Users/nick/Desktop |grep txt$
mysql.txt
tt.txt
事物.txt
'''

res1 = subprocess.Popen('ls /Users/jieli/Desktop',shell=True, stdout=subprocess.PIPE)
res = subprocess.Popen('grep txt$', shell=True,stdin=res1.stdout, stdout=subprocess.PIPE)
print(res.stdout.read().decode('utf-8'))

# 下面这段等同于上面,但是上面的优势在于,一个数据流可以和另外一个数据流交互,可以通过爬虫得到结果然后交给grep。
res1 = subprocess.Popen('ls /Users/jieli/Desktop |grep txt$',shell=True, stdout=subprocess.PIPE)
print(res1.stdout.read().decode('utf-8'))

# windows下:
# dir | findstr 'test*'
# dir | findstr 'txt$'
res1 = subprocess.Popen(r'dir “C:\Users\Administrator\PycharmProjects\test\函数备课”',  shell=True, stdout=subprocess.PIPE)
res = subprocess.Popen('findstr test*', shell=True,  stdin=res1.stdout,   stdout=subprocess.PIPE)

# subprocess使用当前系统默认编码,得到结果为bytes类型,在windows下需要用gbk解码
print(res.stdout.read().decode('gbk') )

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